Practica oto-rhino-laryngologica. Suppl.

Hearing Aid Clinic in Practice

Haruhiro Hayashi, Hideyo Asai, Nozomu Mori, Toshiyuki Municipal Miyosh ...

1991 Volume 1991 Issue Supplement41 Pages 1-7
Published: February 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: November 27, 2012

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5631/jibirinsuppl1986.1991.Supplement41_1

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Our hospital has a section providing outpatient hearing aid services including diagnosis and estimation of hearing impairment as well as selection fitting, and servicing of hearing aids.
Various fitting methods exist for hearing aids, for example, the half-gain rule, POGO, and NAL methods. Currently, in our practice, hearing aids are selected according to the POGO method, despite the many problem arising from individual difference and the demerits of the aid.
Referance i s made to problems with hearing aids and the prospects for new instruments.

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Introduction of Tinnitus Clinic in Osaka University Hospital

Kazuhiko Sugimoto, Takayuki Shiraishi

1991 Volume 1991 Issue Supplement41 Pages 8-18
Published: February 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: November 27, 2012

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5631/jibirinsuppl1986.1991.Supplement41_8

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We have examined and treated patients with tinnitus in our clinic. Standard methods of tinnitus evaluation determined by the Japan Audiological
Society in 1984 were used for examinations including psychosomatic tests by questionnaire (depression score, CMI, MAS), measurements of Residual Inhibition, uncomfortable loudness levels, and contingent negative variation (CNV), as well as xylocaine tests.
Therapy for tinnitus patients has included drugs, maskers, electrica l stimulation of the promontrium, and resectioning of the eighth nerve.
Salient results of some of the above-mention ed tests include: 53.4% of patients having depressive conditions by depression tests,25.6% of patients scoring type III or IV by CMI tests; and 56.1% of patients having grade I or II MAS test scores, indicating anxiety.
Moreover, the CNV amplitudes of tinnitus patients were significantly larger than those of normal persons.
The results of drug therapy in tinnitus patients revealed sulpiride to be remarkably effective for depressive tinnitus patients, bifemelan hydrochloride to be effective for patients aged over 50 years, particularly for those patients with hypertension, and tizanidine hydrochloride to be effective for tinnitus patients with symptoms caused by abnormal muscle tension.

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Clinical Study of Facial Palsy in Our Clinic

Yoshiaki Kawasaki, Masuaki Okada, Kazuhiko Goto, Hiromitsu Tamaki

1991 Volume 1991 Issue Supplement41 Pages 19-29
Published: February 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: November 27, 2012

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5631/jibirinsuppl1986.1991.Supplement41_19

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Clinical studies were performed recently on 47 patients with Bell's palsy treated in our ENT clinc between Jan.1988 and Dec.1989.
Among patients with facial palsy,53.1 % were diagnosed as having Bell's palsy. There was no significant difference of sex or monthly incidence. Most of the patients were treated with steroids.
The complete recovery rate overall was 57.4%, though the complete recovery rate of patients whose treatments began within 2 weeks of onset and continued for at least 2 months was 70.4%. Early treatment and long follow up were thought to be important.
For early prognostic evaluation of Bell's palsy, facial palsy scoring and a strength-duration curve seemed to be useful, while the stapedial reflex and electrical gustational tests were of little use prognostically except as indicators of the level of damage to facial nerves.

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Surgical Treatment for Chronic Otitis Media and Otosclerosis

Hideyo Asai

1991 Volume 1991 Issue Supplement41 Pages 30-39
Published: February 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: November 27, 2012

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5631/jibirinsuppl1986.1991.Supplement41_30

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This study reviews 294 cases of middle ear disease including 173 cases of cholesteatoma otitis,121 middle ear infections, and 43 cases of otosclerosis. The results of the present study were as follows: First, with respect to otitis media chronica with cholesteatoma, tympanoplasty was performed in 143 cases, modified radical mastoidectomy in 23, and radical mastoidectomy in 7 cases. Closed method was used in 20 cases, open method in 123, and mastoid obliteration or canal wall reconstruction after removing the posterior wall was performed in 23 cases. Staged operations were performed in 42 cases.
Second, with respect to otitis media chronica without cholesteatoma, tympanoplasty was performed in all cases with staged operations in 14 cases. Wullstein type I operation was performed in 75 cases, modified W-III in 27, and modified W-IV in 8 cases.
Finally, with respect to otosclerosis, large fenestra stapedectomy was performed in 12 cases and small fenestra stapedectomy in 31.
The closed method was used for chronic otitis media without cholesteatoma and for early cholesteatoma. In the majority of the other cholesteatoma cases, the open method was mainly used. The advantages of small fenestra stapedectomy include better hearing and less postoperative complications.

