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渡邊 裕
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ii-iii
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前 一廣
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iv-v
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山口 勝洋
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vi-vii
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小笠原 清貴
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関野 登
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x-xi
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高橋 幸男
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阿布 里提, 官 国清, 張 超, Kaewpanha Malinee, 唐澤 英年
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Power production from natural and renewable energy sources such as biomass could be a stable source of energy in the future although it still suffers from some constraints. Biomass resources have a wide variety of forms. To date, a large amount of biomass is still in a unused state. Moreover, many unsolved issues such as high collection and transportation costs, low energy density and low energy conversion efficiency still remain. Advanced techniques should be strategically developed for efficient, stable and economical use of biomass according to the regional characteristics of various types of biomass. In this paper, assessment of the regional characteristics of the utilization of unused biomass in Aomori prefecture and our efforts to develop a useful biomass energy system is reported.
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佐藤 高晴, 佐久川 弘, 竹田 一彦, 近藤 宏壮
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Twelve specimens of earthquake disaster rubble were taken from Ishinomaki and Shiogama. The heavy metal contents and saturated isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) of wood chip specimens processed from the specimens were measured. The correlation of SIRM, Fe, Al, Cr, Cd, Co and Pb for twelve specimens is seen although contamination is low and all of the chip specimens meet the Europe standard(EN1496l). SIRM of specimens from Shiogama does not show high correlation except with Al and Fe.
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Peng Li, Hideki Kanda
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We have previously reported a simple, energy saving, and environmentally-friendly method for extraction of lipids directly from high-moisture microalgae by using liquefied dimethyl ether (DME). In order to verify its versatility, in the current study several natural microalgae were tested. The extraction yield and molecular weight distribution of the lipids by the proposed method were compared to the widely-used Bligh-Dyer's (BD) method. The properties of the extracted product and byproduct was analyzed and evaluated.
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林 彬勒
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Expanded use of biomass energy causes massive plantation of energy-crop. This will indirectly push up food prices, and directly induce changes in land use such as deforestation and over fertilization, global warming, biodiversity loss and other environmental issues. To promote the sustainable utilization of biofuels, a comprehensive assessment of the environmental risk trade-off on this multifaceted problem is essential. We have been performing a series of researches focusing on nitrogen and the modulation of nitrogen cycle due to land use changes in biofuel production since 2008. In this report, some positive (yield increase on limited arable land) and negative (GHG emission and biodiversity loss) results corresponding to nitrogen fertilization will be presented to show the expectation and anxiety to nitrogen in promoting biofuel for social discussion.
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井内 正直
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This research aims to evaluate the differences among the CO_2 lifecycle (LC-CO_2) emissions of biomass fuels according to their production region, material type, and manufacture and transportation methods, including consideration of topics related to the selection of fuel provision. LC-CO_2 emissions differ even among similar biomass types, with up to 10-fold differences among palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) pellets, up to 4.7-fold among domestic wood fiber pellets, and approximately double among bagasse and domestic wood fiber pellets. A breakdown of the LC-CO_2 emissions shows that the ratio between CO_2 emissions from land transportation of materials and those from products is relatively low, whereas the ratio between emissions from sea transportation to Japan and those from material drying and pellet formation is high.
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佐野 寛, 本庄 孝子, 井田 民男
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Optimized process for remediation of damaged land by tsunami-seawater, was investigated. It should be strongly depending on the locational factors such as flooded depth & area, land-subsidence, and annual rainfall etc. The necessary elapsed year for desalination is depending on social condition. The desalt degree can be changed by the target (rice field, pasturage ,or forestry). The optimal target is pasturage.
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二階堂 満, 戸谷 一英, 福村 卓也, 長田 光正, 丹野 浩一, 粉川 潤
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セッションID: O-201
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We developed operation techniques for converge mills for cellulosic bioethanol production. The multistage pre-milling processes in combination with hammer milling and converge milling (complex dry mechano-chemical milling) led to the achievement of high-efficiency milling; the enzymatic saccharification properties were remarkably improved. Another development was a converge mill capable of continuous operation with an internal capacity of six liters, which achieved 80% or higher saccharification in a milling time of 10 minutes, 10 kg per day of wood material processing capacity.
