YAMAMOTO Shunkyo (1871-1933) was a famous Japanese painter. Rokasensui-Soh was his villa on Lake Biwa at OtsuCity, which was his hometown. The garden of Rokasensui-Soh was constructed by MOTOI Masagoro, a gardener who lived in Kyoto, under the supervision of YAMAMOTO Shunkyo. It was a landscape-garden, including Lake Biwa as its important element not only visually but also functionally. YAMAMOTO Shunkyo must have designed the garden just like he painted landscape paintings.

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This study tried to make clear the recognition and images of Japanese gardens in the minds of Westerners living in Japan who could be told familiar with Japanese culture, through a questionaire survey.
The degree of Westerners' experience and understanding of Japanese gardens does not differ greatly from that of Japanese, nor is there much difference in their overall subjective impressions. On the contrary, these Westerners take pride in their understanding of the language of Japanese gardens, and are proof both to themselves and to Japanese that foreigners are capable of understanding Japanese gardens. Images of Japanese gardens in the minds of Westerners differ from those of Japanese in that Japanese associate the words “Japanese garden” with such constructive elements as stones and ponds, while foreigners tend to accept and enjoy the atmosphere on an emotional level and think of such adjectives as quiet, green, peaceful, calm and natural.

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This parer deals with newspaper advertisements for Tsukigase, a noted prum viewing spot, in the Meiji Era, in terms of changing attitudes toward nature brought by new transportation at that time, railway and rikisha
.Findings are:
1. Railway companies attracted tourists as far as from Tokyo offerring discount rate. 2. Tukigase became oneday-trip destination in Kinki region. 3. New constracted bridge and roads for new transportation changed the scenery of the prum viewing site. 4. New manners and customs such as bycicle riding and beer halls were introduced.

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Examining several plans of Hibiya Koen Park prepared during the years around the turn of century indicates that the characteristics in its spatial composition attributed to the spatial units established through the layout pattern of physical facilities and the variety in the plan view was generated by replacement of facilities among the spatial units. The realized plan by Dr.Seiroku Honda was not among the exceptions and spatial transformation of the park space in the process of modernization has been conducted by being based on the original spatial composition. The process generated the pattern of plan view to be recognized as a patchwork of physical facilities and it has been a major criterion for designing urban public park in Japan.

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The outcasted people in the medieval ages had developed their professional range and technology in engineering works or in gardening. This thesis is concerned with the reason why they could come out as a superial gardener, by analysis of their social background. This social background includes the changes of wages system and their own insist as groups. Also touching upon the special values=purging from incleanness, I considered how their cleaning business could connect with engineering works or gardening. I examined their rolls in those purging ideas and their relation to incantation.

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In this article, I focus on the site settinngs and site analysis of the 5th Domestic Industrial Exhibition in urban and areal contexts. I reexamine the social, historical and spacial relationships between the Exhibition site and surrounding areas. Particurally, I pick up NAGAMACHI area which had been notorious as a large slum since EDO era. We can find that when th Exhibition site was planned, the site and the acsess street from city area were planned together. And the developmentof of NIPPON-BASHI-SUJI, this acsess street, destroyed NAGAMACHI area.

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The pourpose of this thesis is to study the process of modernization of parks in Tokyo under 1890s. Tokyo City government managed parks as rental space, this way was resulted from its birth in Japan. The concept of park changed through the transition of semantics about precincts. It was because preservation of cultural property developed to use it to realise cultural intergration of Nation Ministry of Education. The precincts was defined as ‹traditional›. So, parks based on precincts began to be denied by famous gardener Ozawa Keijiro. He was knew well theory and practice. Especially, his works in Pref. Nara were important. He patitiated in planninig of Hibiya Park, but he didn't successed. It was because Hibiya Park was planned to realise ‹modernity›. This process was very confused, as the function was not clear. However, it lead to separation of ‹traditional› open space and ‹modern› open space.

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The purpose of this article is to study the relationship between changes in the semantic world and in the spatial form of the urban open space. Since the Edo society consisted of Machi units institutionally and spatially, the urban open space manifested itself as the aperture of those units. That space was the stage for the street performers who presented religious plays. Semantically, it is possible to observe the relationship between the settled people and drifting one. Meiji government prohibited or controlled performances on the street. Accompanying with institutional and spacial chages, these policies altered the semantic world of Edo.

