According to “Manyoshu (A collection of old Japanese poems)” edited in the 8th century, hedges were made of Japanese snow flowers, but they weren't trimed. From the 9th to the 14th century, branches were cut from the hedges and a few leaves were left. This formed a nice fence, because the hedges didn't rot away. We can see them in the picture scrolls of the Kamakura and the Muromachi period. From about the 14th century trifoliate oranges, boxthorns and Ukogi (Acanthopanax sieboldianus Makino) were used, because these plants have many thorns and were useful to protect the houses against thieves. The origin of this hedge was in China. Trimed hedges which today we can see everywhere in Japan appeared in the 18th century first. A pair of scissors having two long handles which were moved by both hands were invented to trim the hedges. Japanese trimed hedges which looked like English style hedges were introduced to Holland and became popular in Europe in the 19th century.

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This paper deals with Rikugien-garden from 1773 to 1779, the first seven years of Nobutoki Yanagisawa's retreat life. Findings are as follows: 1. During his period, the garden was almost always under construction: building teahouses, rearranging garden rocks, and replanting plants. 2. Nobutoki himself took care of the garden: weeding, prunning, and plannting. 3. Some area was not under human controll: garden was surrounded by a bush hedge, and the pond water was mainly supplied by rainwater. 4. The garden produced vegetable, edible green, mushroom and fruit. 5. The garden was a place to get inspiration for poetry. He often held a haik gathering in the garden. 6. He and his friends regarded the garden as “yamazato”, a village among mountains that had been an ideal hermitage for a retired noble since the Heian period.

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After collected and compared the documents about Bonsai and Bonseki of Choson Korea and old China, this paper stadied the influence of old China upon the establishment of Bonsai and Bonseki in Choson Korea. It was obvious that the development outline of Bonsai and Bonseki in Choson Korea. Then, it was clear that the influence of old China was great in appreciation, training techniques, usually cultural methods of Bonsai, appreciation and techniques of Bonseki and garden mountains in Choson Korea.

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The aim of this study is obtain the character of Landscape design of Kaisei College (1868-1876) and so on in the early years of Meiji Period.
The major findings are as follows:
The old trees (in part) were preserved.
The Western stile Garden (in the early years of Meiji Period) with trees and grass were laid out.
The front Garden with trees, grass and curved footway particularly had its own function, for example, rest or authority.

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In constructing stone fence of castles and temples in the end of medieval era to Nobunaga and Hideyoshi's period, the high level technique of construction is suggested. In this thesis, investigating the diarys and documents of those period, and also by the method of analysis of the people in San-jyo who were working as labor for civil engineering, it is examined that the development of the stone fence making ability as profession has been obvious among many places in Oumi. Also analyzing the field survey of stone fence, the development of the stone fence constructing technique has been clear. In these era many people who belonged to the authority had developed there ability of the stone fence constructing technique. As a result, it had been clear that the professional development of constructing stone fence were slow developing than carpenters or gardeners, with the building of castles of Rokkaku and Azai family preceding the Aduchi castle, the outcasted San-jyo people had developed there technique and profession. Becoming master builders and making groups, they had established there ability of technique and there position in Hideyoshi's period as Anou which means the profession and also the certain area in Sakamoto.

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The Kyoto-gvoen National Garden became one of the people's parks after World War II, and developed into a park with elements from both urban and natural parks. The paper deals with these changes of the Kyoto-gyoen National Garden after World War II, from the viewpoints of the beginning of the people's park system, the provision of similar urban parks' facilities, the inclination toword nature conservation that prevailed afterwards, and so on. The people's parks were born in imitation of the U. S. A national park system. The new park's facilities were provided according to the design principle of “Hare and Ke”(the front and the back). Therefore changeable parts were co-existed with changeless parts in the Kyoto-gvoen National Garden.

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In this study, I examined the detail of small parks foundations on the ‘HIN-MIN-KUTSU’ in 1910's at Osaka, and analyzed the discussions over the park significance, the image of users and the park management in 1910-20's; between pre-and post-foundation of the small parks.
Especially, I examined the small park significances which a social policy and a city management had set up. So, I could make clear that when specialists and bureaucrats of a social policy and a city planning suggested a change for the worse of city and social environment, they did not only refer to the efficiency of small park, but also symbolically problems of ‘HIN-MIN-KUTSU’ represented as negativity of ‘citizen society’; a criminal, insanitary, indecency. And also, I could make clear that specialists and bureaucrats of a social policy and a city planning could not have made a theorization of a park uses and management at that time although they could have positively suggested the small park functions against a change for the worse of city and social environment.

