Journal of the Fuel Society of Japan
Online ISSN : 2185-226X
Print ISSN : 0369-3775
ISSN-L : 0369-3775
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Volume 69, Issue 1
Displaying 1-11 of 11 articles from this issue
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese]
    1990 Volume 69 Issue 1 Pages 1-2
    Published: January 20, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3775/jie.69.1
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Solar Energy Conversion
    Essential Problems and Recent Development
    Akira FUJISHIMA, Kazuhito HASHIMOTO
    1990 Volume 69 Issue 1 Pages 3-14
    Published: January 20, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3775/jie.69.3
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    In this report we describe the essential problems and recent development of the solar energy conversion techniques. Photoenergy-conversion efficiency of silicon solar cell has been increased very much in recent years. In the laboratory scale, the efficiencies are, so far, more than 20% and 15% for single crystal and microcrystal silicon solar cells, respectively. Even with amorphous silicon solar cell, it exceeds more than 12%. Moreover the cost of silicon solar cell has been also lowered very much. When the expense of the generation of electricity becomes about 1$/W, the solar battery can compete with the present electricity system. It is expected to be achieved in 10 years with amorphous silicon.
    The other solar cell system is a so-called photoelectrochemical cell composed of a semiconductor in electrolyte solution. Compared to the drastic progress in the silicon dry solar cell, the study of the wet cell system has been stagnant. Recently, however, noticeable results with photoelectrochemical cell were reported.One is the dye-sensitization system with ruthenium complex derivatives chemically attached on TiO2 surface. The solar energy conversion efficiency with that system against the AM (I) light exceeds about 8%. The other system is composed of d-band semiconductors such as pyrite (FeS2). The photocurrent is about 45mA/cm2, and it is very stable for more than six months. Drastic improvement of photoelectrochemical cell will be expected.
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  • Progress in Solar Thermal Applications in Japan
    Tatsuo TANI
    1990 Volume 69 Issue 1 Pages 15-24
    Published: January 20, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3775/jie.69.15
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    The use of solar energy will be important among various energy sources if we consider the possible shortage of fossil fuels. Solar energy is abundant in quantity, free from pollution and safety. At present, it is considered that solar systems are inferior to other energy systems such as conventional fossil fuel and nuclear plants and have disadvantages in respect to the density of energy flux and energy cost.
    Solar energy mainly has been used in two fields which are solar thermal applications and photovoltaic power systems. The progress in solar thermal applications, such as solar heating and cooling systems for building, advanced heat process systems, solar thermal electric power systems, and hybrid photovoltaic/thermal systems in Japan is described.
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  • Conversion of Solar Energy to Electricity Using Photosystems
    Kazuko TANAKA
    1990 Volume 69 Issue 1 Pages 25-31
    Published: January 20, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3775/jie.69.25
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    Photosystems of plants or photosynthetic microorganisms have a function to split water molecules to produce electrons. This paper describes a trial to draw photosynthetically generated electrons out from the microorganisms to produce electricity by using a electron transfer mediator. Such devices, which we call microbial fuel-cells, enable us to convert light energy to electricity directly. A microbial fuel-cell containing a marine alga and 2-hydroxy-1, 4-naphthoquinone as a mediator has been discussed and the conversion efficiency from light energy to electricity has been estimated from the comparison between output current and the amount of oxygen evolved.
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese]
    1990 Volume 69 Issue 1 Pages 32-37
    Published: January 20, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3775/jie.69.32
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  • Effect of Acid and Base Pretreatments on the Hydrotreatment of Coal Derived Middle Distillate
    Tohru KAMO, Yoshitaka YAMAMOTO, Atsushi INABA, Keiji MIKI, Yoshiki SAT ...
    1990 Volume 69 Issue 1 Pages 38-45
    Published: January 20, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3775/jie.69.38
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    Four types of oils, coal derived middle distillate (MD); nontreated, oil freed from acid (FA), oil freed from base (FB) and neutral oil (N), were hydrotreated respectively to clarify the effect of eliminating acidic and/or basic compounds on their hydrotreatments. The runs were carried out over Ni-Mo/Al2O3 commercial catalysts (Ketjen KF840) in a fixed bed reactor at 350-390°C at hydrgen pressure of 5-15MPa with LHSV of 1h-1.
    The catalyst activity of hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) was increased by eliminating basic compounds before the hydrotreatment. The degrees of deoxygenation of FA and N were lower than those of MD and FB, as most of the oxygen compounds were extracted by base pretreatment.
    The weight ratios of tetralin/naphthalene in products were decreased during a short time on stream except hydrotreating of N. According to the tetralin/naphthalene ratio, it was concluded that the rate of hydrogenation was increased in the order: N>FB>FA>MD.
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  • Effects of Solvent Properties and Reaction Conditions on Liquefaction of Victorian Brown Coal
    Osamu OKUMA, Kaoru MASUDA, Koji MURAKOSHI, Shun-ichi YANAI, Tetsuo MAT ...
    1990 Volume 69 Issue 1 Pages 46-55
    Published: January 20, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3775/jie.69.46
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    The effects of solvent properties on the liquefaction of Victorian brown coal were studied using an autoclave with iron oxide/sulfur catalyst under various reaction conditions (temperature: 430°C or 460°C, initial hydrogen pressure: 3, 6, or 12MPa). The solvents used were a recycling solvent (PR-S) and a further hydrogenated solvent (HD-S), a product of hydrogenation with Ni-Mo/Al2O3 catalyst. Results showed that hydrocarbon gas yield and hydrogen gas consumption were lower, and naphtha (b.p.<180°C) yield was higher using HD-S compared with PR-S. At lower hydrogen pressure, the HD-S provided a higher oil (b.p.<420°C) yield than the PR-S, but with more severe conditions (460°C and 12MPa), the PR-S provided the higher oil yield and more hydrogenated heavy products.
    The amount of transferred hydrogen to all products was the same in both solvents, and depended only on the reaction conditions, however, the distribution of transferred hydrogen was different. The results suggested that the PR-S worked more effectively as a hydrogen shuttler at severe conditions compared with the HD-S which contained a considerable amount of initial donatable hydrogen. Thus, we can conclude that the overall liquefaction efficiency of such solvents depends on the liquefaction conditions.
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
    1990 Volume 69 Issue 1 Pages 56-64
    Published: January 20, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3775/jie.69.56
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese]
    1990 Volume 69 Issue 1 Pages 67
    Published: January 20, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3775/jie.69.67
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese]
    1990 Volume 69 Issue 1 Pages 68-69
    Published: January 20, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3775/jie.69.68
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese]
    1990 Volume 69 Issue 1 Pages 70
    Published: January 20, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3775/jie.69.70
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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