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The travel accounts of the Seto Inland Sea certify that the Japanese began to be free from the restriction of the traditional landscape as noted places of poems and historical interest, to appreciate the landscape directly and to praise the distant wide panoramic view, in the late Edo era. The Japanese who valued only traditional landscape began to give their eyes to the new landscape gradually at that time. The change was the germination of new landscape viewpoints in the old traditional landscape system. The paper shows the germination of the new landscape viewpoints of the Seto Inland Sea in the late Edo era, through analyses of the travel accounts in medieval ages and Edo era.

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The study aims to clarify the position of prefectural natural parks (PNP) in the course of the history of the natural park system of Japan.
The stages of change have to be devided into 4 periods, those are as follows,
stage 1: 1873 (Meiji 6)-1934 (Shouwa 9)
2: 1935 (Shouwa 10)-1957 (Shouwa 32)
3: 1957 (Shouwa 32)-1972 (Shouwa 47)
4: 1972 (Shouwa 47)-
In terms of the history of PNP, the stage 2 is vitally important, because the prefectural natural parks were designated in 1935 in Chiba prefecture firstly, and 2/3 of quasi-national parks today are conformed of PNPs which were designated during 1935-1957.
The natural park system faces the new period in order to consider the ecological point of view in their policy.

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The Adirondack Park was established in 1892 as one of the state parks of New York. However, it consists of the state forests (42%) designated as forest preserve in 1885 and private inholdings (58%). In 1950s the uncontrolled development of the private inholdings became big issue since there is no zoning regulation in the area. As one of the solutions, Lawrence S. Rockefeller presented a national park proposal to the public in 1967. This proposal invited a heated controversy among interested groups and residents. After all, this proposal was not realized, but contributed to the establishment of Adirondack Park Agency with the land-use control authority in 1971. Thus, the land-use control is recognized as a solution to problems originated from private inholdings. In addition, the rejection of the proposal revealed the public inclination toward wilderness recreation under familiar control by the State Constitutions and the criticism on the development-oriented national park system.

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Jeremy Bentham's doctrine of the “Utility Principle” or “great happiness for the greatest number” had a major influence on many people. It became the force behind social reform in Britain during the early 1800's. It was during this time that the public parks movement was born by the utilitarian party. Proponents of Bentham's doctrine included many involved in the public parks movment. They included: J. C. Loudon; Edwin Chadwick; Robert Owen; Joseph Hume; J. A. Roebuck; and James S. Buckingham. All had played major roles in environmental and social reform, especially in the public parks movement. It can be said that those involved in the public parks movement had implemented Jeremy Bentham's doctrine for social reform.

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This study aimes to reveal the understanding of the urban park in Paris, in “Bei-O Kairan Jikki”. This book is official report of Iwakutra Mission sent by the Meiji goverment to U.S.A. and European contries at the beginning of the Meiji Era. One of its purpose was the survey on the modern social system and culture.
After analyzing it, it became clear that, while the urban park in U.S.A. and in Europe was generally understood as the place for the social intercourse and as the beautiful place, the urban parks in Paris, understood with the avenues, the boulevards and the places, were evaluated highly, and they were subjects on the social policy. And it became clear too that this book recorded mainly the thing looked by the author, concerning the urban park.

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Tommy Thompson Park, formerly called the Leslie Street Spit or the Eastern Headland, is located on the Lake Ontario waterfront of Toronto, Canada. The site of the park, mostly created by landfill and initially aimed to be a part of a new harbour, was abandoned during 1960s and 70s, but in these decades the restoration of ecosystem quickly took place. Today approx. 400 vascular plant species and 300 bird species are found on the site. Major reasons of this quick restoration of the diverse flora and fauna are, a) fertile lakefill soil and protected micro-climate in four peninsulas on the north-west side of the main spine, b) ideal location in the open space system of Metro Toronto for the migration of fauna, and c) protection from direct human influences by means of limited open days and seasons. The implementation of the 1989 master plan is expected to conserve its diverse flora and fauna, however the development of optimum management schemes is deemed to be the key issue for its success.

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This paper inquires into the cultural characteristics of open space in the city on Java, Indonesia. Forcussing on the context of indegenous traditional culture, discussions are based mainly on the field researches.Firstly I chose, as some cases for discussion, small paths in kampung or an ordinary housing area, alun-alun or a symbolic square of town, and dalem or an nobleman's house.Then I discussed the Javanese traditional concept and its characteristics of open space in comparison with the composition of open space in the rural settlement. The result is as follows ;
1) a space sorrounding a house as a unit forms a bigger open space in chains.
2) the key concept of open space in the traditional context is ‘pekarangan’.
3) its cultural characteristics is private ownership, openness, and interactive (or social) nature.
4) this idea is basically still alive in the open space in the city.

