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65 巻, 6 号
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功刀 泰碩1986 年 65 巻 6 号 p. 369
発行日: 1986/06/20
公開日: 2010/06/28
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尾崎 博己, 鈴鹿 輝男1986 年 65 巻 6 号 p. 370-377
発行日: 1986/06/20
公開日: 2010/06/28
ジャーナル フリーMany fuel consumers such as electric power generators and cementmanufacturers have begun to use coal instead of fuel oil as an energy source because of therapid rise of fuel oil prices since the energy crisis in 1973. This trend is bringing about asurplus of residual oil in petroleum refineries. These surplus residual oils must be upgradedto more valuable distillates for effective utilization, although prices of crude oils have fallendown to low levels recently.
For this purpose, continued efforts are being made on residual oil processing. Difficultproblems, however, are encountered in processing heavy feeds because they contain largeamounts of sulfur, nitrogen, asphaltene, and heavy metals.
In recent years, many attractive upgrading processes have been investigated.
This paper reviews recent development of upgrading of heavy oils as follows:
1) Upgrading by fluid catalytic cracking with regular catalysts,
2) Upgrading by fluid catalytic cracking with newly developed catalysts,
3) Upgrading by hydrotreating processes,
4) Upgrading by slurry hydroconversion,
5) Upgrading by thermal cracking.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (868K) -
山田 能生, 山川 敏雄1986 年 65 巻 6 号 p. 378-383
発行日: 1986/06/20
公開日: 2010/06/28
ジャーナル フリーSpin probe technique has been applied to study pore structure and functional groups of coal through the interaction between a nitroxide radical and the coal surface. A hexane solution of 2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinol-1-oxyl (TEMPOL) radical was added to Morewell (MO), Wandoan (WA), Liddell (LI) coals and MO's heat-treated at 200, 300, 400°C. The TEMPOL radical trapped in the coal gave an anisotropic triplet ESR signal at room temperature because of hindered rotation of the nitroxide molecule. However, the anisotropic pattern was averaged out at high temperatures as a result of the liberated motion. The extent of the interaction between the radical and the coal surface was evaluated from the temperature range at which the anisotropic spectrum was converted to isotropic one.
The following results were obtained:
(1) The molecular motion of the TEMPOL radical in WA was hindered up to higher temperatures. The result is considered to be associated with diffusion of the radical into small pores.
(2) LI coal contains surface functional groups which own different interaction with the radical doped. Therefore, the spectral shift occurred at the wide temperature range.
(3) The water molecules occluded in raw MO coal brought about the constrained motion to high temperatures, presumably because of hydrogen bonding. When the radical was doped to heat-treated MO coals the transition range from anisotropic to isotropic pattern was shifted to low temperature and also became wider. It suggests that the heterogeneous sites with various functionalities emerged owing to the heat-treatment of MO.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (622K) -
横山 慎一, 吉田 諒一, 吉田 忠, 成田 英夫, 長谷川 義久, 小平 紘平, 前河 涌典1986 年 65 巻 6 号 p. 384-388
発行日: 1986/06/20
公開日: 2010/06/28
ジャーナル フリーTo investigate the developmental mechanism of exothermic peak in a comparatively low temperature range during liquefaction of three coals in the presence of pyrite using high-pressure DTA apparatus, the liquefaction reaction was carried out in the temperature range, in which an exothermic peak is observed, using a 500ml shaking-type autoclave. The results of ultimate analysis of the unliquefied residue after solvent extraction of products show that the oxygen content decreases remarkably compared with that in the presence of red-mud/sulfur catalyst. According to the results of CP/MAS 13C-n. m. r. analysis, the aromatic carbons attached to the oxygen atom (Ar-OH, Ar-OCH3, Ar-O-Ar) decreased far more than those in the presence of red-mud/sulfur catalyst. Therefore, the exothermic peak during coal liquefaction in the presence of pyrite is estimated to be due to the hydrogenolysis of various structural groups attached to the oxygen atom.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (552K) -
飯野 雅, 李 清田, 松田 実1986 年 65 巻 6 号 p. 389-393
発行日: 1986/06/20
公開日: 2010/06/28
ジャーナル フリーCaking property, such as Roga index and crucible swelling number, of the residual coals from the extractions was measured. The extractions were done using 1: 1 mixtures of carbon disulfide with pyridine, N, N-dimethylacetamide, and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, respectively. The following results were obtained.
1) Roga indexes of residual coals from the extraction with the mixture were higher than those for the Soxhlet extraction with pyridine, in similar extraction yield. This may be attributed to a slight oxidation in Soxhlet extraction, since careful air removal from the Soxhlet apparatus gave similar high Roga indexes with those for the extractions with the mixture.
2) In the extractions of Shin-yubari and Zao Zhuang coals with the mixtures Roga indexes of both residual coals decreased with increasing extraction yields. Zao Zhuang coal showed pronounced decrease in Roga index than Shin-yubari coal. This indicates that both coals are different from each other in chemical structures, molecular weight distributions, and degrees of cross-linking, although they have similar carbon content (%)抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (614K) -
木屋 幸蔵, 真下 清, 和井 内徹1986 年 65 巻 6 号 p. 394-399
発行日: 1986/06/20
公開日: 2010/06/28
ジャーナル フリーThe original forms of straight-chain fatty acids in Taiheiyo coal and Joban lignite, and their carbon number distributions were investigated from the gas chromatograms of the extracts by pyridine and the saponification substances prepared by alkaliwater or alkali-methanol solution. Furthermore, the distributions of straight-chain alkanes derived by the hydrogenolysis using tetralin of the original coals and the residual coals obtained after the saponification were also discussed.