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遠田 幸生, 竹村 卓也, 沓名 潤子, 佐藤 和美, 高橋 武彦, 伊藤 一志, 伊藤 新, 小林 淳一, 郷地 元博
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As a preprocessing technology of the bio-ethanol, a high-impact pulverizing mill was developed. The characteristic of the mill is to be able to produce the biomass powder of the high saccharification efficiency. The simultaneous saccharification and fermentation examination was tried for the purpose of the high efficiency of the bioethanol production process. As a result, on concentration of 10wt% crushed wood in solution, the prospect that could generate ethanol of 300L from woody biomass of 1 ton was provided.
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成相 健太郎, 金子 典充, 佐藤 健治, 北野 誠, 原 亨和
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Carbon-based solid acid catalyst (SAC) is useful material to hydrolyze biomass into monosaccharides for replacing H_2SO_4. To increase the reactivity of biomass & SAC, combined process of hydrothermal (HT) pretreatment & SAC reaction was studied. The oligosaccharides produced by HT pretreatment were easy to hydrolyze into mono-saccharides with SAC. And with changing the HT temperatures, cellulose fraction and from hemicellulose fraction were separated easily. We found new saccharification process of biomass using SAC combined with HT pretreatment.
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進藤 昌, 増田 祥子, 戸松 さやか, 頼 泰樹, 服部 浩之
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Phytoremediation is an emerging technology, which uses plants to remove pollutants from contaminated sites. In this study, bioethanol production and cadmium removal from plant biomass used for phytoremediation was investigated. When rice straw (Oryza sativa L.) was treated by sulfuric acid and enzyme, 75% of sugar yield and 90% of cadmium release were achieved. Furthermore, 96% of ethanol yield was achieved from saccharified solution.
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守田 英太郎, 三橋 秀一, 寺倉 誠一, 鮫島 正浩, 森田 茂紀
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"The Research Association of Innovative Bioethanol Technology" (RAIB) was established based on cooperation of six companies. RAIB proceeds research and development with the University of Tokyo to construct an integrated production system of cellulosic bioethanol without competition with food production. Several problems are expected to solve to attain lower costs for raw material biomass production and higher efficiency in pretreatment, saccharification, and fermentation to optimize the whole system based on LCA analysis. Challenges to such important issues will be shown in this paper.
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[カン]蔗 寂樹, 岸本 啓, 堤 敦司
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To consider the energy and production system from improvement of energy conversion efficiency and energy saving point of view, concept of co-production of energy and products has been developed. To realize co-production for energy saving, authors have been developed self-heat recuperation technology based on exergy recuperation. In this technology, process stream heat is recuperated and recirculated into the process by using heat exchangers and compressors, leading to drastic reduction of the process energy required. Thus, the whole plant can be optimized based on this technology. In this paper, co-production system of bioethanol and power based on self-heat recuperation technology is proposed and the relationship between energy of production and components of biomass is discussed by using energy balance calculation.
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阿部 文明, 吉岡 亮輔, 中原 真也, 徳永 賢一
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For the development of new combustion apparatus, a two-stage woody biomass combustion technique (pyrolytic combustion and surface combustion process) is proposed and discussed in this paper.
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井田 民男, 水野 諭, 渕端 学, 小田 昭浩, 星 靖, 村田 博敏
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The regulation governing organic waste processing has been enforced in recent years. For example, the enforcement of food recycling and emission control of livestock industry wastes has resulted in about 20 million tons of organic wastes produced annually in Japan. As well, Aomori prefecture has been holding grave problems which hang low of local area economic and doesn't find out effective solution for unutilized biomass. This study is based on alternative coal coke technology which the authors developed. The method of production technology of Bio-coke follows our patent (PAT.-No.4088933). In this study, we used an apple juice grounds as unutilized biomass in Aomori prefecture to produce Bio-coke. We discuss the relation between cold and hot compressive strength derived by the new proposal compression test.
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新田 紘平, 曹 景沛, 佐藤 和好, 宝田 恭之
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Activated carbons (ACs) with very high surface area were fabricated from a bio-oil, and were applied for electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) electrodes. The bio-oils were obtained through pyrolysis of sewage sludge at 500 ℃ in an internally circulating fluidized bed reactor and fast cooling. The ACs were fabricated by heating the bio-oil derived char with KOH (activation agent) at 800 ℃ for 2 h under flowing Ar atmosphere followed by char fabrication between 500 and 900 ℃. The highest specific surface area of 2540 m^2・g^<-1> and the resulting highest specific capacitance of 42 F・g^<-1> were successfully obtained for ACs from the char fabricated at 600 ℃.