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the process of accommodating the refugees in the open spaces of Tokyo after the Great Kanto Earthquake, and to analyze the relation between the process and the discourses about the accommodation of the refugees. The results are as follows; The temporary houses for refugees were built in the puplic parks or squares. These houses had been removed within 2 years since the Earthquake. And the main issues about the accommodation were the refugees' morals or attitudes to labor, it was thought that the supply of temporary houses corrupted the labor's morals of capitalism.

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This study is for the period of time between 1895 to 1994 for the transition and research of City Parks and Open Space Planning in Taipei city. During Japan's occupation of 1895 to 1945, The Government General of Taiwan implemented Taipei City Rectification and started The Great Taipei City Plan in 1932. After Taiwan's recovery, the city plan of Taipei was formed in four parts. These places were the Old Taipei city, Shilin-Peitou region, Nankang-Neihwu region and Jingmei-Mucha region. According to City Park and Openspace's disposition, concepts, skills and regulations with regard to political and social circumstances, the history of Park Planning can be summarized in the following five time period:(1) 1896-1931 The Park Location Scattered Period (2) 1932-1945 The Park System Ratification Period (3) 1945-1962 The Continuation of Park System Period (4) 1963-1979 The Decline of Park System Period (5) 1980-1994 The Regional Park System Rebuilt Period.

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This paper aims to research the influential considerations of Taiwan National Park system and its foundation, in view of designation of Yangming-San National Park. The history of Taiwan National Park began from the request by United Nations in 1962, and the initial national park was designated in 1982. As accepting the assistance from the United Sates of America, and guide from the experts, the management system of Taiwan National Park was influenced by the management system of the United States of America. Moreover, The Taiwan National Park system was also influenced by the plan of “TA Tun National Park” of colonial period prior to World War II as referring to the zoning system of Japan.

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This paper is intended to investigate the conservation movement of Historic Gardens in Italy by analyzing the history of the legislation for their protection and the variance of the number of Historic Gardens designated as legal properties from 1902 to 1991. In Italy it is significant that (i) the legislation is based on the idea for the protection of natural beauty which occurred in the beginning of the 20th c., and (ii) that the areas of natural beauties including Historic Gardens could be considered as “environmental properties”. The conservation of Historic Gardens including its surroundings could be realized by the wide ranging application of the law for the protection of natural beauty. And, (iii) it could be pointed out that increase of the number of Historic Gardens as legal property is remarkably related to not only the legislation but also the citizenship-movement by the “Italia Nostra”, founded in 1955, and the implementation of the well-organized urban planning.

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The purpose of this study is to make clear the process that Japanese became recognized and admired West Lake in Hangzhou, China as an ideal scenic spot. As a result, West Lake was introduced by the collection of Bai Ju-yi's works in the 8th Century, but it hadn't been popular in the monk's group of Gozan until the 13th Century by the import of Chinese poems admiring West Lake's landscape. In this case, there were very few landscape compositions of West Lake recognized like some temples, Ku-san, Su-causeway, and so on. And by some episodes related to West Lake like Lin Pu, it was imaged as an ideal seclusive world. Furthermore, due to the media such as “View of West Lake”(Painting) or “The Tourist Guidebook of West Lake”, the basic landscape compositions including “The Ten Views of West Lake” were recognized from the 17th Century. Meanwhile, West Lake became been popularly admired as an ideal scenic spot representing China since the 19th Century.

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The ecological exhibit of zoological parks in the U. S. has been influenced by the concept of “landscape immersion”, which was suggested in the Woodland Park Zoo long-range plan in 1976. In this study, I investigated the concept of “landscape immersion” and the relationship between it and the transformation process of attitudes toward animals in American society. It is important that the relative placement between animals and visitor in a zoo exhibit recognize the value of the life of the animals. Though previous zoo exhibit placed the animals in an inferior position, relative to the Viewer, an immersion exhibit places them in a Superior position. This represented a transformation from anthropocentrism to biocentrism.

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In Belgium, the construction of a large number of garden suburbs began after the First World War. The Union of Belgian Cities and Communes, promoting the construction of garden suburbs, held “The national conferance of cheap housing” at Brussels in 1920, and presented “The model of differencial regulation on the garden cities” in 1925. By analyzing them, this study aims to reveal the interpretation of the concept of garden cities and the method of garden suburbs in Belgium. The question which garden city concept was paid attention the Belgique, sufferd war damage, was the conception for land under public ownership or in trust for the community, or the formation of coorperative. These methods were considerd to be economical, and effective in maintaining social order. Afetr several years, the planning method for low-density low-rise gained in importance for the construction of general residential areas with amenities.