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Examination of the Sense of Smell

Noriko Seta, Ichiko Takemoto, Izumi Koizuka, Chikahide Maetani, Noriko ...

1991 Volume 1991 Issue Supplement41 Pages 40-49
Published: February 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: November 27, 2012

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5631/jibirinsuppl1986.1991.Supplement41_40

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Smells and odors provide sense information that can serve to protect an animal from natural enemies. They also provide important information used in maintaining a genus. It has been said that the sense of smell will be lost with evolution, as evidenced by the fact that the sense of smell is not a dominant source of sense information for human beings. However, when suffering from smell disorders, humans newly discover the importance of this sense. In this paper, the physiology of the sense of smell is outlined and clinical examination of patients with smell disorders and dysfunctions are described. Moreover, the “olfactory evoked potential”, a novel analytic method, is also presented.

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Patients with Head and Neck cancer in the Past 10 Years

Takashi Okumura, Kazuyasu Fukuda, Hideharu Aruga, Jun-ichi Yoshida, Ma ...

1991 Volume 1991 Issue Supplement41 Pages 50-59
Published: February 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: November 27, 2012

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5631/jibirinsuppl1986.1991.Supplement41_50

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Between January 1980 and December 1987,810 cases of head and neck cancer were treated in our department. Regions included the larynx in 231 cases, tongue in 197, maxillary sinus in 93, hypopharynx in 80, mesopharynx in 71, and nasopharynx in 66 cases, and others. The sex ratio (M/F) was 3.1 and most patients in their 60's. Thirty-four cases involved patients over 80 years of age. About these cases, Radiation therapy was used in 17cases, surgical treatment in 9, radiation plus surgical treatment in 1, and palliative treatment in 9 cases. In the radical treatment group (n=25), median survival was 29 months, while the latter was 11.5 months for the palliative treatment group (n=9). In 120 cases of head and neck cancer, upper gastrointestinal tract screening by endoscopy using Lugol stain was performed. This screening allowed us to detect esophageal cancers in 7 cases and gastric cancer in 2.
Radical treatm ent should be actively pursued even with elderly patients unless impossible, and upper gastrointestinal tract screening of patients with head and neck cancer is very important.

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Influence of Alcohol Ingestion upon Oculomotor and Body Equilibrium System

Takeshi Kubo, Yoshiharu Sakata

1991 Volume 1991 Issue Supplement41 Pages 60-66
Published: February 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: November 27, 2012

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5631/jibirinsuppl1986.1991.Supplement41_60

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Positional alcohol nystagmus (PAN), alcoholic gaze nystagmus (AGN), trunkal ataxia and other oculomotor abnormalities are well-known behavioral changes that follow alcohol ingestion. This paper reviews previous work concerned with these alcohol-induced behavioral changes, including our recent work. We cofirmed that PAN could be elicited by even low blood alcohol concentrations (BAC was 0.02%) and two different types of the form were observed to arise chronologically (PAN I and PAN II). Moreover, a significant linear relationship was found between the intensity of PAN and BAC. When trunkal ataxia was measured with a stabilometer, the circumscribed area of body sway showed the closest correlation with BAC. Other analyses of body sway failed to find any characteristic features of alcohol-induced trunkal ataxia.