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This study is concerned with the history of the names of chinese tray landscape and miniature potted tree (Penjing). The result is as follows: 1) The names of Penjing were various and changed as historical period. From Tang Period to Qing Period, it had Tray Pond, Tray Mountain and Tray Planting in Tang Period, had Tray Stone, Tray Planting Grass, Potted Mume and Strange Stone in Song period, had Miniature Tray Landscape in Yuan period, had Tray Island, Potted Tree, Playing for Tray Landscape Potted Flower, Miniature Potted Tree in Ming period and had Potted Landscape, Tray Stone Landscape, Miniature Penjing, Natural Tray Playing and Mume Penjing in Qing period. 2) From the historical records about Penjing, we can see that Suzhou, Hangzhou and Yangzhou were the central lands of Penjing in the past of China.

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This garden is located behind of both Changdok and Changkyong Palaces and considered as a secret garden.It was used as a private resting and entertainment space for the king and his family. This place was also used at times as place for studying and self controlling place for the king as a governor of the country. In addition, it was used as a place for parties and receptions. The buildings and structures in this garden are in harmony with the natural flow and by not breaking the natural beauty. The pond and pavilions were built only in harmony with the natural surroundings.
Chuhapru area can be divided into the space for political affairs being the nucleus Chuhapru and the space for entertainment being the nucleus Puyongjong. This building is built for political affairs and entertainment, which is located in the highest place where it has a remarkable viewsight and dignity. Puyong pond is the central place of this area where people can enjoy taste such as boating, fishing, and enjoy looking at the moon, ect. Puyongjong that is situated in the water space is the most luxurious pavilion which is very artificially.
Hwagye (terraced flower bed) is usually located in the back of the building, but Chuhapru situated in front of the building can make this building remarkable. Chwibyeong (hedge) made of plant material is a fence which is mixed well with surroundings. The plant fence gives a soft impression in contradistinction to stone fence. Chwibyeong is used for the space of entertainment.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the drought resistance of Sedum (S.makinoi, S.oryzifolium) in order to determine if Sedum can be planted on artificial ground. The study would make clear the relation between water stress and growth characteristics of the plant, the critical point of growth under water stress, and the relation between air temperature and water stress. I also evaluated the growth condition of Sedum using the fresh weight of the plant, number of leaves, leaf thickness, number of roots, and leaf water potentials after withholding water supply. The results of the study are as follows: When leaf thickness and fresh weight decreased to 20-25% of the initial value, the leaf water potential was about 1.0MPa. It can be said that, Sedum has a low water stress potential. And it has also been found that the root increased in number even when the soil moisture constant is less than the wilting point. It can be assumed based on the results of the study that critical point of Sedum is-2.0-3.0MPa before it withers totally. It can also be said that the soil moisture constant cannot indicate Sedum's water stress potential. In order to, determine and evaluate the water stress potential of Sedum I measured the leaf water potential of the plant. And the study also showed that at a temperature of 30°C Sedum has relatively strong resistance to water stress compare at temperature's of 20°C and 10°C.

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This study was done to investigate seed germination characteristics (dormancy, temperature and light condition, way of hastening of germination) of a few shrubs, which will be useful for the revegetation technologies at the face of slope, quarries, reclaimed ground, residential areas developed and propagation.
Plants tested were Spiraea thunbergii, Hypericum chinensis, Pieris japonica and Mahonia japonica.
Spiraea thunbergii germinated well between 15-20°C the first month after the seed harvest. But this seed germination percentage at 25°C increased since one month after the seed harvest. This seed was impossible to germinate one year after seed havest. Germination of Spiraea thunbergii seed was light-favored. At dark condition, both 100ppm gibberellic acid (GA₃) and prechilling were effective for the dormancy breaking.
Seed of Hypericum chinensis germinated well between 15-25°C. And this seed was light-favored at 25°C. This seed germination percentage increased since one month after the seed harvest.
Pieris japonica had deep dormancy just after the seed harvest. This seed germinated a little between 15-30°C and light-favored. At both dark and light conditions, effective dormancy breaking treatment was 100ppm gibberelic acid (GA₃).
Mahonia japonica seed germinated well between 15-30°C. This seed was indifferent to light conditions.
But this seed was impossible to germinated one month after the seed harvest. This seed belongs to the recalcitrant group.