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The purpose are to find a changes of inhabitants' environmental awareness in Nishiyodogawa ward, where suburban agro-fisherman village had been transformed in industrial, thus pollution-damaged area, and to get hints from them to rehabilitate the area. The awareness was interviewed in groups and individually in 7 neighborhoods regarding their 1) life histories, 2) memories of out-side play, and 3) that of pollution and damage. Environmental deterioration caused them not only the change of the lifestyles but also their sensibility to the nature. Their sensibilities were clearly differed in each generation with lifestyles and plays in 4 periods. The awareness on local environment, analyzed by periods in each neighborhood is closely related to their childhood. It is to say an environmental consciousness was formulated through their life histories. Their desires to rehabilitate the area have various aspects that include some realistic solutions.

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Japanese Ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata), a native of East Asia, has now become one of the ornaments in Western Landscape. The objective of the study was to explain the early process of the introduction and spread of this plant to the United States of America, based on the articles of gardening or horticultural magazines published in the 19th century.
The results were as follows:
1) Japanese Ivy was introduced (in commerce) from Messrs.J.Veitch and Sons.(U. K.) to the United States of America by John Charlton (Rochester, New York) in 1868, and was brought into general cultivation in 1869.
2) It has been extensively planted in and around Boston since 1880s.
3) It has become characteristic of Boston city and suburban scenes, and receivd the nickname of Boston Ivy.
4) It has been also extensively used in and around New York since 1890s, for covering walls and protecting the sides of embankments and cuttings along railroads. 5) It was planted in the Middle West and the Pacific Coast by the end of the 19th century.

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To develope a cultural method for controlling turfgrass weeds, we studied the effect of changing the pH of the surface soil in Zoysiagrass turf. By using Ca(OH)₂ and sulfur, the soil pH was stably maintained in the range of 3.6 to 8.1 for at least one year. The population of weeds declined under acidic soil conditions. The weeds grown under strongly acidic soil conditions in pots did not show a strong inhibition as shown in turf, indicating that, in turf, weeds are inhibited by a combined effect of soil pH and the existence of turfgrass. Since a detrimental effect on turf was observed under more acidic conditions, it is thought to be best practically to maintain the soil pH about 5.2-5.3.

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Artificial planting layer has stratified bilayer, of which lower layer is made of coarse porous materials for drainage. Optimum layer thickness is investigated under the given soil physical properties and weather conditions in this study. Drying interval between adjacent rains is determined under a criterion depending on soil water potential response for a specified quantity of precipitation (16mm in this case). Logarithmic cumulative distribution of drying interval is well supported by Gaussian distribution and the interval at 95 or 99% probability might be enough in landscape planting because application of irrigated water is hardly required. The weather report in past 30 years gives the slight increase of this interval in metropolitan area of Tokyo, that means desertification of urban area. Interval at 95% becomes 29 days and 64 days at 99% during 1986 to 1990. Then the planting layer thickness was studied by numerical approach of modified Darcy's law to get the drying interval between profiles at saturation and permanent wilting point in average. The results suggest that bilayer required 236mm in thickness at 99% probability for bilayer system, while 424mm for monolayer system which was roughly doubled of bilayer.

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The purpose of this experiment is to clarify the influence of relative light condition on growth response of Sedum (S. makinoi, S. mexicanum, S. oryzifolium). The study evaluated the growth condition of the species using the fresh weight of the plant, numbers of leaf and leaf thickness. Results showed that, elongation growth of all kinds was better in over 30% relative light intensity. Although elongation growth of S. mexicanum was better in 30% relative light intensity than in full sunlight, the plants grown in full sunlight seemed to acquire high resistance to drought. S.makinoi and S. mexicanum grew under 7% relative light intensity and growth is less vigorous under 3% relative light intensity. However S.oryzifolium declined under 7% relative light intensity and its shade tolerance was inferior. On the other hand, the growth response of Sedum (S. makinoi, S. mexicanum) under combination of soil moisture (wet conditions: 0-0.05MPa, dry conditions: about-1.5MPa) and light conditions (20, 3, 1, 0.5 Klux) was examined. The growth of S. mexicanum is more vigorous under 20-3Klux and growth of S. makinoi is more vigorous under 20-1Klux. S. makinoi declined under wet conditions at 0.5Klux, but degree of decline was restrained under dry conditions.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the germination characteristics of Lathyrus japonicus Willd. so as to use of this species for landscape in coastal areas and to conserve the species.
L. japonicus demonstrated hard-seed dormancy. Less than 9 % of the untreated seeds germinated at any temperature regime tested. Soaking with 96% sulphuric acid caused holing and cracking of the seed coat and sulphuric treatment could break hard-seed dormancy. Soaking in sulphuric acid for 40 min. allowed over 90% germination percentages at 10-20°C, 30 days after sowing. While both the germination percentage and rate were reduced at 25-30°C. The sulphuric treated seeds dry stored at 3°C, dry at room temperature and in under room conditions and temperatures could keep their initial germination ability for at least one year. In a soil cover experiment with sand from native stands, germination of 80 % was obtained even in 6cm of soil cover 25 days after sowing.

