Oscillation rhinomanometry was used to measure nasal respiratory resistance during postual change in normal individuals, and in patients with allergic rhinitis.
1. The response curve in the nasal respiratory resistance during postual change was classified into three types by patterns as follows. 1) Type I (Horizontal type) where the nasal respiratory resistance unchanges from the original line. 2) Type II (Incremental type) where the nasalrespiratory resistance increases with the lapse of time. 3) Type III (Mountain and mountain-valley type) where the nasal respiratory resistance responds for a certain period but gradually returns to the original state or repeats Mountain type.
2. Many patients with allergic rhinitis showed a tendency to indicate Type III. But many normal individuals showed a tendency to indicate Type I. The tendency of allergic rhinitis was pronounced by methacholine inhalation, but the tendency was diminished by adrenalin inhalation.

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Peripheral lymphoid cells, from 3 cases of acute infectious mononucleosis (IM) and 2 cases of healthy individuals, were tested in a colony inhibition assay for cytotoxic activity against two cell lines that did or did not carry the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome, A2L/AH and Ad cells respectively. T-lymphocyte fraction of IM was specifically cytotoxic for EBV-genome carrying cells and the residual lymphocyte fraction had high ADCC but low NK activity compared to the normal donors. When the A2L/AH cells which were forced to enter the EBV-cycle by n-butyrate treatment used as target cells, B-cell enriched fraction showed increased cytotoxic effect that was more remarkable in NK activity than ADCC in normal donors. These results were considered to be useful for possible specific immuno-therapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

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To elucidate the effect of aging on salivary gland, age-related histological changes of parotid gland and age-related changes in the volume of total saliva at rest were evaluated. Histopath- ological investigation of parotid gland and sialometric analysis were also performed in subjects with xerostomia to elucidate the effect of aging on pathogenesis of xerostomia. Decrease in the number of acinus was histopathologically studied in several microscopic fields, and the rate of remaining acinus was evaluated as residual rate. Residual rate of acinus in parotid gland in normal subjects aged 11-40 (N=9) and in those aged 51-80 (N=15) without apparent signs and symptoms of abnormalities of salivary gland were 88.4±7.1% and 67.9±16.9% respectively.
Aging caused statistically significant atrophy of parotid parenchym (P⟨0.05). Total saliva at rest in the male and the female subjects aged 11-40 were 3.3±2.5 (N=75) and 3.0±2.1 (N=75) respectively and were 2.8±2.0 (N=75) and 1.6±1.5 (N=75) in the male and the female subjects aged 51-80 respectively. Aging caused significant decrease of the volume of total saliva at rest only in female subjects (P⟨0.05). Apparent sex and age differences were observed in incidence of xerostomia due to atrophy of salivary parenchym which showed significant age-related increase only in female subjects after menopause. Histopathological findings of parotid gland in these patients were characterized by decreased number of acinus with concomitant increase of fat tissue.
Residual rate of acinus in parotid gland (N=13) ranged between 28 and 59% (46.2±9.3). Electronmicroscopically fat droplets, lipofuscin granules and vacuoles were occasionally observed in cytoplasm of remaining acinus cells and peripheral duct epithelial cells. However these degenerative changes were generally mild and majority of individual remaining acinus was assumed ultrastructurally to restore normal function. Pathogenesis of xerostomia due to parenchymal atrophy of salivary gland is related closely with the effect of aging not only on salivary gland but also probably on reproductive hormonal system.
Incidence of drug-induced xerostomia also showed age-related increase in female subjects. Residual rate of acinus in parotid gland of these patients (N=14) ranged between 18 and 70% (50.4±15.3). Incidence of various systemic diseases which require medications increase with aging. In many patients with drug-induced xerostomia, salivary gland had undergone various degree of age-related parenchymal atrophy. In these subjects mild secretory suppression induced by medication is assumed to result in sufficient decrease of salivary secretion to cause clinical symptoms.