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An experimental was made on the growth and change in shape of St. Augustine grass (Stenataphrum secundatim Kuntze.) under low light conditions.
Under the lighting conditions of 5, 15, and 35μmol m^-2·S^-1, the Leaf Area Index (LAI) value increased along with the trandition of the new leaf development period. Espcially, under the lighting condition of 35μmol m^-2·S^-1, it was clear that Leaf Area Ratio (LAR) value reached the maximum value, and affected the Ralative Growth Rate (RGR) value. The single leaf thickness and blade length increased along with the LAR value.
Under the lighting condition of 260μmol m^-2·S^-1, however, the LAI value did not increase significantly due to the increase in the number of withered leaves.

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This paper reports the results of a study of the effect of using different root wrapping materials-the traditionally-used straw, or new materials such as jute bags, hemp cloth or paper-on the work involved in root wrapping. The effect of experience on root-wrapping time for the different materials was evaluated, expressing the results for an experienced worker as a percentage relative to the “standard” root wrapping time when using straw. Quality of work and wrapping material tension were evaluated by a visual inspection, to determine whether any difference could be detected between work done by skilled and unskilled workers. The results showed that the work-time index for a skilled person using straw was 63 to 70%, but only 39 to 44% for the new materials-so root wrapping time was shortened by 20 to 30% when using the new materials rather than straw. When straw was used, it was possible to distinguish work done by skilled workers, however there was little detectable difference in work quality with the new materials. This paper concludes that the new materials improve efficiency and quality of work.

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The nonwovenfablics pots (root-through type) were applied to the production of garden trees with thin root ball for the artificial ground. Yoshino cherry (Prunus × yedoensis Matum.) about 4 meters high, cultivated in the nonwoven-fablics pots with different thickness (10, 15 or 20cm) for 1.5 years, grew up into the trees with thin root ball, and adapted to the artificial ground. Growth (increase volume in trunk section area × height) of the tree grown in the nonwoven-fablics pots was 85% of the tree in the field. The trees grown in the pots increase 2.5 times in volume of the initial tree size during 1.5 years of the cultivation. Yoshino cherry about 4.5 meters high were grown in above mentioned way vigorously grew in a artificial groud (10cm in depth).

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Artificial media composed of 1 peatmoss: l rock wool (BM) and Metromix 250 (MM) were evaluated on Wederia trilobata grown in 9-cm plastic pots for 4 weeks, against convinient media, 6 sand: 3 peatmoss: 1 perlite (M6), 3 sand: 6 peatmoss: l perlite (M3), in concerning growth rate and water-holding capacities. With small amount application of low rate fertilizer, BM and MM plants showed lower shoot length, leaf number and shoot dry weight than other two media. But, with application of 1.8g or 3.6g slow-release fertilizer there was no difference in Wederia growth among 4 media. Larger water-holding capacity of BM and MM medium increased the number of day to starting to wilt; plants grown in M6 began to wilt only 2 days after the stop of watering, M3 and MM, 5.0, 5.2, days respectively. It took 7.6 days to show wilting sympton for Wederia plants grown in BM after the stop of watering. Plant-pot weight at the first wilting point in M6, M3, BM and MM was 278, 202, 82, and 118g, respectively. Plants were transplanted to 14 liter-planter just after showing sympton of the first wilting point. They were all survived and showed vigorous growth without showing difference in growth rate among 4 media. Although there were no difference between artificial and convenient media in plant growth, the former was shown to be superior to the latter in having higher water-holding capacity which resulted in longer plant-life and being smaller in weight which would be profitable in shipping process.

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Surface covering materials, such as bark and gravel, on the planting soil for indoor landscaping can reduce the excess evaporation. Evaporating environment of semi-open system or indoor condition shows 10-20°C higher temperature and 20-50% lower humidity than the outdoor. The lower humidity is due to the higher indoor temperature in summer and winter. In summer there is no difference in vapor density between indoor and outdoor. But in winter the indoor air contained relatively vapor concentration. In such an atmospheric condition, the evaporation rate from the pot with 40mm in covering thickness reduces to 1/3-1/5 of bare surface rate. Difference of evaporation reduction effect in relation to their diameter can be seen in gravel but not in bark. The ratio of evaporation rate between with and without of covering materials varies in summer and autumn. The soil water profiles uniformly change as time goes, because the evaporation rate is controlled by covering materials.

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We can expect the effect of mitigating the hot temperature of summer season by promoting tree planting in urban areas. This effect is derived from that the sun beam is cut in tree shade on standing point and that the latent heat is consumed by the transpiration from tree leaves and grass leaves and the leaf temperature is kept around the air temperature in wide area. So called “Heat Island Phenomena” is getting conspicuous in urban areas and it is important in future to mitigate the heat of summer season by promoting further more planting including the planting on the wall and the roof-top of buildings.
So, it is necessary to know the volume of transpiration from various landscape plants which give us the fundamental figure to calculate the consumption of latent heat, as the basic knowledge. So, authors measured the transpiration rate from the leaves of several landscape plants and made it sure that the transpiration rate can be expressed by the regrssion formula composed of single variable which is made of Vapor Pressure Deficit and Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density.