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This study examined the basic physical and chemical characteristics of the most popular root-wrapping materials: straw, paper, hemp bag and hemp. This study also covered the biodegradability of each of these rootwrapping materials in red volcanic soil and “Masa” soil, to evaluate the most suitable wrapping material. Results indicated that it is desirable for a root-wrapping material to be biodegradable, air permeable, water permeable, to absorb water, to be free from harmful substances, and not to damage the root as a result of its chemical reaction with the soil. We found that, of the commonly-used root-wrapping materials, hemp best met these conditions. We also found that all the root-wrapping materials tended to biodegrade virtually completely (approach a C/N ratio of 10) after 12 months burial.

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Revegetation of bare slopes on a dam lake frontage was tested with palm fiber roll, which has previously been a successful and efficient material on riverside plantings. Palm fiber roll was laid along the direction of the contour as a flat layer or an alternative wickerwork. Observations, during the first 2 years following establishment, are that:(1) Both types of bank protection and materials have remained intact.(2) Few plantings have drifted.(3) Ratio of plant survival has stabilized.(4) Height of plantings has increased. In this instance, since it is difficult to use heavy machines, palm fiber roll seems an efficient material for the preparation and stabilization of planting ground because of its lightness, flexibility and strength. These preliminary observations suggest that both of these slope protection methods are potentially efficient for the revegetation of bare slopes on dam lake frontages.

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For the purpose of obtaining a preliminary knowledge for the recovery of disturbed area with endemic plant species stored in a forest seed-bank, a 3-5cm layer of the topsoil collected from a young Chamaecyparis obtusa forest was applied with different levels of thickness on an experimental plot made of heavy clay soil of a Osaka group. The live-and-die and the growth of every emerged plants under watered and non-watered conditions were investigated in 1996. Several experimental treatments such as mixing of charcoal particles, mulching with rice straws, or additional seeding of Rhododendron reticulata seeds were also applied. The 2225 plants of 59 species, including 852 seedlings of seeded Rhododendron, emerged from watered plots, while 658 plants of 37 species from non-watered plots. The total estimated coverage was maximum in 5cm plot of watered condition, while the coverage of all plots in non-watered condition was very small with an exception of charcoal mixed condition in which the coverage matched to those of watered conditioned plots. Watering or mixing of charcoal with forest topsoil seemed very useful for the germination of buried seeds andlater growth.

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The purposes of this study are to evaluate the allelopathic activities of tree species. As a bio-assay, lettuce seed germination and growth were observed in petri dishes containing extracts from leaves. 30 tree species distributed in the Kanto region were selected for the study. Time of germination(Ts), germination rate(R), final germination percentage(A), radicle length(RL) and hypocotyl length(HL) were measured and compared among the species. Decrease of germination rate(R) and inhibition of growth of radicle were observed in all the species. The results showed that some of intolerant tree species(such as Pinus densiflora, Pinus thunbergii, Idesia polycarpa and Styrax japonica) have strong allelopathic activities. It is expected that planting of those intolerant tree species in open space mayinhibit the growth of weeds.

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Transition matrices of shoot dynamics of Rhododendron reticulatum were made for each stem growing in different light environments. Their dominant eigenvalues and associated eigenvectors were calculated to estimate the growing rate of the individual stem crowns and the prospective structure. Stem crowns in edge environments were predicted to be expanding, however, some stem crowns in gap and closed environments were predicted to be shrinking because of lower light intensity. Dispersed percentages of flower shoots among stems in edge environment were caused by the fluctuation of the light intensity reaching the crowns. The percentage of dwarf shoots was higher in closed environments than in edge and gap environments, meaning that adaptive structure of the crowns was formed in dark environments. Under the certain hypotheses, shoot dynamics analysis using a transition matrix offered the estimation of the individual growth and reproduction.