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The Yatabe-Guilford Personality Test (Y-G Test) was performed to clarify various predispositions of vertiginous patients, and especially certain personality characteristics. This examination was carried out with vertiginous patients while they were in a stable condition.
The following tendencies were found:
1) About 30% of the vertiginous patients had Y-G type B or E results, and they showed mental and emotional "instability". Few of the patients with Meniere's disease showed Y-G type B or E results, and most of them did not show mental and emotional "instability".
2) Personality characteristics of vertiginous patients were emotional stability, and good social adaptation and leadership. Male patients didn't show any particular tendency towards "rhathymia", but female patients did show such a tendency, i. e. a lack of caution and careful consideration. Patients with Meniere's disease had these personality characteristics more strongly.
The results suggest that psychological tests can play an important part in matching various psychological approaches to different type of vertiginous patient.

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It is not yet well understood the actions of salicylate on the auditory system. Our previous study has shown that injections of salicylate increases the spontaneous discharge rate of cochlear nerve fibers. This study was aimed to elucidate the effects of various doses of salicylate on the cochlear nerve by recording the compound action potentials (CAPs) which were evoked by electrical pulse applied to the cochlea through the round window membrane before and after intravenous injection of salicylate.
After injection of 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg of salicylate, the amplitude of CAPs was decreased significantly, while their latency was increased significantly only after injection of 400mg/kg of salicylate. These results suggest that intravenous injection of salicylate acts directly on the cochlear nerve and causes increase of its excitability and that the amplitude changes of CAPs are better indicaters than the latency changes of CAPs.

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By using an antigen induced (Arthus) otitis media (OM) model in chinchillas sensitized with human serum albumin (HSA), we investigated the passage of HSA through the round window membrane (RWM) by measuring HSA levels in both the middle ear fluid (MEF) and the perilymph (PL). The effect of corticosteroid treatment on HSA passage was also studied. HSA (0.5, 5, and 50mg/ml; 1ml) was instilled into the left middle ear bulla (MEB) of both control and sensitized animals (control and Arthus group), and HSA containing 12.5mg/ml of Triamcinolone diacetate was instilled into the right MEB of both animals (control+steroid and Arthus+steroid groups). Mean values of HSA levels in both the MEF and the PL were proportional to the original three different HSA levels (0.5, 5 and 50mg/ml) instilled into the MEB. HSA levels in the MEF differed significantly among the three groups in the following order (Arthus<Arthus+steroid<control). In the control, HSA levels in the PL were significantly reduced by a steroid treatment (p<0.025, 50mg/ml and p<0.05, 5mg/ml). The percentage of HSA positive PL samples was significantly lower in the Arthus group than the control group (p<0.05, 5mg/ml). HSA levels in the PL appear to depend on HSA levels in the MEF which were reduced in the sensitized animals. These results suggest that an immunological reaction may be involved in the reduction of HSA passage through the RWM by reducing HSA levels in the MEF. Corticosteroid treatment may reduce the passage of HSA into the PL in case of non-sensitized animals.

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It is very important to evaluate the loudness of tinnitus adequately for the appropriate treat ment.
The loudness balance test and masking test are commonly used for the evaluation of tinnitus loudness. In this report, the subjective loudness level of tinnitus was compared with the loudness level of tinnitus measured by the above two tests and also with the pure tone threshold in 211 patients with tinnitus.
The subjective loudness of tinnitus in these cases was classified into five degrees (very soft (0) to very loud(4)). Thus the subjective loudness level measured by these two tests was expressed by two levels which were the audiometer level and the sensation level.
The following results were obtained:
1) The tinnitus loudness expressed by the sensation level in these two tests is not useful when the tinnitus loudness is compared in the individual cases. Because the loudness of tinnitus is often estimated much smaller by the influence of recruitment and the technical error of these tests in the 5 dB step measurement method is large.
2) The tinnitus loudness expressed by the audiometer level changed almost in parallel with the pure tone threshold. Therefore, it is speculated that the tinnitus loudness, expressed by the audiometer level can not be the true tinnitus loudness level.
3) The subjective loudness of the tinnitus seems to be increased with the deterioration of the pure tone threshold.
4) From these results, both the loudness balance and masking tests are thought to be unsuitable for evaluating the tinnitus loudness. A more appropriated method should be made to evaluate tinnitus loudess adequately.