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上村 芳三, Wissam N. OMAR, Muhammad Ridhwan Mod Razif
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Six types of metal and four types of plastics were exposed to bio-oil at room temperature to investigate how bio-oil influences these materials. Among the metal materials tested in this study, SUS304 showed an excellent resistivity against bio-oil. Among the plastic samples, PP and PET showed a good resistivity.
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竹田 龍真, 河井 卓也, 鈴木 京子, 鈴木 勉
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For production of high capacity liquid phase adsorbent for macromolecules, iron-loaded larch char prepared by 850℃-carbonization was subjected to washing with acid followed by etching with CO_2 at 750-850℃. Obtained results showed that this etching was very effective at 800℃ in particularly enhancing the capacity for dextran. This was explained by adequate collapse of graphitic shell chains as the gradient of crystal carbon, so that higher accessibility of the adsorbate molecule to the adsorbent can be achieved. This etching was superior to that with E_2O at the same temperature in not only the effect but also the operation cost. It was thus recommended to adopt the CO_2-etching for this purpose.
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熊谷 聡, 野中 壯泰, 平島 剛
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In this study, change in the component and the equilibrium moisture content during hydrothermal carbonization (180-300℃, 10 min) of moso-bamboo were investigated. Hydrothermal treatment effectively reduced the equilibrium moisture content. The water absorption ability of hemicellulose and cellulose were superior to lignin. Since hemicellulose and cellulose could be completely removed from water insolubles (carbonization products) at temperature above 280℃, it was considered that the equilibrium moisture content rapidly diminished.
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野中 寛, 紙谷 啓之, 太田 有香, 船岡 正光
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セッションID: O-401
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High biomass sugarcane varieties have been developed by Asahi Breweries, Ltd. and the National Agricultural Research Center for Kyushu Okinawa Region. They develop a new process to yield about the same amount of sugar with only a single crystallization process using these varieties, while the conventional method requires three times to separate sugar crystals from molasses. Since the high biomass sugarcanes yield much more bagasse, it would be more important to propose a value-added use for the bagasse. High biomass sugarcanes have higher fiber content than conventional ones, on the other hand, have very similar lignin content of the bagasse around 20%. The bagasse was successfully converted to lignophenol through the phase separation system with 72% H_2SO_4 and p-cresol. High biomass sugarcane bagasse is a potential resource for constructing a biorefinery to produce varieties of aliphatic and aromatic chemicals.
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鈴木 崇司, 田島 亮介, 多田 千佳
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The objective of this study is to develop of the small-scale methane fermentation system that hot spring heat is used for warming of a fermentation tub, and construct a new conveyance system of materials that tourists bring leftover food garbage to the reactor. Biogas production from leftover food garbage was investigated under different HRT conditions. In addition, the composition of per capita of leftover food garbage was investigated in ryokan. The results indicated that most suitable HRT was around 10 days. The amount of biogas production from leftover food volume per capita was estimated about 140L.
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時 秀樹, 畠田 裕久, 道満 善弘, 佐藤 学
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セッションID: O-403
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Anaerobic digestion (AD)is one of the activities to create a sustainable society. AD has a function of waste treatment that removes an organic matters and it is able to take energy out of biogas and utilize it. However, AD is focused on its function of waste treatment and energy recovery/utilization is not sufficient in some cases. Therefore, a continuous operation test of biogas generation has been conducted by using food waste/effluent from a sauce factory. This test aimed to create a sustainable and labor-saving system with energy recovery/utilization by a cogeneration system. As a result, there is a surplus of energy balance as the generated electricity (157kWh/day) exceeds the electricity from the grid (85kWh/day) in winter by having built the system which I collected 92% of quantity of theory gasification and Generation. Furthermore, it achieved the compatibility of a capacity of waste/effluent treatment with energy recovery/utilization and operated for 10,750 hours continuously and automatically.
