In order to study the pathological findings of the larynx due to the endotracheal intubation, the frontal sections of the larynx from thirty-two autopsied cases, 23 of intubated and 9 of non-intubated cases, were examined microscopically with HE staining.
The exfoliation (ulcer) or the separation of the epithelium and the samall round cell infil-tration in the subepithelial layer were found in both intubated and non-intubated cases. The edema and the capillary dilatation in the submucosal layer were noted more in the intubated group than the non-intubated one. The submucosal hemorrhage was found in seven out of 23 intubated cases. The neutrophile leucocyte infiltration under the epithelium of the larynx was observed in six tutubated cases who had been intubated over ten hours. It is possible that the intubation over ten hours may induce laryngeal complications.

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In 35 patients with chronic sinusitis, skin test was carried out with a polyvalent bacterial antigen (Brcncasma Berna) and 8 types cf specific antigen solutions made from varicus bacte-ria in the upper respiratory tract. In addition, bacterial culture, eosinccyte count in rhinorrhea and the measurement cf human serum IgE were performed. The results were as follows;
(1) Three types, i.e., immediate, intermediate, and delayed types, were observed as a reaction to the skin test. It was shown that the reaction to staphylococcus antigen appeared in the form of all the 3 types, while the reaction to the other bacterial antigens appeared mainly as intermediate type, followed by delayed and immediate types.
(1) Three types, i.e., immediate, intermediate, and delayed types, were observed as a reaction to the skin test. It was shown that the reaction to staphylococcus antigen appeared in the form of all the 3 types, while the reaction to the other bacterial antigens appeared mainly as intermediate type, followed by delayed and immediate types.
(2) In bacterial culture of rhinorrhea, staphylococcus was most frequently observed.
(3) The examination of ecsinccytes and human serum IgE showed allergic characteristics. It was considered from the present results that staphylococcus and other bacterial species might play an important role in the allergic mechanism with regard to the development of chronic sinusitis.

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From 1975 to 1977 three cases of primary carcinoma of the bilateral maxillary sinuses have been seen in our clinic. The first case, a 53-year-old female, underwent total maxillectomy and postoperative 60Co irradiation in 1969 due to squamous cell carcinoma of the right maxillary sinus. In 1975, she developed left-side toothache with nasal cbstruction. X-ray examination rev-ealed the desructive changes of the bony wall of the left maxillary sinus. The pathological examination revealed "epidermoid carcinoma" Radiotherapy with association of the anticancer drugs (BUdR, 5FU) appeared effective, but the carcinoma soon recurred after the radiotherapy finished. This patient died of cachexy due to local recurrence and multiple lung metastases in 1977. The second case, a 64-year-old female, underwent right total maxillectomy in 1957 and treated with Radon seeds postoperatively. She developed epistaxis and pain of the left cheek since March in 1975, and a biopsy of the left maxillary antrum revealed squamous cell carcinoma. Partial maxillectomy and postoperative radiotherapy failed to make any improvement, and died of cachexy in 1977. The third case, a 66-year-old male, underwent total maxillectomy with radica neck dissection in 1943 due to basal cell carcinoma of the left maxillary sinus. He was in good health until he developed a swelling and pain of the right cheek at the end of 1976. Exploratory opening of the right maxillary antrum showed squamous cell carcinoma which was confirmed by histological examination. Preoperative radiotherapy with local infusion of anticancer drugs and partial maxillectomy could not control the carcinoma, and recurrence was noticed soon later. Salvage operations were done in three occasions.
By reviewing literature, 34 cases of primary carcinoma of the bilateral maxillary antrums had been found, and 18 patients were male, 15 females and I unknown. The range of the pati-ents' age was from 41 to 84 years old and 62 per-cent of the cases were found between 50 to 69 years old. Different histopathological findings between the first and second cancer were rep-orted in only 27 per-cent. An interval between the first and second cancer was varied from one case to another, but 63 per-cent was within 5 years. The longest inteval was 33 years and 7 months.
The statistical analysis of the 37 cases suggested a possibility that not only the genetic regulation of the immune response, but also radiotherapy done in the treatment of the first cancer were the important factors of carcinogenesis.

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It has been observed through our clinical experience and experimental results that a com-plete recovery of muscle paralysis can not be expect after a severe damage to the innervating nerve, even after evidence of regeneration of the nerve fibers is ascertained.
Why does such a condition occur? How much muscle impaired after a nerve was crushed or sectioned? The purpose of this study is to answer to these questions.
After the third branch of the facial nerve of rabbits was sectioned to the depth of 1/4, 1/2, 3/4 and then 7/8 in diameter, the degree of muscle contraction induced by stimulating the nerve central to the lesion was evaluated by means of a UL-type strain gage. Moreover, 8 months after the third branch of the facial nerve of rabbits was crushed or sutured after sectioning, the muscle contractibility was estimated and the pattern of evoked waves obtained from the orbicularis oris muscle was observed. These experiments led to the conclusions as follows:
1) The muscle contractibility is kept within normal range if a half of the nerve fibers remain intact.
2) In the case of nerve crush, more than a half of total fibers regenerates and functions normally. Thus, the muscle function recovers completely.
3) In the case of nerve sectioning, more than a half of total fibers does not regenerat and the muscle function does not recover completely. In this case, paralysis never recovers compl-etely.