The origin of straight-chain alkanes produced in coal liquids was consequently elucidated from the original forms and the distributions of straight-chain fatty acids.
The original forms of straight-chain fatty acids in the coals could be distinguished clearly between free forms absorbed physically in the micropore structure and esterified form structures bonded within the bituminous or the humic substance. The predominance of odd carbon numbers over even was obserbed in the C23 to C29 straight-chain alkanes in the hydrogenolysis products of the original coals, and the C22 to C32 esterified fatty acids were present in the bituminous substance. Accordingly, it was estimated that a part of the odd carbon number alkanes was generated by scission in the positions adjacent to carbonyl groups in the esterified even carbon number fatty acids.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (764K) -
高純度無定形炭素と水蒸気あるいは炭酸ガスとの反応におけるアルカリ金属触媒の化学状態金塚 高次, 冨士川 計吉, 加納 久雄, 宮原 孝四郎1986 年 65 巻 6 号 p. 400-407
発行日: 1986/06/20
公開日: 2011/10/21
ジャーナル フリーThe steady gasification of the highly pure and amorphous carbon impregnated with the various alkali metal compounds was examined under steam or carbon dioxide atmosphere by means of thermogravimetry and gas analysis methods. As the result, the followings were obtained;
1) It was deduced that the alkali metal nitrate, nitrite and acetate loaded on carbon converted to the carbonate by the rapid reaction at the melting point of each compound.
2) From the gas analysis the sample impregnated with the hydroxide indicated no evidence for it to change to the carbonate under the pre-heat-treatment until 500°C.
3) The similarity of the catalytic behavior between the carbonate and hydroxide samples was comfirmed experimentally. Refering the literatures the following scheme was assumed for both the steam and carbon dioxide gasifications.
M compounds (carbonate, hydroxide) +C →activated carbon intermediate activated carbon intermediate + H2O→M + CO + H2or
activated carbon intermediate + CO2 → M + 2CO抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1109K) -
中 昭廣, 西田 善久, 村田 逞詮1986 年 65 巻 6 号 p. 408-416
発行日: 1986/06/20
公開日: 2010/06/28
ジャーナル フリーStudy on the water wettability of foreign coals, particularly that of those pulverized, is of great importance to botain fundamental characteristics on coal slurries. The authors analyzed the compositions of various types of foreign coals and measured the water wettabilities of Wtheir powders by means of the penetration rate method. The following findings were obtained.
1) Whether the water wettability of a fine coal is good or not, it can be estimated from the industrial and chemical analytical values.
2) There is a very close, positive correlation between the water wettability of a fine coal and the number of oxygen atoms (per 100 carbon atoms hereinafter the number of atoms of each component represented in the same manner) or the number of water molecules.
3) The water wettability of a fine coal has slightly positive correlation with the number of hydrogen atoms, but has slightly negative correlation with the number of nitrogen atoms, sulfur atoms and ash content respectively.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (873K) -
触媒層入口温度の影響川越 博, 加藤 明, 松田 臣平1986 年 65 巻 6 号 p. 417-421
発行日: 1986/06/20
公開日: 2010/06/28
ジャーナル フリーThe steam reforming of naphtha over the NiO-Al2O3 catalyst and the NiO-La2O3-Al2O3 catalyst was carried out at an inlet temperature ranging from 350°C to 450°C.
The NiO-Al2O3 and the NiO-La2O3-Al2O3 catalyst were prepared by “co-precipitation” method and “three step precipitation” method, respectively. The activity of the NiO-La2O3-Al2O3 catalyst was much higher than that of the NiO-Al2O3 catalyst. It was also found the deactivation proceeded much slower on the NiO-La2O3-Al2O3 catalyst than the NiO-Al2O3 catalyst. It was considered that in the presence of La2O3 the deactivation was retarded by inhibiting the formation of coke deposition on the catalyst.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (614K) -
石炭化度の影響柴田 昌男, 平田 恵一, 有田 静児, 本田 英昌1986 年 65 巻 6 号 p. 422-425
発行日: 1986/06/20
公開日: 2010/06/28
ジャーナル フリーLiquefaction of four ranks of coals, Mowell coal (C: 66.1%), Taiheiyo coal (C: 76.3%), Miike coal (C: 82.6%) and Smokey-River coal (C: 89.9%) with ethylene were studied using petroleum vacuum residue as a solvent. A mixture of one part of coal and two parts of Khafji vacuum residue was heat-treated at 420°C for 60 min. with 8.00 1/ (100g sample) of ethylene.
Results obtained from the amounts of benzene insoluble matter (BI) and quinoline insoluble matter (QI) in the reaction mixture, and gas analysis were summerized as follows:
(1) Ethylene was effective for the liquefaction of coals used for this study except Smokey-River coal.
(2) The decrease of QI with ethylene was greater than that of BI. Therefore, ethylene was effective for the formation of preasphaltene.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (437K) -
児玉 清臣1986 年 65 巻 6 号 p. 426-434
発行日: 1986/06/20
公開日: 2010/06/28
ジャーナル フリーPDF形式でダウンロード (2660K)
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