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森川 豊, 伊藤 雅子
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For the purpose of efficiency of the cellulosic bioethanol production we studied immobilized microbes. We used Silica gels as carrier and examined novel methods to contain microbes in them. In consideration of the adverse effects to a microbe, gel-reactions did at low temperature and in the near neutral pH domain. By the choice of the additive such as the PVA, good gels were provided. For ethanol fermentation 5 strains, Saccharomyces cerevisiae K701N Pichia stipis NBRC1687, Candida shehate NBRC1983, Pachysolen trannophilus NBRC1007 and Zymomonas mobilis NBRC13757 were used. By using new immobilized methods, Saccharomyces cerevisiae K701 and Pachysolen trannophilus NBRC1007 held high ethanol productive capacities after immobilization.
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岩井 崇郎, 伊藤 由美, 工藤 綾子, 田中 みち子, 阿部 歩, 曾根 輝雄, 城間 力, 徳安 健, 矢部 希見子, 長島 實, 浅野 ...
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発行日: 2012/01/18
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Rice straw is a new resource of second-generation bioethanol. We estimated that endophyte (microorganisms living in plant without sympton) secrete cell wall degrading enzyme when invade into host plant and they may be useful enzyme resources. Result of screening of endophytes, extracellular enzyme from 4 strains increased xylan saccharification. Especially, enzymes cocktail of commercial enzymes and enzymes from Fusarium sp. E12-4CA can degrade xylan more than 90%. Crude enzymes from 4 endophytes indicated high hemicellulase activities, so the possibility of synergistic saccharification of commercial enzymes and the crude enzymes.
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中島田 豊, 河田 悟史, 山口 健志, 田島 誉久, 加藤 純一, 西尾 尚道
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セッションID: O-406
発行日: 2012/01/18
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In this study, a stable microbial flora that anaerobically consumed alginate and produced fatty acids, mainly acetate, and ethanol was established by acclimation of various microbial sources such as soil and seaweed samples in Japan. The microbial flora was composed of three kinds of microorganisms named HUA-1 (64%), HUA-2 (32%), and HUA-3 (4%). From similarity of 16srRNA small subunit, it was suggested that they were relatives of Clostridium saccharolyticum (98%), Dysgonomonas capnocytophagoides (95%), and Citorobacter freundii (98%), respectively. Among them, HUA-1 and HUA-2 were consumers of alginate. However, although isolation of HUA-1 and HUA-2 was attempted using agar medium with alginate as a sole carbon source, only HUA-2 was isolated and grew at the similar specific growth rate as that of original flora, suggesting that HUA-1 could not grow on agar plate or could grow achieving a symbiotic relationship with HUA-2.
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小木 知子, 中西 正和, 福田 芳雄
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セッションID: O-501
発行日: 2012/01/18
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Japanese cedar wood or bark was pyrolyzed at 350℃ or 500℃ in N_2 with or without H_2O. Solid residues and tars obtained were respectively analyzed using FT-IR and GOMS for investigating the effect of H_2O. The effect of adding H_2O was remarkable in bark at 500℃: yields of the solid residue decreased largely. FT-IR analyses of the solid residues showed strong peaks derived from benzene and phenolic ethers in all cases. Tars obtained were almost the primary tars, which were roughly classified in low molecular oxygenates, guiacol/phenol derivatives and phenanthrene hydro type derivatives. Both low molecular oxygenates and phenanthrene hydro derivatives among tars obtained in the presence of H_2O were much more compared to those obtained in N_2 alone, which suggested H_2O accelerated the decomposition of the primary tars.
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小井土 賢二, 花岡 寿明, 平田 悟史, 坂西 欣也
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セッションID: O-502
発行日: 2012/01/18
公開日: 2017/03/22
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Pressurised steam gasification of lignin-rich fermentation residue via partial oxidation was implemented in a downdraft gasifier to obtain synthesis gas for liquid fuel production. We are developing the process to produce bioethanol via non-acidic pretreatment, saccharification and fermentation from woody biomass, leaving the lignin-rich residue with high moisture content. This study examined the partial oxidative gasification of the residue in pressurised steam at p = 0.99 MPa and T = 75G-900℃ for [H_2O]/[C] = 2-24 and equivalence ratio φ = 4-∞ in order to obtain the reaction condition for the high synthesis gas concentration. The high synthesis gas concentration of 66.9-70.6% was obtained at T= 900℃, [H_2O]/[C] = 6 and φ = 10-30.