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By the use of frozen resin cracking method, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) makes it possible to investigate the deeper and finer structures of the inner ear. Another merit of this method is to obtain any sections of the organs without any significant artifactual damages to the tissues.
The inner ears of the guinea pig were fixed and stained with osmic acid. After the cracking procedure frozen specimens were subjected to CO2 critical point drying, the conductive coating of carbon and gold successively, and finally submitted to SEM observation.
Some of the remarkable findings are as follows:
1) The cellular pattern of stria vascularis, spiral prominence and outer sulcus was different each other in the lateral wall of the cochlear duct.
2) A considerably big space was found around nerve fibers within the osseous spiral lam-ina. Small holes of about 3ls in diameter were also noted on the lower surface of the osseous spiral lamina. These holes and the space might be intercommunicated between cortilymph and perilymph in the scala tympani.
3) The tectorial membrane seemed to be composed of two layers, namely, the upper fibrous and the lower basal or granular layer. Regarding the relation of the tectorial membrane to hairs of the hair cells, situations were fairly different between outer and inner hair cells. Tips of hairs in the outermost row of outer hair cells penetrated into the granular layer of the membrane making a firm contact. On the other hand, at the lateral side of the outermost row, hairs of the inner hair cells were attached to the tectorial membrane with granular substances protruding from the undersurface of the granular layer.
4) At the hook region, hair cells became less in number mainly at the outermost row closer to the cecum vestibuli.

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We have already reported that the enhancement of fibrinolytic activity in blood has been observed in the patients suffering acute tonsillitis. From this result, it was suggested trigger substance which caused the enhancement of fibrinolytic activity might be released from that a tonsillar tissue. Furthermore, it was thought that fibrinolytic activity might give important effects to inflammatory process of tonsil. In order to clarify these questions substances in tonsillar tissue relating to fibrinolysis were studied by means of biochemical procedures. Physicochemical properties of these substances, and the localization about these substances in tonsillar tissue cells were also studied. Materials were obtained from human tonsillar tissues with chronic tonsillitis and hypertrophied tonsils. In order to study the localization of the substances in the cells, rat liver were also used. The results obtained from this experiment were as follows:
1) In saline extraction of tonsillar tissue homogenates, anti-urokinase activity was observed.
2) In phosphate-buffer extraction of acetone powder of the tonsillar tissue, tissue plasmin-ogen activator activity was observed.
3) By gel filtration (G-200) of anti-urokinase, it was observed that the inhibitory activity to urokinase was stronger in the eluates of large molecular portion than in those of low moles ular portion.
4) By gel filtration (G-50) of tissue plasminogen activator, it was observed that the activ-ator was eluated at the void volume portion.
5) In lysosome rich fraction of the tonsillar tissue, anti-urokinase activity was observed, but tissue plasminogen activator did neither exit in tonsillar tissue cells nos in rat liver cells.

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1. A. Scdium and potassium concentration of the endolymph and serum of the fish (Pru-ssian Carp) was measured by using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The electrolyte levels in the endolymph were found to consist of 83.O8mEq/L of sodium and 112.22 mEq/L of potassium, while in the serum, 124.OOmEq/L of sodium and 1.9OmEq/L of potassium.
B. Amino acid composition of the inner ear fluids of the fish and guinea pig was evaluated by using an amino acid auto-analyser (HITACHI KLA-3B) . Eight kinds of amino acids were iden-tified in the endolymph of the fish and 17 kinds were detected in the serum. On the other hand, in the guinea pig, 8 kinds in endolymph, 13 kinds in perilymph, 18 kinds in the serum were identified. The characteristic point of the free amino acid composition of fish endolymph was in its high glutamic acid concentration compared to the very low value in the serum.
2. The transfer of Kanamycin to the endolymph of the fish was studied. After injection of Kanamycin (400 mg/kg) to the mucous membrane of the palate, samples of the blood and endolymph were aspirated according to a schedule, and Kanamycin concentration in these samples was measured by using the technique of bioassay.
The concentration of Kanamycin in the blood was about 1470 mcg/g 10 min. after injection, fell markedly after 30 mini. (80 mcg/g) and decreased gradually thereafter. after 24 hrs., how-ever, minimum dosage (40 mcg/g) of Kanamycin cculd be still detected. The concentration of Kanamycin in the endolympli was 29 mcg/g after 10 min., 55 mcg/g after 30 min. and slowly decreased thereafter. However, 5 mcg/g Kanamycin was still present in the endolymph 24 hrs. later.

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