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Rotatory Test

Izumi Koizuka

1991 Volume 1991 Issue Supplement41 Pages 67-79
Published: February 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: November 27, 2012

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5631/jibirinsuppl1986.1991.Supplement41_67

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A rotatory test is less bothersome to subjects than bithermal caloric test. A rotatory stimulus of the semicircular canals is unrelated to the anatomical structure of external auditory meatus or temporal bone, making it possible to measure more exactly the relationship between stimulus and response.
We developed a new otolith function test by centric and eccentric pendular rotation. Using this method, we investigated the otolith function of 26 patients with peripheral vestibular disorders (7 with unilateral peripheral vestibular disorders,11 with Meniere's disease and 8 with vestibular Meniere's deseases) obtaining the follwing results. First, all patients with peripheral vestibular disorders who were investigated at least 1 month after the onset of the disease showed normal function. Second patients with Meniere's disease and vestibular Meniere's deseas had otolith dysfuntion within 1 month after the first or the most recent attack. There fore, we postulated the existence of a mechanism which compensated for the loss of the otolith-ocular reflex system in patients with unilateral poeripheral vestibular disorders.

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Autonomic Nervous Function of Patients with Meniere's Disease

Hitoshi Ogino

1991 Volume 1991 Issue Supplement41 Pages 80-93
Published: February 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: November 27, 2012

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5631/jibirinsuppl1986.1991.Supplement41_80

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To clarify the autonomic nervous function in patients with Meniere's disease, the following tests were carried out;
1. General autonomic nervous function tests,
1) Tone of the sympathetic nervous system,
2) Sensitivity of adrenergic receptors,
3) Sympathetic and parasym pathetic nervous activity,
4) Reflex functions of autonomic nervous syste m,
2. Local autonomic nervous function tests,
1) Ice water immersion test,
2) Ashner's test,
3) Forehead cooling test,
Many patients exhibited decreased parasympathetic nervous activity in any stage and laterality differences in cervical sympathetic nervous function in attack stage. So I considered that the decreased activity of parasympathetic nervous activity was predisposition and laterality differnces in cervical sympathetic nervous function was induced factor in Meniere's disease.

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Clinical Application of Contingent Negative Variation (C NV)

Takayuki Shiraishi, Kazuhiko Sugimoto

1991 Volume 1991 Issue Supplement41 Pages 94-101
Published: February 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: November 27, 2012

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5631/jibirinsuppl1986.1991.Supplement41_94

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In this review, we discuss the psychophysiological properties of human contingent negative variation (CNV) observed during S1-S2 (warning stimulus-imperative stimulus)tasks. The CNV can be divided into three components. The early CNV seems to be induced by S1 and be associated with the information processing of the S1. The middle component, which emerges between the early and late CNV may be also induced by S1. Its nature and properties are, however, not fully understood. The late CNV may be induced by S2 and seems to be related to the attention paid to the S2 as well as to the preparation for the motor response.
We also provided an overview of studies of CNV under psychopathological conditions in adults subjects. The abnormal features of the CNV described in psychiatric patients are related to its amplitude (often decreased, but sometimes increased) and its duration after the imperative stimulus (S2).
In the field of otolaryngology, CNV is used in objective audiometry for psychogenic deafness and in objective olfactory sensory testing.In our study, CNV amplitude was larger for tinnitus patients with no hearing loss than in controls. This results is interpreted as evidence of abnormalities in the central orienting mechanism in such tinnitus patients.

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Measurements of Eustachian Tube Function and Its Clinical Usage

Masahiro Morita

1991 Volume 1991 Issue Supplement41 Pages 102-112
Published: February 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: November 27, 2012

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5631/jibirinsuppl1986.1991.Supplement41_102

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The important role of tests to measure the influence of eustachian tube function (ETF)in the pathogenesis of several middle ear diseases has been proposed, though various clinical problems remain in medical practice with respect to the eustachian tube (ET). With a view to developing therapies and prophylaxis for middle ear diseases caused by eustachian tube dysfunction (ETDF), we looked into the availability of eustachian tube function tests (ETFT) while reviewing the literature on relationships between middle ear diseases and ETF.
Clinical evaluation of ETDF involves tympanograms and/or an air insuffiation with a tubal catheter. However, the results of these examinations do not reveal certain kinds of ETDF, for instance, floppy or open tubes, etc. Measuring ETF by sonotubometry, tubotympanoaerodynamography (TTAG), inflation-deflation testing (I-D test), or impedance audiometry might significantly increase the precision of pathophysiological diagnosis of ETDF. We believe that sonotubometry is the most convenient method to use for many middle ear diseases without effusions, while TTAG is a relatively difficult method for children. Further more, I-D test can be done under almost all aural conditions, if ventilation can be maintained via the tympanic membrane.
We conclude that ETF measurement can be done more appropriately by the use of a combination of proper ETFT.