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脇坂 裕昭, 佐藤 和男, 赤坂 太司
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発行日: 2012/01/18
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As biomass utilization has the problems of collection and transportation, a small-scale dispersed power source should be required. Biomass gasification Combined Heat and Power (CHP) system is one of the most effective solutions because of its high conversion efficiency. However, gasification system almost has not been put to practical use. One of the causes is separation of gasification and engine technologies. Yanmar has developed not only gas engine CHP, but also gasification system. CHP installed dual fuel engine can use producer gas between 0 and 90% of its power output. Dual fuel engine can stably run low calorific producer gas because of its high ignition energy by diesel fuel injection. Originally designed open top downdraft gasifier can achieve uniform temperature and produce low tar gas without ash melting. In fact the combination system of this gasifier and dual fuel engine CHP has achieved about 4000 hr as commercial use at Kurotaki Spa in Oshu city. This paper shows the performance of this biomass gasification CHP system in the field test.
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高島 由花, 今村 和史, 田中 売太, 則永 行庸, 工藤 真二, 林 潤-郎
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セッションID: O-504
発行日: 2012/01/18
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We found that alkyne and diene compounds such as acetylene, propyne, and propadiene are included in the products from the primary pyrolysis of cellulose even at temperature as low as 500℃. These are important precursors for tarry constituents like aromatic hydrocarbons found in the vapor phase cracking of cellulose which is originally free from aromatic structures. The reaction pathway leading to first aromatic ring via propyne and propadine from primary pyrolysates of cellulose was discussed based on the experimental results with pyrolysis-GC as well as the kinetic modeling with detailed chemistry.
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河瀬 誠, 大高 円, 園田 良浩, 庄司 哲也
原稿種別: 本文
セッションID: O-505
発行日: 2012/01/18
公開日: 2017/03/22
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The target of this research is to develop a compact and mobile biomass gasification system. If it is possible to move the gasification system, it is very useful for the processing of the thinned wood and the driftwood in the forest, dam and river, etc. Therefore, we proposed a new concept of gas cleaning based on the use of molten carbonates. We are working on the research of a low-cost, compact biomass gasification system. In this study, the removal of H_2S and the decomposition of tar using molten carbonate were performed in the bench scale test stand. As a result of tests, it succeeded in the high H_2S removal efficiency and the high tar resolution rate. Moreover, it succeeded in the power generation test of the high temperature fuel cell (MCFC) using biogas. It has been confirmed that the molten carbonate gas cleaning system has high performance of gas cleaning.
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Tau Len-Kelly YONG, Yukihiko MATSUMURA
原稿種別: 本文
セッションID: O-506
発行日: 2012/01/18
公開日: 2017/03/22
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Decomposition of lignin in supercritical water (SCW) was conducted in a continuous flow system for 390-450 ℃ and 25 MPa at short residence time of 0.5-10 s. Yield of char, gaseous, TOC (total organic carbon), phenolic and aromatic compounds are used to construct a reaction network model and the kinetic parameters are determined by assuming a first-order reaction. It is observed that lignin decomposition rate and formation of char in SCW occurs rapidly and its behavior can be reasonably explained by the first order, serial kinetic model. Although overall rate of decomposition increases with temperature as prescribed by Arrhenius equation, there are some pathways that do not follow the Arrhenius behavior.
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原稿種別: 付録等
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発行日: 2012/01/18
公開日: 2017/03/22
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佐藤 茂, 石澤 公明, 日高 伸
原稿種別: 本文
セッションID: Pa-101
発行日: 2012/01/18
公開日: 2017/03/22
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We compared the growth and above-ground biomass yield among previously-selected four clones of willow (Salix spp.) at different sites located in Kyoto Pref., Ibaraki Pref, Miyagi Pref, and Akita Pref, which have different climate and soil conditions. In all sites, S. pet-susu clone KKD showed an outstanding growth surpassing other three clones. Its above-ground biomass yield was largest among four clones after two-growing seasons at sites in Miyagi and Kyoto Pref. KKD had an inverted-corn shape in the spatial distribution of root system, and more sinker roots than SEN and FXM. The distinct root morphology of KKD might be a reason for its high biomass productivity in this clone.