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Genetic structure of Castanopsis sieboldii (Makino) Hatusima was investigated. Four populations of the plant were used for the study; two in Izu Oshima and two in the mainland of Japan (Honshu). The investigation has revealed that genetic differentiation did not occur in the populations at the allozyme level, but allele frequencies were different in them. Therefore, transplant to the Mt. Atago should be examined carefully. In case where transplant is considered, it will be necessary to carry out detailed investigation in advance.

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The influences of fire and liquefaction caused by the Hanshin-Awaji disaster on the radial growth of trees were investigated. Ring widths of trees which were suffered by the disaster in Kobe were compared with the increment cores of trees of same species planted in Sakai City which were not sufferd from the disaster. The long term effects of liquefaction on growth of Cinnamomum camphora, Pinus thunbergii, Ulmas parvifolia were not observed. Fire decreased the ring widths of Cinammomum camphora after the disaster, but Zelkova serrata were not affected. The ring widths of trees which were suffered from fire or liquefaction were increased after two years from disaster, so the influences of fire and liquefaction do not remained for long period in Kobe City.

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As one of the method for estimating the the amount of leaves and forest vigor, we examined the usefulness of the properties of light spectrum obtained from the measurement of canopy reflectance and transmittance into the floor of model forests consisting of 3-year old Quercus glauca THUNB. We analized the changes of spectral curve in the visible and near-infrared wavelength and (VI) derived 6 Vegetation Indices from spectral data. From regulation analysis results VIs derived from transmittance were more positively related to LAI variations than VIs from reflectance under dense canopy. This means that transmittance is more sensitive to the LAI variation than reflectance. We also found that changes of VIs, such as R/NIR and ND VI, derived from transmittance, were linearly related to decline in vigor caused by water stress. These results confirm that the properties of transmitted spectrum could be more useful for estimation of LAI and the vigor of forests than reflected spectrum, and VIs derived from the transmitted light inside the forest should be useful as a new method for monitoring forests, and contribute to studies for developing new methods.

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Although Red-pine forest composes a typical and popular Japanese forest landscape, it widely spreads as a result of over coppicing in suburban areas especially in the Kansai region, in Japan. Then it is effective to convert a part of Red-pine forest to a deciduous oak forest or the mixture forest from the viewpoint of enhancing the bio-diversityand creating the amenity landscape every seasons. This study aims to ascertain the optimum light condition for growth of deciduous oak seedlings planted in the Red-pine forest floor. In 1993, within the Nishigohri park forest of Osaka Prefecture, the experimental plots of 4 different light condition were prepared with tree thinning and scrub removing, and Quercus acutissima and Q. serrata seedlings were planted. The results are as follows:
The heavy thinned stand of half-shaded condition showed the best growth among the 4 stands, whereas in the open stand, the seedlings were stunted by direct sunshine, and showed half-growth in height and diameter compared with the half-shade stand. On the other hand, it become apparent that the growth was seriously damaged in the light-thinned stand and the none-thinned stand caused by light shortage. According to the results, it is considered that forest clearance should be avoided, and heavy thinning would be recommended for considerable growth of the planted seedlings in the Red-pine forest floor.

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Riverside plant communities of the Tone River were studied to ascertain the relationships between these communities and environmental factors. The plant communities were surveyed using the plant sociological method. The land form, soil type, and the altitude of the each area were surveyed at the examination site. The inundation period, and the flow speed in a period of flooding, were estimated from water height records and a river flow survey recorded during a flood in 1981.
Five plant communities were classified. Relationships between these plant communities and other environmental factors were then analyzed. The results of the analyses showed apparent correlation between plant communities and the inundation period, river flow speed during a flood, and the vertical land formation at places where plant communities were studied.

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We examined the effects of anthropogenic disturbance on the water chemistry, hydrology and vegetation of an ombrotrophic mire located in Kuromatsunai (42° 38' N, 140° 21' E, 95m in altitude). Peat water around the top of the peat dome exhibited a pH of 4.3-4.7 and 4.4-5.2m/m of EC. However, at the edge of the road the pH was found to be in excess of 5.5 with 8 m/m of EC, and contained considerable amounts of Na and Ca. The polluted area and resulting deterioration of wetland vegetation was limited to an area within 15 meters from the road, so it will be important to maintain the existing conditions. Sasa (Sasa megalophylia) covered the vicinity of the drainage channels and had displaced the more vulnerable wetland vegetation. The pH and EC values in the Sasa community did not differ significantly from those of the ombrotrophic areas. This suggests that nutrient-rich water in the channel might not be flowing into the Sasa areas. Accordingly, the drainage effects of the channels, which might cause an expansion of the Sasa community, must be removed.

