In order to clarify the mechanism of individual variation of kanamycin ototoxicity, the possible relationship between the outer hair cell damage by kanamycin and the levels of kanamycin in serum or perilymph, and renal damage were carried out in rabbits. The following results were obtained.
1. Experimented animals showed considerable variations in the levels of kanamycin in serum or perilymph, and in the degrees of the outer hair cell or renal damage.
2. No relationship was seen between the outer hair cell damage and renal damage.
3. The degrees of the outer hair cell damage were closely correlated to the levels of kanamycin in perilymph.
These findings suggest that the individual variations of the outer hair cell damage induced by kanamycin would be more closely correlated to the individual differences in the transferability of kanamycin into inner ear than to those in the vulnerability of the outer hair cells or kidneys.

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Before and after two different methods of treatment (operation and radiation), humoral and cellular immunities were examined in patients with head and neck cancer. Variation of immunological reactivity exhibited different patterns between the two groups, even when malignant tumors disappeared. In the operation group, humoral immunities were elevated in terms of the serum levels of α2-globulin, complement (CH₅₀), IgA, IgG and Carcinoembrionic Antigen (CEA). Cellular immunities, however, showed no change. In the irradiation group, humoral immunities were not changed, but cellular immunities were significantly depressed showing decreases in the number of peripheral lymphocytes and in the degree of PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation. The above-mentioned patterns of immunological changes were observed in patients without cancer as well. The elevated humoral immunity in the operation group recovered to the pretreatment level within a few months, whereas the suppressed cellular immunity in the irradiation group was pressumed to persist for a longer time.

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The reliability of routine objective audiometry in infants by auditory-evoked brain-stem response (ABR) was studied. ABR recordings and pure tone thresholds by COR or play audiometry in 63 infants were compared with those obtained from 10 normally hearing and 20 hearing-impaired adults. The ABR thresholds and latencies in normally hearing infants were the same as those in normally hearing adults. The ABR latencies at the response threshold in hearing-impaired infant were also identical with those in hearing impaired adults. On the other hand, there was a discrepancy between infants and adults in terms of the difference between the ABR and pure tone thresholds. However, the discrepancy was of the magnitude to be expected due to uncertainty of COR and play audiometry. Thus, it is reasonable to predict hearing acuity in an infant from the ABR threshold, after an appropriate adjustment with reference to the difference between the ABR and pure tone thresholds in adults.

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Twelve male patients with head and neck malignant tumors with chronic alcoholism were studied.
They were 5 patients with carcinomas of the mesopharynx, 4 with carcinoma of the oral cavity, 3 with carcinoma of the larynx, 2 with carcinoma of the esophagus, 1 with carcinoma of the hypopharynx and 1 with carcinoma of the parotid gland. Four of these patients were found to have another carcinomas of different sites. Almost all of them were advanced cases with many complications.
It was suggested that heavy drinking with heavy smoking was effective carcinogen. In the patients with alcoholism, treatment for cancer was difficult and prognosis were poor.

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The relationship between the standard olfactory acuity test, intravenous olfaction test and the endoscopic observation of olfactory cleft was studied in 533 cases of olfactory disturbance who visited the olfactory clinic.
The results obtained are as follows.
1) On the standard olfactory acuity test, 60 percent showed a scale out, while the intravenous olfaction test was negative in 40 percent.
2) Even in cases who showed a scale out on the standard olfactory acuity test, about half of them gave a positive reaction to the intravenous olfaction test.
3) Only 18 (8.5%) out of 213 cases showed no scale out on the standard olfactory acuity test and gave a negative reaction to the intravenous olfaction test.
4) According to the results of the standard olfactory acuity test in cases with negative response to the intravenous olfaction test, about 90 percent of the cases showed a scale out.
5) According to the results of the standard olfactory acuity test in cases with positive response to the intravenous olfaction test, the longer the latent time or the shorter the duration time became, the higher the ratio of scale out tended to become.
6) However, there was no apparent statistical correlation between the latent time and the duration time.
7) On the endoscopic observation of olfactory cleft, the secretory or edematous type was most frequently noted. The secretory or edematous type tended to give a positive reaction to the intravenous olfaction test and showed a scale out on the standarded olfactory acuity test as compared with other types.