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アンゾウワ コソノウ・ギローム, 山田 敏彦
原稿種別: 本文
セッションID: Pa-102
発行日: 2012/01/18
公開日: 2017/03/22
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Experiment field was established at Sapporo, Japan in 2009 to analyze production of biomass feedstock of Miscanthus for cold region. Split-plot design with replicated four times, five breeding lines of M sinensis and four levels of fertilization was used. Plants were sampled periodically to estimate biomass potential (BP). At maturity stage, plants were harvested in autumn, winter and spring in order to measure actual BP and determin optimal harvest time. BP increased with season progress and, the variation among different fertilization levels and harvest dates was observed. In general, the higher fertilization level pots showed the higher BP. However, no significant increase was observed among fertilized levels. Genotypic response among fertilized levels was almost constant, and 'Akeno' had the highest yield in both non-fertilized and fertilized plots. Late harvest as spring reduced BP. Thus, storage of standing crop was relatively difficult in snowing area as Sapporo. However, loss of BP was less in some breeding lines such 'Akeno' or 'Shiozuka' in late harvest. This experiment suggests high biomass feedstock production with lower cost realize the combination of genotype, field maganement such as fertilization and harvesting time.
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平井 敬三, 小野 賢二, 山田 毅, 天野 智将, 山本 幸一, 相澤 州平, 阪田 匡司, 真田 勝
原稿種別: 本文
セッションID: Pa-103
発行日: 2012/01/18
公開日: 2017/03/22
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We investigated the effect of forest biomass harvesting on soil and tree growth at clear cut site in Hokkaido and thinning site in Akita prefecture. Nutrient removal with slash harvesting was increased double compared in only trunk harvesting regardless of clear cut or thinning. We also investigated tree growth and soil properties after harvesting and planting at spruce forest in Hokkaido. Thin organic horizon in the soil was observed at slash harvested site. It was clear that tree growth at slash harvested site was lower than that of at only trunk harvested site.
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天野 智将, 平井 敬三, 山田 毅, 野口 正二, 磯野 昌弘, 柴田 銃江, 八木橋 勉, 小谷 英二, [ヒツ]間 岳, 小野 賢二, ...
原稿種別: 本文
セッションID: Pa-104
発行日: 2012/01/18
公開日: 2017/03/22
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Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI) set up the examination forest with three degrees of intensity of biomass-harvesting on periodic thinning from Cyprtmeria japonica Plantations in Senboku-City, Akita Prefecture and start observations since 2010.
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山口 鈴子, 有賀 一広
原稿種別: 本文
セッションID: Pa-105
発行日: 2012/01/18
公開日: 2017/03/22
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In this study, the annual supply potentials and available amounts of logging residues from profitable sub-compartments for all cities and towns in the Tochigi prefecture were estimated using forest management records. Three factories in Sano city, Kanuma city, and Nasu-shiobara city in the Tochigi prefecture were assumed as destinations for the raw materials, and forest operation systems were set based on forestry cooperatives. Annual available amounts of logging residues from profitable sub-compartments were estimated at 725 tons, based on the price of logging residues in this area: 3 000 yen/ton. If a feed-in tariff (FIT) is established, the price of logging residues would be 10 000 yen/ton and the annual available amounts of logging residues from profitable sub-compartments would be 121 277 tons/year.
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尾山 圭二, 中村 昭史, 山崎 寿樹, 内山 一郎, 山村 幸政, 清水 嘉久, 松村 幸彦, 美濃輪 智朗, 野口 琢史, 野田 洋二, ...
原稿種別: 本文
セッションID: Pa-208
発行日: 2012/01/18
公開日: 2017/03/22
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The supercritical water gasification (SCWG) technology is a technology that efficiently converts the wet-biomass into energy. We have proposed the SCWG in which the mixture of feedstock and fine activated carbon catalyst is delivered to gasification reactor, and conducted the gasification tests with laying hen manure. From our study results, it was confirmed that an inorganic solid in the feedstock prevents stable operation of the gasification apparatus. Then, to verify the operational state of gasification of feedstock whose ratio of inorganic solid is low, SCWG tests of barley shouchu residue was conducted.
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