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Aspirin-Induced Asthma and Aspirin-Induced Polyps

Satoshi Ogino, Tamotsu Harada, Morihiro Irifune

1991 Volume 1991 Issue Supplement41 Pages 113-121
Published: February 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: November 27, 2012

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5631/jibirinsuppl1986.1991.Supplement41_113

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Asthma, aspirin intolerance and nasal polyps form the triad of aspirin-induced asthma (AIA). The prevalence of AIA is thought to be approximately 10% in asthmatic pati ents in general. This side effect is known also to be caused by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and dyes such as tartrazine, parabens, etc. The diagnosis usually can be established easily on the basis of the history. AIA is not a rare disease in Japan. Fourtyfour cases of AIA,14 male and 30 female, were seen at our clinic as of 1990. Asthma was found in 41 of 44 cases (93.2%) and sinusitis in 28 of 43 (65.1%). The incidence of nasal polyps, so-called aspirin-induced polyps (AIP), was very high, ranging from 60% to 95%. In our clinic, AIP were found in 29 of 43 cases (67.4%). AIP are characteristically bilateral and recur easily. Histological findings show significant infiltration of eosinophils with marked eosinophilia in the blood and nasal secretions. Nasal polypectomy is useful for AIA, because asthma is aggravated by mouth breathing caused by severe nasal obstruction. The pathogenesis of AIA and AIP is obscure but is probably related to inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis, though other factors may also be related, including viral infection.

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Sinusitis

Minoru Ishida

1991 Volume 1991 Issue Supplement41 Pages 122-134
Published: February 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: November 27, 2012

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5631/jibirinsuppl1986.1991.Supplement41_122

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In considering the current status of sinusitis diagnosis and treatment, it is clear that the utilization of C.T. Scanning and endoscopy has made it possible to detect pre-surgically those areas of the sinuses that are pathological.
One factor contributing to the p rolongation of sinusitis is obstruction of the sinus aperture-that is the fontanelle. This problem is best treated by good ventilation and drainage. Acute sinusitis is best treated by antibiotics, and chronic sinusitis, by a combination of antibiotics and enzymatic tablets.
In order to prolong the beneficial effects of nebulizer treatments, the latter should be done in conjunction with HPCH (Hydroxypropylcellulose).
If standard pharmacological treatments are unsuccessful, surgery with endoscopy is recommended-that is, functional endoscopy surgery with a laser.

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Recent Advances in Reconstruction in the Management of Oro-and Hypo- Pharyngeal Carcinoma

Jun-ichi Yoshida

1991 Volume 1991 Issue Supplement41 Pages 135-145
Published: February 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: November 27, 2012

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5631/jibirinsuppl1986.1991.Supplement41_135

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Since 1985, a new one-stage reconstructive procedure involving a PM-MC or free forearm flap has been used in the management of oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinomas.
These new reconstructive procedures provide not only a new gullet but also allow for wide surgical margins, the latter helping to reduce local treatment failures.
A retrospective analysis of oropharyngeal carcinoma therapy s h owed radiation to be the treatment of choice for early stage tumors, and surgical treatment combined with radiation to be used against advanced or radioinsensitive tumors.
Hypopharyngeal carcinoma should be treated by surgery in combination with radiotherapy. A new preoperative radiation regimen follwed by pharyngolaryngectomy and one-stage reconstruction has resulted in improved loco-regional control.
Recent 5-year accumulated survival rates are 68.4% for oropharyngeal and 44.8% for hypopharyngeal carcinoma. These survival rates are much better than those of the past.