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Biodiversity is a problem not only of visible organisms but also of microorganisms such as unicellular algae and fungi. In the present study I focused on diatoms, which is a kind of unicellular algae, to discuss biodiversity in river habitats. The relationship between species diversity of periphytic diatom assemblages and environmental factors other than water pollution was studied. Thirty-five sampling sites were set along the Iruma-gawa River, Saitama Prefecture, Japan. These sites were located closely and similar in degree of water pollution. Species composition of diatom assemblages in an isolated pond from the main channel of the river was quite different from those in the main channel. Species diversity was negatively correlated with current velocity in the channel. The unique characteristics of isolated ponds along river channels, which seemed to have some relationship with water chemistry (not pollution), should be considered in river environmental management. It appears that the negative correlation between current velocity and diatom species diversity is due to disturbances in algal community succession caused by water flow.

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The objective of this study was to scrutinize the vegetation dynamics on shore protection made of natural rocks in the Ashida River, Hiroshima Prefecture located in the Southwestern part of Japan. The selected shore protection was one divided into 3 plots, each measuring 5m × 10m, followed by further subdivision into sub-plots measuring 1 m × 1m. From 1994 through 1996, time course changes of total vegetation coverage, occurrence species of plants and their coverage ratios were monitored in each sub-plot. The results disclosed that vegetation coverage increased remarkably, especially along the near shore line, with the mean vegetation coverage ratio reaching about 20% in approximately 2 years. The number of plant species also increased in parallel with recovery of vegetation coverage. It was revealed that vegetation coverage and species composition varied spacially and seasonally, whereas increase in vegetation coverage ratio was attributed not to singles species but to plural species of plants.

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Connectivity of forests was evaluated using standard grid (about 1 km grid cell) database of vegetation for Honshu, the main island of Japan. The connectivity was evaluated by calculating the index CON which expresses the number of forest grid cells surrounding the central grid among 3×3 grids. The connectivity of forests was overlaid with the distributions of 13 species of terrestrial mammals.
These mammals were classified into four groups according to the reaction of each species to the CON-value; 1) mountain-dwelling mammals, 2) semi-mountain-dwelling mammals, 3) hill-dwelling mammals, and 4) mammals showing low reactions to CON-value. For the species in groups 1), 2), and 3), the classification and reactions to CON-value corresponded well with their characteristics, suggesting the significance of evaluating forest connectivity.

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The research on the relationship between the environmental conditions of the habitat and the species and the individual number was made in respect to the frogs which inhabiting in the Kashima and Tegri River, watershed of Inba Marsh, Chiba Prefecture. The field-survey was carried out from May to July in 1997 and 1998. Walking on the paddy field ridge, the number of the frogs, the walking distance and the environmental factors of the surrounding area were recorded. Then the relationship between the individual density of each species and the environmental conditions was analyzed by means of Hayashi's quantification theory I.
As a result, the major factors which would affect the individual density were clarified: The underdrainage of the paddy field, the landuse of the slope, the irrigation system and the arrangements of the canal. Another fact was also revealed that the reformation into well-drained paddy field which is promoted by the farmland consolidatuin tends to have the negative impact on the inhabiting of the Japanese brown frog while it does not have much affect on that of the Japanese tree frog.

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We studied relationships between compotion of bird community and vegetation types in woods on the Musashino Uplands and Sayama Hills. One hundred study sites were located on nine woods of which the biggest one was 1340 ha and the smallest one was 15 ha. Bird communities were censused by point counts method at each site on breeding season in 1994. In each site 20m×20m quadrat was established for vegetation survey. In each quadrat all plant species observed were recorded with their coverage.
Our results showed that species composition of bird communities changed with that of vegetation. Based on the species composition of bird, the 100 sites were classified into four site groups namely, Group A to D. Based on the species composition of plant, vegetation of the 100 sites were also classified into four vegetation types namely, Type 1 to 4. Most sites of bird Groups A and D were corresponded with ones of vegetation Types 1 and 4, respectively. Short tailed Bush Warbler Cettia squameiceps and Japanese White-eye Zosterops japonicus were characteristically recorded in vegetation Type 1. At the sites of vegetation Type 1 Qurcus cerrata and Styrax japonica were dominant in the tree layer and there were dense shrub layers composed with some evergreen species. Some bird species which are prefer to grassland or thin forest habitat were characteristically recorded in vegetation Type 4 which is lack of shrub layers.

