The Brown Coal Liquefaction Process (BCL Process) has been developed by Nippon Brown Coal Liquefaction Co., Ltd.(NBCL), and a 50-ton-per-day Pilot Plant was con-structed and has been operated by Brown Coal Liquefaction (Victoria) Pty., Ltd.(BCLV) at Morwell, Victoria, Australia.
This project has been sponsored by the New Energy Development Organization (NEDO) and has been promoted as a National Project with funding by the Japanese Government.
The BCL Process is a two-stage form of liquefaction technology developed to convert brown coal into crude naphtha and middle distillate and consists of the four sections: 1. New slurry-dewatering section, 2. Primary hydrogenation section, 3. Solvent deashing section, and 4. Secondary hydrogenation section.

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This paper describes the basic properties demanded and the manufacturing technology of electrode substrate used in phosphoric acid fuel cell. Because of low cost, acceptable properties and durability, only all carbon electrode substrates that are treated at over 2000°C temperature are practical.
The electrode substrate has been improved in;
·diffusibility to achieve higher electrical current density.
·electrical conductivity to reduce ohmic loss.
·thermal conductivity to remove heat generated in cells, smoothly.
·mechanical properties to reduce handling loss.
·chemical stability under operating condition at cathodic potential in hot phosphoric acid.
Several carbon electrode substrates have been developed for phosphoric acid fuel cell. A carbon paper electrode is made from carbon fibers and a resin through conventional paper manufacturing. A molded electrode is made from short carbon fibers, a binder resin and other material to make micro pores in it after baking. An integrated electrode that consists of a carbon separator and a pair of ribbed electrode substrate (mold type) has been developed to reduce electrical and thermal resistance, and to im-prove mechanical properties.

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After the oil, crisis of 1973 and 1979, the use of natural gas has risen gradually, but recent increase is worldwidely noticed. This trends are remarkable in Electric power generation.
The gas combined cycle system, a recent innovation incorporating gas turbine and steam tur-bine having high thermal efficiency and high economic performance.
A prophet says“The Age of natural gas revolution”has start.

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Extending of a length and height of a coke oven chamber resulted in high coke productivity. And recently, it is noteworthy to extend a width of a coke oven chamher
This report describes the relationship between coke quality and width of coke oven chamber. Three kinds of blended coal which differ from each other mainly in caking property were carbonized with the heat pattern simulated to an actual coke oven by a movable wall test oven with daily capacity of 250kg. The test chamber width was changed in the range of 250 to 600mm.
In spite of increased coal charge density, the specific coke productivity decreased with the ex-tending of the chamber width, and width index n was determind experimentally to be about 1.4.
In use of the blended coal which has normal caking proporty, the chamber width did not affect the coke strength meaningfully. The blended coal with low caking property gave lower strength than usual with the extending the coke oven chamber.
It is considered that in more wider coke oven chamber, heating rate decreases in plastic zone of the chamber center compared with normal or narrower chamber, and consequently blended coal with low caking property gave low quality coke.

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Pyrolysis and steam gasification of Yallourn brown coal with Na, Ca and Ni catalysts were carried out in a fluidized bed reactor at 1.1MPa. The Na or Ca ion was loaded on the coal by the ion-exchange method using NaCl or Ca (OH) 2 solution, and Ni catalyst was impregnated from Ni (NH₃) ₆CO₃ solution. When the coal was pyrolyzed in N2 stream at 1.1MPa, the weight loss was smaller in the presence of these catalysts because of a smaller evolution of tar. The tar was decom-posed to carbon and gaseous materials with the Ni, and it was converted into gas at higher temperatures with the Na and Ca.
These catalysts promoted the steam gasification of brown coal under pressurized atmospheres. The addition of Ni, Na and Ca lowered the gasification temperature by 220, 70 and 150K, respectively. The reactivity of Ni-loaded coal levelled off at around 970K and the coal conversion of 80%, whereas the reactivity of Ca-loaded coal increased with temperature and the conversion reached 93% at 1080K. The conversion of coal carbon to gas and the total amount of product gas were considerably larger for the catalyst-loaded coals, because these catalysts promoted the reaction of tar with H₂O as well as the gasification of char. The Ni catalyst was found to be more suitable for the direct produc-tion of methane by the reaction between brown coal and steam, and the Ca catalyst was suitable for the production of H₂-rich gas. It was also found that the gasification catalyst could be used to control the H₂/CO ratio in product gas.

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NH₃ gas which is injected into flue gas, decompose NO_x selectively in non-catalytic conditions under the presence of oxygen and high temperature (900°C-1100°C).
This. report describes experimental results about the effects of NH₃ gas injection conditions on NOR decomposition process by using the combustion test facility. Main results are as follows.
(1) There was an optimum temperature in noncatalytic NO_x removal process by NH3 gas injection and it's temperature was about 1050°C.
(2) The optimum temperature which gave maximum NOR removal efficiency decreased linearly by the injection of H₂ mixed with NH₃ gas.
(3) NOR removal efficiency increased with increasing of NH3 gas injection ratio, however if NH₃/NO_x mole ratio was over 2, non reacted NH3 was detected in flue gas.
(4) In order to decrease non reacted NH3 and to get high NOR removal efficiency, we recommend NH3 gas injection conditions in which gas temperature at the point of NH₃ injection is higher 50°C-60°C than the optimum temperature and NH₃/NOR mole ratio is 3-5.
(5) In the application of this method to flue gas contained very high NOR concentration, multi stage NH₃ gas injection method will be effective.

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Sampling Research Committee for Bulk Materials, JUSE prepared an original plan for revision of “JIS M8813 Ultimate Analysis of Coal and Coke” in F. Y 1985-1987.
In order to adopt to instrumental elementary analysis as JIS standard, domestic round robin in-terlaboratory test on the ultimate analysis was carried out according to the instrumental and the JIS method. The experimental results are as follows:
1. As for the precision withein laboratories on the carbon and sulfur content obtained in the same labolatory, the instrumental method was superior to the JIS analysis. For the nitrogen content, the JIS method was superior. For the hydrogen content, both method exhibited almost the same preci-sion.
2. As for the precision between laboratories obtained indifferent laboratories, the JIS method presented a higher precision that the instrumental method on all the test items.
3. As for the precision between measurement values caused by the different analyses, a signifi-cant difference was found in the measurement values on the carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen contents of the coke, on the nitrogen content of Daido coal, and on the sulfur content of high and middle sulfur coal.
4. The Permissible tolerance of the measurement values on the carbon content obtained in the precision within and between laboratories by the instrumental method, and that obtained in the preci-sion within laboratories by the JIS method exceeded the permissible tolerance by the JIS standard.
5.The permissible tolerance of the measurements on the nitrogen content obtained in the preci-sion within laboratories by the instrumental method exceeded that specified by the JIS standard.
6. The permissible tolerance of the measurements on the sulfur content of the high sulfur coal obtained in the precision between labolatories by the instrumental and the JIS method exceeded that specified by the JIS standard.
In view of the foregoing, it was decided that the instrumental method, of which the permissible tolerance is to be the same as that of the JIS method should be adoptedas JIS standard. For adoption of the instrumental method, the following should be considered.
a. The performance of used instrumental analytical apparatus should be specified so that the measurement can be conducted within the permissible tolerance.
b. Method for the calibration of used instruments' analytical apparatus shoud be specified.
c. It should be specified that the skill of a measurement technician is levelled up so that the can carry out the measurement of samples within the permissible tolerance.

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