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Morphological Study of the Blood-Middle Ear Barrier and Blood-Inner Ear Barrier

Masafumi Sakagami

1991 Volume 1991 Issue Supplement41 Pages 146-162
Published: February 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: November 27, 2012

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5631/jibirinsuppl1986.1991.Supplement41_146

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To study the blood-middle ear and blood-inner ear barrier, both vascular and epithelial permeability were examined by light and electron microscopy using the tracer of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method.
Most of the capillaries of th e middle ear mucosa did not allow HRP to leak, but otitis media increased capillary permeability to HRP. Epithelial cells of the middle ear mucosa took up the tracer from the middle ear cavity, and the degree of uptake of the tracer was enhanced by inflammation in the middle ear. These findings suggest that the blood-middle ear barrier does not play an important role in the middle ear, the latter in which otitis media often clinically occurs. Capillaries i n the vestibular organs and spiral ligament did not show leakage of HRP, suggesting they are of the brain type. However, capillaries of the stria vascularis did show leakage, suggesting they are of the muscle type.
Capillaries of the endolymphatic sac and cochlear plexus were found to be of the fenestrated type. Furthermore, perilymphatic perfusion of HRP showed that the endolymphatic space was sealed by epithelial tight junctions. These findings suggest that the blood-inner ear barrier of the vestibule and spiral ligament consists of both the blood-perilymph barrier and perilymph-endolymph barrier, and that of the stria vascularis consists of only the prilymph-endolymph barrier.

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The Status of Human Temporal Bone Research in Osaka University Medical School

Mitsuhito Sano

1991 Volume 1991 Issue Supplement41 Pages 163-169
Published: February 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: November 27, 2012

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5631/jibirinsuppl1986.1991.Supplement41_163

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We have investigated human temporal bones, especially in fetuses and newborn children to clarify the relation between the features of hearing impairment and temporal bone histopathological findings. About 300 temporal bone specimens were obtained from patients with 18 trisomy,6p monosomy,1g + monosomy, Turner's syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta, campomelic dysplasia, thanatophoric dysplasia, and mucopolysaccaridosis. Our method of preparation of temporal bone specimens is also described.

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Role of Hormones in the Inner Ear

Nozomu Mori

1991 Volume 1991 Issue Supplement41 Pages 170-174
Published: February 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: November 27, 2012

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5631/jibirinsuppl1986.1991.Supplement41_170

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Recent studies of hormones in the inner ear are described. The possibility that hormones act on the cochlea through the adenylate cyclase-cyclic AMP system and through the regulation of blood flow in the cochlea is dicussed, though no direct evidence supporting this hypothesis yet exists. The action of hormones on the vestibule is still unknown. In the endolymphatic sac, direct evidence supporting the action of catecholamines on the endolymphatic sac has recently been obtained. Our recent study revealed that catecholamines change the oxygen-dependent positive DC potential in the endolymphatic sac of the guinea pig in a reversible manner. The involvement of aldosterone in regulating the functions of the endolymphatic sac has also been suggested. It is assumed that the endolymphatic sac may be an important tissue for hormonal regulation in the inner ear.

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Immune Response of the Inner Ear

Tamotsu Harada

1991 Volume 1991 Issue Supplement41 Pages 175-184
Published: February 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: November 27, 2012

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5631/jibirinsuppl1986.1991.Supplement41_175

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The etiopathogenesis of a large number of inner ear disease has not yet been clarified. Although immunologic injury was implicated in the pathogenesis of inner ear diseases in McCabe's case report, an autoimmune etiology was not proven due to the fact that the inner ear is an extremely small sensory organ. Recently, advances in the cellular and molecular analysis of immunological reactivity have been increasingly applied to diseases of the inner ear.
In this chapter, I first describe some animal models of immunologically mediated hearing loss and some clinical cases of sensorinerual hearing loss that might respond to immunosuppressive therapy. Second, experimental studies are discussed. Immune responses necessarily involve complement reactions, with the exception of type I allergic reactions. Complement is known to be related to many inflammatory reaction. C4a, C3a, and C5a, known as anaphylatoxin, are known to cause strong inflammatory reactions.
The role of anaphylatoxins on pathogenesis in the cochlea was examined, w ith atrophy of the stria vascularis, and endolymphatic hydrops, as well as other morphological changes clearly seen. These results were similar to the pathological changes observed in inner ear diseases in human being. Observation of inner ear inflammation due to specific and nonspecific immune responses is necessary.
Indeed, experimental evi d e nce establishing the operation of a distinct inner ear immune system is presented. However, though clinical cases may have an immunological basis a clear some etiology must be established.