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While the idea of compensatory mitigation was defined in the Environmental Impact Assessment Law of 1997 at the first time in Japan, the issues/doubts currently discussed can be summarized as:(1) Is it possible to restore/create lost ecosystems?(2) Whether this might become an excuse to initiate environmentally unsound development projects. These issues/doubts were examined by analyzing an off-site compensatory mitigation project in which the author participated, and is the largest riparian wetland mitigation project in the United States. The decision-making process related to the formation of a compensatory mitigation project is guided by consultation provisions of laws such as NEPA or Clean Water Act, comprehensive guidelines and technical manuals on compensatory mitigation, relevant industries such as mitigation consultants and national policies such as “no net loss.” Also new mechanisms such as mitigation banking system and habitat evaluation procedures were innovated for overcoming problems of traditional compensatory mitigation. It is suggested that compensatory mitigation would become an effective tool for ecosystem conservation in Japan. But it should have:(1) clear consultation provisions in EIA systems, (2) sequencing requirement of mitigation measures, (3) guidelines and manuals for compensatory mitigation measures, (4) basic land-use policies on the existing natural/semi-natural ecosystems and finally (5) support systems such as mitigation banking which reduce developers' costs.

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Traditional home gardens in humid tropics provide a number of useful products such as food, fuel, and building materials. In addition, these are considered to imply a sustainable land use system. The objective of this study was to recognize land potential productivity with comparison of landscape structures of home gardens in Narathiwat Province, Southeast Thailand. Sixteen home gardens were selected in four different land classification types, namely foot slope, high upland and two offshore bars. Species composition and species diversity were compared among each land classification type. The results were as follows: i) there was significant difference in species composition along land classification types; II) Shannon-Wiener's species diversity index by tree volume was higher on foot slope and high upland than on offshore bars. Although land potential productivity might be lower on offshore bars as concerned with biomass products, a great number of unique species was maintained in shrub layer. We concluded that it would be possible to establish newly land use system based on traditional home garden system.

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Ground-water table, one of the determinants of land condition in drylands, was surveyed at forty-seven sites in the northern part of Naiman County, Inner Mongolia, China in the early autumn of 1998. The relationship of the observed values and bare land rate around observation site was analyzed. Bare land rate was estimated for a square with 10 km sides around the observation sites using desertification classification map. The effect of land use was considered during analysis. The index of land use was calculated from the rate of cultivated land in each village. If the sites with remarkably intense land use was extracted, bare land rate was higher around the site with deep ground water table over three meters and lower around the site with shallow ground water table under three meters. Finally the land classification map considering ground-water table was developed using the criterion of three meters.

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Salix psammophila has been used for tree planting in the Ordos Plateau in China. We estimated the standing crop of Salix psammophila according to the allometric relation based on various measurements of Salix psammophila growing on a wet lowland, sand-covered lowland, and sand dune. The investigated area in the wet lowland and sand-covered lowland was 2 × 2m². The investigated area in the sand dune was sampled when necessary because individual trees are sparsely distributed. The dry trunk weight and the dry branch weight of each individual tree of Salix psammophila are proportional to those of (D₅) ²H. The dry leaf weight is roughly proportional to the square of D₅ and D_HB, . Based on these results, we determined a formula for estimating the dry weight and coefficient according to (D₅) ² and (D₅) ² H. As a result of investigating the standing crop on the ground, the standing crop on the wet lowland is 867.3 (g · m^-2), and the standing crop on the sand-covered lowland is 408.3 (g · m^-2). To calculate the coefficient of the estimation formula, the sample count required to acquire a sufficiently reliable section was examined, and the value that provides a reliable section within the range of ± 10% was acquired.
Next, we dug up and investigated the rootstocks of the Salix psammophila to determine the underground status under different location conditions. For the wet lowland and the sand-covered lowland, the root amount was measured in an area of 1 × 1 m². For the sand dune, the root amount was measured in an area of 2.5 × 4 m² at intervals of 10 cm depth because the rootstocks are widely distributed. The rootstocks on wet lowland are horizontally distributed, meanwhile the rootstocks on sand-covered lowland are vertically distributed to deep depths. The rootstocks on sand dune are distributed collectively at two points: one point near the ground surface and another point 50 cm or deeper from the ground surface.