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Transpiration of five species, Salix matsudana, Salix psammophila, Hedysarum mongolicum, Artemisia ordosica and Phragmites australis, were measured by branch weighting method at the Maosu Shamo Desert in China. Transpiration rate of four species, S.matsudana, S.psammophila, Hedysarum mongolicum and Phragmites australis, were lineary corelated to the light intensity. In case of Artemisia ordosica, the transpiration rate was light-saturated at light intensity more than 2000fcd. and at the light intensity the transpiration rate showed about 1 (water g hour^-1Leaf Dry Weight g^-1).
Total transpiration of the A. ordosica community were calculated based on the transpiration rate and standing leaf weight. It reached 150mm year^-1 which percitipate to the half of total year rainfall. The high transpiration from the vegetation concerns to the water economy of the area.

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A procedure of species compositional analysis of ecological assemblages using multivariate methods is proposed in order to support environmental management and planning. Classification methods are preferable as the first-step analysis because they have little limitation in their application. TWINSPAN, which is a popular classification method and can arrange a species-sample table, is recommended to clarify variation pattern in species composition and to find out species-sample relationship. To interpret the results of classification, direct comparison between environmental conditions and species composition is essential. Canonical discriminant analysis and/or other methods of direct gradient analysis can be used in this step. Ordination methods are also available to infer environmental gradients, though there are some limitations in applying them.
With this procedure, dominant environmental factors can be detected and ecological grouping of the samples can be obtained. The possibility of the prediction of species composition is also suggested. The suitability of this procedure is shown by a case study of aquatic invertebrate assemblage analysis. This case study shows that current velocity and sediment characteristics are the important factors effecting species composition of aquatic invertebrates, when water chemistry is almost constant among stations. This fact indicates that diversity in channel morphology should be considered to conserve ecological community diversity.

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Paddy-side grasslands include various types of semi-natural grassland community although each size is very small, and they play an important part in the habitats of various life in agro-ecosystem. However, recently traditional paddy-side grassland have been changing and decreasing because of consolidation projects. The paddy-side grassland communities were investigated at 4 regions to grasp the present condition of them and the effect of consolidation. At the regions with large-scale consolidation, the rates of naturalized plant were high and the diversities of plant communities were low. At the regions with no consolidation, the rates of naturalized plant were low and the diversities of plant communities varied from higher values to low ones. The results suggest that existence of such various communities improve upon the bio-diversity of biotic community.

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The seed dispersal pattern was studied for Aster kantoensis metapopulation of the Tama River in relation to population fragmentation and conservation of the species.
Comparison of vegetation maps in 1976 and 1984 and the field survey in 1993 showed that the number of local population decreased from 13 to eight and then to four. As the distance between local populations increased, a probability for seeds to reach habitable patches may decrease.
Three types of seed dispersal (wind, animal-adhesion, and water) of A. kantoensis were experimentally compared. As wind-dispersal and adhesion-dispersal cover a small range, they may play an important role to seed dispersal within local population; while water-dispersal may play important role between local populations because of its wide dispersal range. Since water-dispersal follows the direction of the stream, it is important to keep upstream local population for conservation of A. kantoensis.

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For the conservation of biota, it is important to analyze ecological data and to make the landscape planning based on this analysis.
We propose a procedure of ecological data analysis for landscape planning.
The procedure is as follows:
1) Classification of grid cell which are the units of ecological data sampling, based on species composition resemblance by multivariate analysis.
2) Detection of the environmental factors affecting ecological communities.
3) Determination of the major habitat and selection of the sites where more detail survey and analysis are needed.
To test the validity of the procedure, two sets of grid cell data of avifauna in Tokorozawa City, Saitama Prefecture were analyzed. The results of classification and discriminant analysis indicated the importance of the Sayama Hills, the Lake Sayama-ko, and some fragmented woodlots as the major habitat of birds. And several sites could be selected for the detail survey and analysis. By the results we are convinced of the validity of this analysis method.

