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62 巻, 6 号
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吉田 雄次1983 年 62 巻 6 号 p. 377
発行日: 1983/06/20
公開日: 2010/06/28
ジャーナル フリーPDF形式でダウンロード (233K) -
後藤 典弘1983 年 62 巻 6 号 p. 378-395
発行日: 1983/06/20
公開日: 2010/06/28
ジャーナル フリーAs an expanded use of coal is expected in the following years, its environmental implications have been discussed in detail.
Based on the Government long-term energy supply-demand forecasting, the role of coal as a substitute for petroleum among primary energy sources has first been identified. The predominant use of coal is anticipated to take place mainly in the field of power generation. In 1990, approximately 42 million tons of fuel coal, mostly imported, will be consumed annually for combustion at powergenerating plants.
Potential environmental impacts to be accompanied by this expanded use of coal at power plants have been estimated. In particular, possible emission of air pollutants including SOx, NOx, particulates, and trace elements, has been summarized in comparison with the case of oil use. All numbers are quoted from an earlier study of Japan Environment Agency. Ash production and its treatment have also been discussed.
To minimize the environmental impacts of coal use, a number of pollution abatement measures are to be taken. Again, assuming the largest use of coal in utility, currently available control technology including ash utilization has been briefly reviewed.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (2380K) -
横山 伸也, 中村 悦郎1983 年 62 巻 6 号 p. 396-407
発行日: 1983/06/20
公開日: 2010/06/28
ジャーナル フリーBiomass such as wood and other plant materials is of great interest as renewable resources for production of fuels or chemical feedstocks. Biomass gasification as well as biochemical conversion is a promising process for commercial application. In the present paper, the chemical characteristic of biomass, the chemistry of biomass gasification and the current development of biomass gasification process are outlined and briefly discussed, .kn-abstract=抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1473K) -
三木 康朗, 杉本 義一1983 年 62 巻 6 号 p. 408-413
発行日: 1983/06/20
公開日: 2010/06/28
ジャーナル フリーCoal liquefaction has been performed in the absence and in the presence of catalyst such as iron, tungsten or molybdenum oxides, and the characteristic role of each catalyst in the reaction has been discussed. Taiheiyo-Coal of 80g, tetralin solvent of 100g and catalyst of lOg were put into a 500ml stainless steel autoclave and were heated at 400°C for 2hr under hydrogen pressure. The total pressure was maintained at 220kg/cm2 by means of introducing hydrogen gas through a pressure controller during the reaction.
The 86% of coal was converted in non-catalytic reaction to toluene-soluble materials, while conversion of 93% was obtained in the reaction with each catalyst of calcined hematite and red mud and conversion of 100% with each catalyst of sulfided hematite, red mud, nickel-tungsten-alumina, nickel-molybdenum-alumina and cobaltmolybdenum-alumina.
The liquefied product separated into distillate fraction (-410°C), oil fraction (undistillable and heptane-soluble) and asphaltene fraction (heptane-insoluble and toluene-soluble). The yield and properties of each fraction were significantly depended on the catalyst. In case that either calcined-or sulfided-hematite or red mud catalyst was used, coal conversion increased but the yield of asphaltene was also rather high, which indicates that the secondary cracking of asphaltene produced is difficult to proceed with iron-type catalysts. On the other hand, high value of coal conversion, and low yield of asphaltene were obtained with either molybdenum or tungsten catalyst, which indicates that the secondary cracking of asphaltene is promoted on these catalysts. Further cracking of oil fraction to distillate fraction is found to be rather difficult with any of the catalyst used in this study.
