燃料協会誌
Online ISSN : 2185-226X
Print ISSN : 0369-3775
ISSN-L : 0369-3775
64 巻, 11 号
選択された号の論文の8件中1~8を表示しています
  • 機器を用いた石炭の分析―その功罪―
    真田 雄三
    1985 年 64 巻 11 号 p. 873
    発行日: 1985/11/20
    公開日: 2010/06/28
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 斉藤 郁夫
    1985 年 64 巻 11 号 p. 874-884
    発行日: 1985/11/20
    公開日: 2011/02/23
    ジャーナル フリー
    Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance with cross polarization and magic angle spinning (CP/MAS 13C NMR) is reviewed with emphasis on application for coals and their related matters. After the brief introduction of the fundamentals of CP/MAS 13C NMR experiment and additional pulse diagram, the quantitative reliability of fa (the fraction of carbon that is sp2 hybridized) is discussed.
    Conventional CP/MAS 13C NMR and newly developed Dipolar Dephasing experiments for coals are also reported, and it is shown that the former can yield fa, but the latter can discriminate between the protonated carbon and the nonprotonated carbon, and hence, permit a significant increase in the amount of information in structural analysis.
  • 横野 哲朗
    1985 年 64 巻 11 号 p. 885-896
    発行日: 1985/11/20
    公開日: 2010/06/28
    ジャーナル フリー
    In-situ observation of 1H-NMR and ESR spectra under reaction conditions can be extremely useful in gaining an understanding of the mechanism of carbonization and coal liquefaction reactions.
    The characterization of coals and pitches by in-situ measurements at reaction temperatures and pressures is defined as dynamic characterization. This contrasts with static characterization in which measurements are taken at room temperature.
    In this review, recent studies of dynamic measurements of coals and pitches by means of magnetic resonance techniques (both NMR and ESR) under high temperature and/or high pressure are described.
    These studies are also useful in clarifying catalytic reactions.
  • 坂輪 光弘
    1985 年 64 巻 11 号 p. 897-910
    発行日: 1985/11/20
    公開日: 2010/06/28
    ジャーナル フリー
    This is a review of coal study by means of Electron Spin Resonance (ESR).
    First of all, principle and apparatus of ESR are explained. Different kinds of coal and optical microstructure of coal (such as vitrinite, exinite and micrinite etc.) are measured by ESR.
    Recently, samples under heating are measured by ESR. A maker of ESR is used and discussed the changes of spectrogram of the maker . The oxidation and liquefaction process of coal are discussed by the data of ESR.
    ESR has to use the application of coal reaction process (for example, carboniza tion and liquefaction process).
    Chemical structure of coal is also related to the ESR, so it is necessary to study chemical structure of coal by means of new chemical analyzers.
  • 石炭および重質油への利用
    藤津 博, 持田 勲
    1985 年 64 巻 11 号 p. 911-928
    発行日: 1985/11/20
    公開日: 2010/06/28
    ジャーナル フリー
    Recent advances in application of FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared) spectroscopy for the structural analyses of coals, heavy oils and their carbonized products were reviewed to establish the basic chemistry for their better utilization. FT-IR has been proved to provide important information on the characteristics of their functionalities in such materials which are often solids of low solubility and transmittance, being difficult to be analysed by the conversional instruments.
    Firstly, principles and experimental procedures of FT-IR are briefly reviewed. The indentification and quantification of absorption bands according to the recent studies were summarized as the better bases of structural analyses.
    Secondly, the structural information on the macerals, weathering or oxidation reaction, pretreatment and pyrolysis reaction of coals were reviewed to understand the chemistry of such processes. Ashes and gasification catalysts were also informatively analysed by FT-IR.
    Thirdly, the structure of coal liquids in terms of their alkyl, aromatic oxygen and nitrogen functionalities has been successfully investigated by FT-IR, providing bases for the conversion design.
    Finally, structural understanding of carbonization intermediates including mesophase materials based on a FT-IR was summarized. The structural requirement for anisotropic development and fusibility (fluidity) in the carbonization processes was elucidated.
  • 中溝 実
    1985 年 64 巻 11 号 p. 929-940
    発行日: 1985/11/20
    公開日: 2010/06/28
    ジャーナル フリー
    The basis of laser Raman spectroscopy and its recent application to the structural study of coals and related carbonaceous materials are briefly outlined along with experimental technique. In Raman scattering, skeletal vibrations such as condensed aromatic ring vibrations in coals appear strongly, differing from infrared absorption in that stretching vibrations of functional groups such as carbonyl and hydroxyl groups linked to the aromatic rings show strong absorption. All Raman spectra of raw coals of different rank exhibit two broad Raman bands around 1600cm-1 and 1380cm-1, which are very similar to those of PVC cokes and some resin chars heat treated at about 450°C. With increase in coal rank, both Raman bands increase gradually their intensity and become sharp.Similar trends can be also observed for carbonized coals when the carbonization temperature is increased. The half band widths and intensity ratio of the 1600cm-1 and 1360cm-1 bands for cokes from Miike coal show a remarkable change with carbonization temperature and, therefore, can be used as parameters for the structural characterization of cokes derived from various coals. A certain relationship is found among the intensity ratio of Raman bands, optical reflectance and microcrystallite size for some foreign coals.
  • 吉田 忠
    1985 年 64 巻 11 号 p. 941-954
    発行日: 1985/11/20
    公開日: 2010/06/28
    ジャーナル フリー
    Studies on the analysis of coal-derived liquids by mass spectrometry have been reviewed. The principles and characteristics of a double-focusing mass spectrometer and ionization techniques such as EI, FI, FD and FAB are described. The quantitative aspects of FI and FD mass spectra of coal-derived oil and the effect of FI relative ion sensitivities of oil components on the spectral data are discussed.
    The oil sample which has previously been separated into homologous series provides more meaningful mass spectral data in the structural analysis of coal-derived oil. Currently, the combined use of low-voltage EI, FI and FD mass spectrometries and HPLC method gives detailed information on the structural distribution of oil components.
    The present review includes the application of FD technique in the analysis of coal and coal-derived materials, the difference spectrum method to study hydrogenation reaction mechanism, and the determination of transferable hydrogen in the reactants by mass spectral method.
  • 白石 稔
    1985 年 64 巻 11 号 p. 955-965
    発行日: 1985/11/20
    公開日: 2010/06/28
    ジャーナル フリー
    The application of X-ray and electron diffractometries are reviewed for the structural analysis of coals and their related matters. After the fundamental nature and the apparatus of X-ray and electron diffraction are briefly stated, it is shown how some structural parameters d002, Lc, n, Ps, E. etc. are obtained from observed profiles. The stack-height distribution and the average number of layers per stack n are calculated by Fourier transformation of the 002 band, and approximate fraction of the carbons contained in stacks Ps is also obtained from the peak intensity of the 002 band, background intensity and n. From the 11 band, the distribution of layer size and their average size La can be calculated by Diamond's method.
    Diffraction patterns for various ranks of coals are presented, and their characteristics are pointed out. The variation of structural parameters are shown with carbon content of raw coals and with the increase in carbonization temperature. These data are compared with the results of mesophase or carbons carbonized at low temperatures.
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