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This research was conducted with the aim of preserving valuable nature lacking in urban areas. The analysisof habitat factor affecting the population of Luciola cruciata was done at the abandoned paddy field of Nobi district in Miura Peninsula.
Mann-Whitney's statistical method reveals the existence of two different geographical features at the site, designated astype 1 and type 2. Each of these supported its own population. Type 1 is characterized by having a dry paddy field, highershore, lighted river and dark paddy. Type 2 has wet paddy, lower shore, lighted paddy and dark river. Further more type1 is more narrow than type 2.
Multiple regression analysis indicates a significant relationship between the population of L. cruciata and each habitat. There was different factors as well as common factors affecting the population of L.cruciata on two types. Commonfactors were width of river, average flow velocity and illuminance in the winter at irrigation. Different factors wereilluminance in the summer at irrigation, length of paddy field and height of the shore.

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In order to clarify the effects of cutting on growth, the number of species, species diversity and life-form of the embankment grassland dominated by Miscanthus sinensis or Imperata cylindrica var. hoenigii, field experiments were conducted on grassland community on slope of embankment at the Niyodo river in Kochi Pref., the Ina river in Hyogo Pref. and the Naka river in Tokushima Pref. We set four plots based on the cutting frequency in each study site. Each plot contained five quadrats.
In the plots of no cutting and those of one cutting every two years, Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii progressively decreased and Miscanthus sinensis mostly dominated. In the plots of one or two cuttings per year, Imperata cylindrica var. hoenigii or Miscanthus sinensis dominated. In the plots of three cuttings per year, Zoysia japonica dominated.
It was observed that the number of species and species diversity were highest in the plot of two cuttings per year. It seemed that the community dominated by Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii, that was cut two times per year, was available as soil-binder on embankment slopes and as grassland biotope.

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We analyzed the sampling method of plant remains in the sedimentary soil of garden pond and streem, and investigated the characteristics of horizontal and vertical distributions of them. The seeds and fruits of tree can be sampled with the seive of 1mm mesh, and those of grass and herb with 0.25mm mesh. Many plant remains tend to distribute under the inflences of bank protection and topographycal gradiation, and the distribution of seed of bolochory plants is eminently affected by the location of its origin. We could estimate the garden vegetation in old days with the analysis of species composition of plant remains in each vertical stratum. We could also estimate the species composition of tree with analysis of ecological charcter of grass and herb within the sedimentary soil.

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This study is based on the two surveys for residents in and around the Flower-town district of Kobe-Sanda International Garden City. These surveys were concerned with residents' taste for nature life, especially for coexisting with nature life.
From the 7 types classification by residents' idea for nature life's habitat, it shows that some residents hope to live more separated from nature life. Residents of high-storied flats in new town hope to limit the habitats into near park and coppice. And it's guessed that ripe experience of contact with nature life make residents like it.
We suggest a new zoning system of coexisting with nature life by considerate green conservation in the future new town development. But its ecological founded study is a subject to solve.

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Under the Natural Environment Protection Law, the need formaintenance of primitive environment's dynamically balaced state is pointed out. In the case of the TODAI river basin, since 1978 flood control tree-planting and erosion control construction have been in progress on a large scale. As a result, the soil loss from mountainside valley lines has stopped and there is an enlargement in the soil buid-up on dry river beds. In this area Epirobium formosanum and Anaphalis sinica var. pernivea grow and the environment changes could cause the extinction of rare varieties. The natural Larix kaempheri forests of valley lines and dry river beds are closely related to soil loss. By analizing how the destruction, accumulation and dynamic balance of forest formation is maintained, it is possible to show the dynamic balance of primitive environments and look at the effects stabilizing construction work have on primitive environments.

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We compared the electroencephalogram (EEG), blood pressure, and sensory evaluation inspection several color of Petunia hybrida to analyze the physiopsychological effects of a plant. We could point out a kind of relation between the sensory evaluation and the EEG.β over the occipital attenuates with the inspection of “green” petunia without flower, and it is considered to mean less visual information processing with the stable impression of its color. And, β over the occipital, the parietal, and the frontal are augmented at “pink” petunia, and the subjects feel emotional lift. On the other hand, similar relations between the sensory evaluation and EEG are also found at the comparative investigation between Cryptomeria japonica and Prunns yedoensis forests with its pink blossom. Therefore, the relation between the sensory evaluation and EEG is to be considered as a stable phenomenon.

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An investigation was carried out in order to analyze factors which had influences on surface soil and tree growth in planting sites of twelve city parks of Tokyo. Following results were obtained.
1. For Castanopsis cuspidata and Zelkova serrata, indices of vitality correlated to solid phase ratio in the soilpositively, but negatively correlated to coarse porosity and percentage of total carbon. And we obtained the regression equations.
2. In the sites where the litter had been removed frequently, the surface soil had about 3% lower total carbon and about 8% higher solid phase ratio, and planting trees had about 0.3 point worse indices of vitality than in the sites where the litter had not been removed.
3. In the sites which had been under influence of frequent trampling, the surface soil had about 10% lower coarse porosity and about 7% higher solid phase ratio, and planting trees had about 0.4 point worse indices of vitality than in the sites which had not been under influence of trampling.