The degree of dehydrogenation of solvent was calculated from the value of naphthalene/ (naphthalene+tetralin) in the distillate fraction after reaction. The lowest value of it was obtained when sulfided irontype catalyst was used. The role of catalyst in coal liquefaction has been discussed.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (775K) -
炭種, ガス化剤の影響宝田 恭之, 大塚 康夫, 富田 彰, 玉井 康勝1983 年 62 巻 6 号 p. 414-420
発行日: 1983/06/20
公開日: 2010/06/28
ジャーナル フリーTen coals ranging from anthracite coal to brown coal were impregnated with four catalysts (K, Ba, Fe, Ni) during pulverization. Three different gases, that is, H2O, CO2 and H2 were used to determine the effect of gasifying agent on the activity sequence of catalysts. The gasification was carried out in a thermobalance. The reaction profile (the variation of specific rate with fixed-carbon conversion) strongly depended on catalyst type and reaction atmosphere, but was almost independent of coal type. The activity sequence of catalysts was also independent of coal type, and the sequences obtained were as follows
H2O gasification: K>Ba>Ni>Fe
CO2 gasification: K>Ba>Fe>Ni
H2 gasification: Ni≥Fe>K>Ba抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (828K) -
水蒸気あるいはCO2による石炭ガス化速度の定式化橋本 健治, 三浦 孝一, 前 一広, 坪田 淳1983 年 62 巻 6 号 p. 421-432
発行日: 1983/06/20
公開日: 2010/06/28
ジャーナル フリーEight kinds of coals were pyrolyzed and gasified simultaneously by use of a rapid heating method in nitrogen, steam or CO2 atmosphere. Coal particles (1.0mm in diameter) enclosed in a platinum mesh basket were dropped into the reactor which had been heated to a desired temperature (750, 800 or 850°C), and were heated rapidly at the rate of ca. 1600°C/min to reach the final gasification temperature in about 30 seconds. The amount of the evolved gas (AEG) and the decrease in the mass of coal (DMC) in the course of the experiment were measured in detail. First this experiment was performed in a nitrogen atmosphere, the pressure of which was kept at 1, 2. 5, 5, 10 or 20atm, to obtain the AEG and the DMC owing to the pyrolysis. Then the same experiment was performed in a steam or in a CO2 atmosphere. In this experiment the pyrolysis and the gasification of the coal proceeds simultaneously. The AEG and the DMC owing to the gasification were estimated by subtracting the AEG and the DMC owing to the pyrolysis from those obtained in the latter experiment. The gasification rate was found to be nearly proportional to the pore surface area of the unreacted sample. Then the gasification rate was formulated by use of Bhatia and Perlmutters' model in which the change in pore surface area was taken into account. By use of this model the initial gasification rates were easily estimated. The validity of the model was experimentally verified. It was also clarified that the gasification rate increases little when the steam pressure exceeds 1 atm.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1402K) -
水蒸気ガス化の速度と生成ガス組成の関連性橋本 健治, 三浦 孝一, 前 一広, 山下 道弘1983 年 62 巻 6 号 p. 433-441
発行日: 1983/06/20
公開日: 2010/06/28
ジャーナル フリーEight kinds of coals were pyrolyzed and gasified simultaneously by use of a rapid heating method in nitrogen or steam atmosphere. At 787°C and under the steam pressure of 0.5 atm, the compositions of the gases evolved owing to the gasification and the initial gasification rates were measured in detail. It was first found that the ratio of the amount of CO to that of CO2 evolved during the reaction, Nco/Nco2, changed from 0.078 to 5.1 for the coals, and that the ratio, Nco/Nco2 is almost inversely proportional to the initial gasification rate. Next equations for producing CO and CO2 were formulated for each coal. The rate of CO2 production was found to be almost proportional to the initial gasification rate, whereas the rate of CO production was kept almost constant for all coals. This suggests that the difference in the gasification rates is due to the difference in the rate of CO2 production. The rate of CO2 production was found to be affected largely by the minerals in the coals.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (985K) -
多賀谷 英幸, 千葉 耕司, 佐藤 志美雄, 渡辺 孝志1983 年 62 巻 6 号 p. 442-445
発行日: 1983/06/20
公開日: 2010/06/28
ジャーナル フリーESR signal intensities slightly decreased by photo-irradiation to Taiheiyo coal, but increased after irradiation. No spectral change was observed when tetralin or 1-methylnaphthalene was used as solvent. It has been suggested that photo absorption to coal mixed with solvent does not occur effectively.
The formation of radicals was found with photo-irradiation to a SRC from Taiheiyo coal. A g value of the signal was the same as that for the coal. The intensities did not change in the case of SRC alone, but greatly decreased when dihydronaphthalene or 1-methylnaphthalene was used as solvent. These two solvents have different hydrogen donating ability, but the same decreasing behavior for signal intensity was observed. It has been considered that not only hydrogen donating ability but also chemical or physical property of solvent contribute to the radical reaction.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (357K)
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