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We measured salivary flow rate, and sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium and amylase isozyme in mixed saliva and serum of various salivary conditions. And their clinical significance was discussed. Subjects consist of three groups; 25 cases of Sjouml;gren's syndrome, 17 cases of xerostomia, and 15 cases of healthy control. The following results were obtained:
1. A significant decrease of salivary flow rate was noted in the patients of Sjögren's syndrome and xerostomia (1.5±0.7ml/min in Sjouml;gren's syndrome, 1.6±0.9ml/min in xerostomia and 2.4±0.5ml/min in control, P<0.01). In Sjögren's syndrome, there was positive relationship between salivary flow rate and Schirmer's tear test (r=0.55).
2. Sodium and chloride in saliva significantly increased in Sjögren's syndrome (sodium; 33.2 ±13.9mEq/l in Sjouml;gren's syndrome, 19.8±9.0mEq/l in xerostomia and 18.4±7.0mEq/l in control, P<0.01. chloride; 29.8±12.7mEq/l in Sjouml;gren's syndrome, 216±5.7mEq/l in xerostomia and 18.7±4.7mEq/l in control, P<0.01). No significant difference was found in salivary electrolytes, such as potassium and calcium.
3. In both of Sjögren's syndrome and xerostomia, very high concentration of salivery amylase was measured.
4. There was no significant difference of serum electrolytes and serum S-type amylase among three groups examined. It is a reason why salivary sodium and chloride showed high concentration in Sjögren's syndrome that the re-absorption of sodium and chloride were interrupted by changes of ductal epithelium.
In conclusion, it suggests that the measurement of salivary sodium and chloride is most available for diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome.

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Autonomic nervous disorder seems to be one of the factors to cause allergic symptoms. It is generally accepted that the parasympathetic nerve is predominant in the patients with nasal allergy. Norepinephrine could evoke exaggerated mucosal vasoconstriction. If the sympathetic post-ganglionic fibers are destroyed and release of norepinephrine is decreased, the symptoms of nasal allergy will be evoked more easily. It is the purpose of this study to investigate the damage of sympathetic nerve in the nasal allergy through the estimation of norepinephrine content in the inferior turbinate.
The nasal mucosa was obtained from 21 patients with inhalant allergies who demonstrated a positive skin test, positive provocation test and marked eosinophilia in nasal secretion. The normal samples were obtained from 13 patients with paranasal sinusitis who had no history of nasal allergy.
The specimens were quickly homogenized in O.5N cold perchloric acid and then centrifuged at 12, 000rpm. The supernatant was stored at -20°C untill biochemical assay were performed. Norepinephrine was assayed by a spectrophotofluometric method after Martin and Harrison.
The average value of norepinephrine content of control group was 182.4±121.2ng/g and that of allergic patients was 61.0±49.8ng/g. The difference was significant. The mean value of norepinephrine in the patients suffering nasal allergy less than 5 years duration was 32.1±36.4ng/g and it was significantly the lowest levels in this study.
It has been suggested that the sympathetic nerve might be destroyed and parasympathetic nerve might survive in early stage of allergic conditions. In the patients suffering atopic allergy for a long term, the sympathetic nerve might be gradually recovered.

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Wir erfuhren die 2 F&auml;lle mit der Fazialisl&auml;hmung im sp&auml;ten Stadium von der Schwangerschaft. Die idiopathische Fazialisparese in der Schwangerschaft ist relativ selten und ihre Pathogenese noch ungekl&auml;rt. Es wird berichtet, daB die Entstehung der Parese in den meisten Fauml;llen in der Ende der Gravidit&auml;t ist.
Daraus verfielen wir auf den Gedanken, daB die idiopathische Fazialisparese in der Schwangerschaft in Beziehung zum Estrogen stehen mag, da die Vermehrung dieses Hormons in der betreffenden Zeit bekannt ist. Dann stellten wir Betrachtungen &uuml;ber das Estrogen und die Fazialisparese in der Schwangerschaft an.

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Four cases of congenital ossicular malformation with congenital aural fistula and/or slight deformity of the pinna were reported. They were ncudostapedial disconnection and fixation of the stapedial footplate (Case 1, 2), total lack of ossicles with undeveloped oval window (Case 3) and lack of the incus with maldeveloped stapes (Case 4). Anomalies of the facial nerve or of the chorda tympani were also observed.
The embryological consideration leads us to the following conjecture; these malformations hold at least two undeveloped processes, for example, maldeveloped "secondary continuity" to be the incudostapedial joint and "stapedial lamina" to form the annular ligament. Thus the ossicular anomalies presented in this paper might be the results of multifocal maldevelopment and this is a distinguishing feature of this type of ossicular malformation from the one without deformities of the external ear, which has a monofocal deformity.

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