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Some Factors Inducing Impairment of Blood Circulation in the Inner Ear and Brain

Kohichi Yamamoto

1991 Volume 1991 Issue Supplement41 Pages 185-196
Published: February 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: November 27, 2012

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5631/jibirinsuppl1986.1991.Supplement41_185

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The impairment of inner ear circulation may result from abnormalities in either local or systemic parameters including blood pressure (BP), hemodynamics, the autonomic nervous system (ANS), and endolymphatic pressure. In testing this hypothesis, the blood circulation of guinea pigs and rabbits was measured by three different techniques (i. e., laser Doppler, hydrogen clearance, and oxygen tension methods). We found, first, in the normal guinea pig, blood flow (BF) in the brainstem was maintained constantly within BP range of 35-80 mmHg, though the inner ear showed weak autoregulatory functions for BF within the same BP range. The pO₂ decrease following lowered BP was significantly less in the cochlea than in canal. Second, ANS dysfunction induced by denervation of the carotid sinus nerve or administration of amphetamine led to instability of BP, inhibition of baroreflex sensitivity for BP modulation, and poor autoregulatory functions for brainstem BF. Head up tilt stimulation (at 40°) also induced similar results. Third, transient interruption of blood supply to the brain and inner ear regions by microembolism was produced by plasma hyperaggregability after intravertebral arterial injection of adenosine diphosphate. Finally, in guinea pigs, unilaterally obliterated endolymphatic sac and ducts caused no significant difference in cochlear BF between non-operated and operated ears when BP was within normal range. However, cochlear BF autoregulartory functions for lowering BP declined significantly, in the hydropic ear 3 to 7 months after surgery.
We discussed the control mechanisms of inner ear circulation and some local and systemic parameters causing abnormality of autoregulatory functions for the inner ear and brain BF.

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Motion Sickness and Vomiting Reflex

Noriaki Takeda

1991 Volume 1991 Issue Supplement41 Pages 197-207
Published: February 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: November 27, 2012

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5631/jibirinsuppl1986.1991.Supplement41_197

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Though many different pathologies cause vomiting, they can be divided into three categories. The first is vestibular vomiting such as that caused by motion sickness. The second is vomiting mediated by chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) in the area postrema, such as that seen in poison-induced vomiting. The third is vomiting from the gastro-intestinal tract. Vestibular stimuli, signals from the CTZ, and afferent signals from the gastro-intestinal tract stimulate the vomiting center in the medulla to cause vomiting independently.
Histamine H₁-blockers (diphenhydramine, promethazine) prevent vestibular vomiting selectively. Dopamine D₂-blockers (metoclopramide, domperidone) act on the CTZ to inhibit CTZ-mediated vomiting. Serotonin 5-HT₃-blockers block afferent signals from the stomach induced by cisplatin. Diphenidol may inhibit the vomiting center because diphenidol prevents both motion and cisplatin-induced vomiting.

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Experimental Allergic Rhinitis in Animals

Evaluation of Treaments for Model Animals

Morihiro Irifune

1991 Volume 1991 Issue Supplement41 Pages 208-217
Published: February 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: November 27, 2012

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5631/jibirinsuppl1986.1991.Supplement41_208

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Methods for inducing so-called allergic rhinitis in animals were shown and studies of the therapeutic effects of treatments for allergic rhinitis in animal models were listed.
There are two distinct animal models of allergic rhinitis. The first is an ani m al model of nasal allergy and the second, a model of nasal hyperreactivity. Some methods were developed to improve the objective evaluation of nasal symptoms in animal model of allergic rhinitis. Moreover, good therapeutic results were seen in animal models in these cases.
In Japan animal models will be used more often in the future in clarifying the mechanisms of nasal allergy and hyperreactivity onset and in evaluating therapies for these diseases. The evaluation of nasal allergy, hyperreactivity, and hyperreactive symptoms must be continually improved upon.

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