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Increased intractable infection due to antibiotic-resistant pathogenic organisms has been a matter of serious concern for clinicians. Penicillins and cephalosporins, among other chemotherapeutics, have become less and less competent owing to β-lactamase-producing organisms which hydrolyze these antibiotics.
We have recently screened pathogenic organisms, which have been isolated clinically from the urine, blood, sputum and pus of patients treated at various specialities of our hospital including otorhinolaryngology, for chronological incidence of β-lactamase-producing strains by acidimetric and nitrocephin methods.
We have also studied current activity of amoxillin (AMPC) and clavulanic acid (CVA) against β-lactamase-producing organisms in terms of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). AMPC alone suppressed the growth of these organisms in relatively high MICs however, in combination with increasing amounts of CVA, inversely decreased MICs were obtained.
The incidence of β-lactamase-producing organisms among 264 strains isolated in recent one year in our clinic averaged 20.5%, being 23% for gram-positive bacteria and 17.2% for gramnegative bacteria.
For clinical entity and bacterial classification, the highest incidence of β-lactamase-producing strains was recorded with acute otitis media (53%) and staphylococcus aureus (45%), respectively.

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Based on an experience of two pediatric cases with hoarseness whose laryngeal symptoms subsided after mutation of voice, a clinical survey was made on 28 pediatric cases with similar voice disorder, who responded to a questionnaire on postadolescent change in vocal symptoms. It was revealed that in 27 out of the 28 cases, hoarseness had gradually disappeared and normal voice was eventually obtained after adolescence regardless of the presence or absence of surgical intervention. The remaining case also showed improvement in the course of follow up but developed vocal cord polyp after adolescence. The result would suggest that at least in males, non-surgical follow-up should be the choice for the treatment of pediatric hoarseness, in general. An instruction of vocal hygiene should also be added for better result.

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The morphogenetic development of the vestibular ganglion cells, nerve fibers and otic vesicle in the chick embryos from 3.5-day-old chick embryos until one day after birth of the chick of White Leghorns was investigated using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and lectin's HRP methods.
The results were as follows:
1. On the 3.5-day-old chick embryos, the facial-acoustic ganglion mass was located close to the otic vesicle, and on the 4-day-old, it split into the two parts, which the stato-acoustic ganglion at the medial part and the geniculate ganglion at the lateral part. On the 6-day-old chick embryos, the vestibular ganglion and spiral ganglion were completely separated.
2. It was assumed that the stato-acoustic ganglion originated from the otic vesicle, because of its anatomical position and course of development.
3. On the 4-day-old chick embryos, the cell surfaces of the stato-acoustic ganglion on the rhombencephalon side and the geniculate ganglion were labeled with WGA and UEA-1 lectins strongly. This suggested that glycoconjugates were important for histo-differentiation of the stato-acoustic ganglion.
4. Vestibular nerve fibers penetrated lateral wall of the otocyst since the 6-day-old chick embryos until the 8-day-old. (macula of utricle and saccule were seen on the 6 or 7-day-old, and crista of semicircular duct on the 7 or 8-day-old.) And, nerve projection from vestibular ganglion cells to vestibular nuclei was found on the 9-day-old chick embryos.
5. Vestibular ganglion cells were mostly elliptic to spindle shaped with some observed a small sphere by the scanning electron microscopic study.
6. It was estimated that glycoconjugates play the most active development and formation of the vestibular endorgans. And, there was important relation between the formation and develop ment of the vestibular sensory organs and the maturity of the vestibular ganglion cells.