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The community structure of 19 characteristic stands in 14 parks in Sakai and Takaishi Cities were surveyed for the purpose of selecting 7 criteria to evaluate the naturalness of the stands. The species diversity, mean size of major trees in the stand, the exotic/endemic ratio of tree species, the complexity of stratified stand structure, etc., were found to be useful criteria for evaluating the naturalness. Twenty-two parks in Sakai City were assessed their overall naturalness using these criteria, and the naturalness of large parks such as Ohasu or Chayama with various types of vegetation were highly evaluated. The naturalness of small parks such as Usagi or Imaikecho-maizuruso with poor vegetation were evaluated as low.

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This study aims to clarify roles which external forms of buildings play to improve various styles of garden landscape, from the viewpoint of basic theories about human perception as follows; a)‘Prospect-Refuge Theory’ by Jay Appleton, and b)‘Affordance theory’ by J.J. Gibson. Through partical investigations toward 27 architectures in 14 gardens, we recognized the effect of each visible elements of building on garden landscape, and we picked up their common morphological features in each cultural style. And after defining ‘Architectural Recognizing Measure’, we enphasized following two roles buildings play ; 1) enlightening on aesthetic senses for landscape, and 2) suggesting imaginary behavior. As a results, we proposed the design methods for produce affordance of prospect symbol & refuge symbol in garden landscape, and also confirmed that the role of buildings is to permit us recognizing natural aspect as the human landscape.

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The aim of this study are, 1) to make clear the features of landscape construction of the West Lake in China and, 2) to investigate the way of thinking on landscaping for the natural landscape area. Two methods are applied in this paper. Firstly, according to the map the quantitative analyses of the relationships between the visual point and scenery object are achived, herein the features of the landscape construction is found. secondly, based upon historical evolution of West Lake and a great of quantity locoal investigations and literature suveying, the rilationshipe of landscape formation process and artificial construction process is induced. The main conclusions obtained by the research are as follows, 3 features of landscape construction are cleared, 1) It has a quite wide landscape though itself is surrounded. 2) In general, a three-layer structure is shown. 3) It's a fair combination of the natural landscape and man-made landscape. Manwhile, as for the way of thinking on landscaping on the natural landscape area, it is found that the layer's structure was formed by artificial construction and that by choosing and making the enchanted landscape, one can emphasize the key point of the landscape, and further improve landscape operation.

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This paper aims to reveal how the regional pilgrimage courses patterned after Saikoku's 33 pilgrimage in Edo city produced the landscape appreciation of the pilgrimages by the Edo people.
The comparison of their imitated characteristics with Real Saikoku-model and geographical route analysis clarified these pilgrimage courses were based on the networks of the shrines and temples relative to Kan-non, and the courses were influenced by the single-minded of the founder as entertainer, and were divided between the whole course type and the regional course type. From the contextual analysis of the document of Edo-Saikoku pilgrimage courses, in which the writer takes great pains to explain to readers in what way the Edo places is similar to the Saikoku temples and most arguments are based on associations from the verse (goeika), the landscape appreciations, 1) actual landscape appreciation such as sight-seeing, 2) fictitious landscape appreciation by association Real-Saikoku model, 3) enjoying difference between 1) and 2), that is much the same as admiring the writer's techniques like an exhibition.

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The aim of this study is to clarify the effect which Black Pine high trees distributed in ICHIKAWA city exercise on the landscape in the residential area.
First of all, distribution map of Black Pines in three study areas was prepared and structure of the distribution was analized. After that, we brought together pictures taken from the view points set in the study areas and classified the view appearing in the pictures into 15 types.
As a result, charactaristic view was verified in the each study area. And further, some of these feature of the view cannot be explained by the difference in the structure of the distribution.

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This study intends to obtain the knowledges regarding the conservation of rural landscape in the future by means of cognitive evaluation, based on clarifying the relationship between the spatial characteristics of rural spaces which are affected by various developments and the rural landscape. A small drainage basin is defined as an eco-unit in this study.
From this study, it is clear that the important factors on evaluation of rural landscape are the topography character and landuse characteristics which rural spaces hold. Especially, it is suggested that keeping not only the structure of valley but also the interactive landuse of cope and rice paddy is significant for the evaluation of rural landscape. So it can be said that preservation of a series of landuse types based on the structure of valley is needed to conserve the beautiful rural landscape.

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The aim of this study is clarify the scenic recognitions of the visitors in the forest recreation area using projective method by photograph. Every photo spot taken by 65 visitorial groups was recorded and they were classified into five clusters. This result suggests that the structure of scenic perceptions consists of three classes, which are A) the landmark of the region, B) major scenes that many groups perceived as “figure, ” C) scenes like background, D) minor scenes by variation of each groups.

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We attempt to clarify the evaluation structure that people feel it is favorable in a natural landscape. We divided the evaluation structure of the favorableness into three hierarchies. Moreover, we were able to decide the evaluation item according to the hierarchy. As a result, we could decide the evaluation item according to the hierarchy. The study dealt with the seven types of natural landscape. The degree of importance between the evaluation items was able to be clarified. When we felt beauty and nature and the composition of the landscape element was good and water existed, people had a tendency to feel it was favorable. Moreover, making the evaluation type of desirability was attempted by using this evaluation structure and degree of importance.

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The purpose of this study was to obtain the structure of image and the landscape evaluation by testing the perception of students of; junior and senior high school, and undergraduate. For this purpose, 31 pieces of representative natural landscapes were evaluated using SD Method, and then they had been analyzed by Factor Analysis and MDS Method. Seven pieces of simulated landscapes were evaluated using ME Method.Using the Factor Analysis, we selected four factors from each of the junior and senior high school students, and five factors from undergradute students. The results showed as follows:
1. We found the significant difference of perception which occured in Factor-1 (Factor of E valuation).
2. Using MDS Method, we selected the three circular structures: The first circular order was formed by adjectives of four factors for Junior's, by adjectives of the first and third factors for Senior's, and the first and second factors for undergraduate students. The second circular was formed by adjectives of the evaluation for Senior's, and undergraduate students. The third circular was formed by adjective of first, second and third factors for Senior's, and the second and third factors for undergraduate students. But it was not formed by Junior's.
from these results, we are able to know remarkable differences among Junior, Senior and undergraduate students.
3. Using the ME Method, we are able to know that Junior, Senior evaluated highly than undergraduate's.

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The pupose of this study is to develop a methodology for designing urban riverfront space from the viewpoint of incorporating urban space with riverfront space, when super embankment along the river will be contructed. The method used in this study is the cognitive evaluation by means of simulation models. The simulation models are established through computergrahics which can be used in response to the change of viewpoint and view direction. Through this study the following findings are obtained. Firstly, total coordinating urban space with riverfront space plays an important role in creating a desirable landscape in riverfront space. Secondly, it is most important for the good sence of scale of the riverfront space that the river alignment is designed in a form of a curve line and a ratio of the width of river to the height of the buildings along the river is about 3.0. Finally, from a standpoint of the amenity, it is very effective to plant the lawn on both floodplain, embankment and the talltrees on frontyard of buildings.

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The landscape simulation for checking visible area has been generally used in environmental impact assesment.But we cannot estimate the exactness and reliability of the result in the landscape simulation, which is mainly stipulated by scale of mesh data, because its exactness has not yet been investigated in detail appropriately. In this paper, we will try to show the basic standard of scale of mesh data in the landscape simulation. We investigated the correlation between scale of mesh data and the exactness, considering difference of visibility at each view point and the complexity of land form.

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In this paper we attempted to develop an information system for frees by applying Geographical Information System (GIS), based on the tree surveying on the premises in the Univ. of Tokyo. Since a positional datum for a tree of interest is connected with its attributive datum on the GIS, we successfully carried out the data analysis and schematization. And any data on the GIS are united into one system. We confirmed the effectiveness of these distinctive two points mentioned above. Therefore the possibility of this system is in coherent computerization, which was not achieved by other conventional procedures.

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The landscape of University of Tokyo is simulated by the system which consits of GIS (Geographic Information System, TerraSoft is used), CAD system (Computer Aided Design, AutoCAD is used) and AMAP (landsape simulation system using plant modeling technique.). GIS accumulate the data of result of survey on trees in the University and the data are transfered to AMAP and 3-D tree shapes are generated. The data of architecture are extracted from the exsiting digital map and are used in CAD to give the 3D data effectively. The detailed data of buildings are also made in CAD. These data are eventually rendered in AMAP and the landscape of the University is visualized. Synthetic utilization of GIS, CAD and AMAP enables the very precise simulation of urban landscape which consists of trees and architecture. We consider this system as the prototype of landscape information system.

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