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The spinal location of individual motor nuclei of the thoracic dorsal paravertebral muscles was investigated in the cat, using retrograde labelling of motoneurons with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). HRP was injected into the peripheral nerves innervating Mm. rotatores, M. multifidus, M. spinalis dorsi, M. longissimus dorsi and M. iliocostalis. The retrogradely-labelled motoneurons of a particular muscle were arranged in a longitudinal column-like fashion for the length of one segment in a localized area of the spinal ventral horn (the ventromedial or the lateromedial nuclei in lamina IX of Rexed). To compare the relative locations of the motor nuclei of different muscles in the ventral horn, two different muscle nerves (one for each side) were injected with HRP bilaterally at the same segmental level. The motor nuclei of Mm. rotatores, M. multifidus, M. spinalis dorsi, M. longissimus dorsi and M. iliocostalis were arranged in this order from the medial to the lateral portion of the ventral horn. This mediolateral order of arrangement of the motor nuclei was discussed in relation to the classification of the dorsal paravertebral muscles based on the comparative anatomical study.

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Mast cells in the human upper respiratory mucosa were investigated with respect to formalin sensitivity and berberine positive property which thought to be the difference of proteoglycan were contained. Sections were obtained by inferior turbinate mucosa of allergic and nonallergic state, maxillary sinus mucosa with chronic infection, and epipharynx mucosa with adenoid vegetation and after being fixed with Mota's lead acetate solution and 10% beffered formalin solution, these sections were stained with toluidine blue, alcian blue/safranin, and berberine-toluidine blue.
Mast cells could be divided into two groups which were formalin sensitive mast cells (FSMCs) and formalin resistant mast cells (FRMCs). The number of FSMC was more abundant in the epithelial layer than that of FRMC. These increase of FSMC in allergic nasal mucosa and maxillary sinus mucosa were greater than that in non-allergic nasal mucosa or epipharynx mucosa (p<0.05). On the other hand, more than 90% mast cells in the deep lamina propria were formalin resistant. These results indicate that mast cells in the human upper respiratory mucosa could be divided into two subpopulation by histochemical method. The character of these subpopulation was similar to those of mucosal mast cell (MMC) and connective tissue mast cell (CTMC) as in the rat. The positive mast cells with safranin which stained rat peritoneal mast cell and human skin mast cell with red, however, could not be identified in the human upper respiratory mucosa.
In nasal mucosa, it was suggested that FRMC contained heparin as one of proteoglycans, since FRMC showed strong fluorescence by berberine. Another interesting fact was that the number of FSMC increased remarkably in the epithelial layer of maxillary sinus mucosa with chronic infec tion, which might mean that FSMC had some role of infection.

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The size of the temporal bone pneumatization in roentgenogram of 497 normal subjects (221 male and 276 female) and 90 patients with Meniere's disease (39 male and 51 female) was measured planimetrically. As controls of research the normal subjects were classified in to seven groups according to the period of ten every age range. There was statistically significant difference between the size of the temporal pneumatization of the younger groups and the older groups. As a rule the average score in men was larger than those of women. The patients with Meniere's disease showed that the average score of the affected ears was low in 60-69 years group of men and low in 50-59 years group of women. No other low scores were present. But there was a tendency showing smaller size of the temporal pnematization than the control group. And as it had been reported that the percentage of the cases of Meniere's disease showing canal paresis in caloric test was high in the affected ears with smaller size of the temporal bone pneumatization, it was suggested that the sclerotic temporal bone pneumatization would be one of dispositions of Meniere's disease.

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Mastoid pneumatization on 134 cases who had ear surgery for cholesteatoma was studied. Bilateral cholesteatoma was found in 14 patients (11%) and unilateral cholesteatoma associated with contralateral retraction pocket was found in 22 (16%). No patients operated on for cholesteatoma had active chronic otitis media in the contralateral ear. Only 1 out of 155 cases operated on for chronic otitis media with a central perforation had a retraction pocket in the contralateral ear and none had cholesteatoma.
The size of the mastoid pneumatization in cholesteatoma was smaller than that in chronic otitis media. In the contralateral ear of cholesteatoma which had normal tympanic membrane, the size of the mastoid pneumatization was smaller than in the normal ear. It was, therefore, thought that in cases of unilateral cholesteatoma, the patient suffered from otitis media in both ears in childhood, and the ear was cured while the other continued to inflamme.

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