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We studied the change in distribution of bamboo forests in the Osaka Sennan district, which had been represented on 1/ 25000 topographical maps prepared in 1947, 1970, and 1993. The number of bamboo forest sites was counted and the area of each site was measured.
We found that the total area of bamboo forests in the district under examination was about 187 ha in 1947. This had increased to 207 ha by 1993. The average area of bamboo forest site had been about 0.7 ha in 1947 but had increased to 1.3 ha by 1993.

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In the biotope project at the campus of Hiroshima University in Higashi-Hiroshima City, we evaluated the ecological value of actual vegetation in the project area. Through the landscape level analysis using three maps (vegetation map, topographic map, map of construction recorded) and map overlay method, vegetation patches were classified into two categories, conservation site and the suitable site for improvement. In a pine (Pinus densiflora) forest with Asarum hexalobum belonging to the conservation site, a distribution map of tree and Asarum hexalobum populations was made to estimate the distance free from the effect of revetment construction. On results of these landscape and population analyses, we discussed whether or not evaluating methods are available. These landscape ecological approaches for biotope planning may help the similar project in other places.

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Vegetation planning is essential for conservation, restoration or creation of wetland ecosystem. A case study on ecological landtype classification by sympyhtosociological analysis was done as base of vegetation planning in Michinoku National Government Park, Miyagi prefecture, northeast Japan. Fine scale actual vegetation map and landform classification (maicro landform level) map were drawn and overlaied by GIS. 9 types of vegetation group and 4 landtypes were identified by sympyhtosociological analysis. Seres and community rings of each landtype were estimated. Vegetation planning of the study area was discussed based on the landtype classification.

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In order to draw up a guideline for the suburban forest management, the relationships between tree species and soil properties were investigated in the secondary forests of both parks and green areas in the southern part of Nagoya City. There are from 4 to 23 tree species in sixteen survey sites. The diversities of the tree species in the suburban forests are matched for those of the forest parks at the mountain villages.
A cluster analysis of data of topographical conditions, vegitation structures, and soil conditions revealed that gravel contents of soils are closely related with the diversities of tree species.

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In order to clarify characteristics of garden plants in detached houses, phytosociological studies were conducted on seventy private gardens at Flower-Town in Sanda, Hyogo Prefecture. The results are as follows:
The gardens were classified into A, B, C and D main types. A was characterized by the presence of native lucidophyllous trees. B and C were characterized by the presence of conifers and lawn respectively. D was characterized by the absence of differential species. A was subdivided into A1-1, A1-2, A2-1 and A2-2 types. These seven types were different not only in the species composition but also in the number of garden plants, the number of individuals and the life-form spectrum.

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This paper analyzed the actual condition of the usage of outdoor space in the Western-style detached house of the urban area in Korea and the resident's intention for its future design and maintenance through questionnaire survey. In Korea, there has been the word of MADANG to point the outdoor space in the residence site, on the other hand the word of GARDEN is becoming to be used. We analyzed the using tendency of these two words and the actual condition and transformation of outdoor space in new Western-style detached house.
As a result, it becomes clear that outdoor space where has been used for working place in daily life as MADANG formerly has a strong tendency to be used for planting space recently. Moreover, outdoor space is being changed notonly to the space for resident's appreciation and interest but also to the space to be shown to other people.

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The purpose of this paper is to clear up the characteristics of park use at Shinjyuku Gyoen according to age brackets and the factor of selection of space, in order to be helpful for park planning, which consider various park visitors. The authors made an investigation about the characteristics of park use: age, places of residence, types of group, frequency of visit, length of visit, purpose of visit, staying area, activity, by questionnaire survey at Shinjyuku Gyoen, where are several gardens in diferent style. As the result, the relation between the characteristics of park use and age brackets became clear by analysis of cross totalization. And the factor of selection of space was synthetically grasped through the relationship among age brackets, types of group, frequency and activity by multivariate statistical analysis.

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In this study, a questionnaire was conducted on residents of Minamiashiyahama-Danchi in order to clarify the structure of community formation through the planting activities with aged people. As the result of covariance structure analysis, we found that 1) The strong correlation was observed between the participation in planting activities and community formation, and this tendency became even stronger when the property of open space was more public. 2) Participation in planting activities and increasing of acquaintance on Rakuno-Koza led to participation in planting activities on terraced field. So we suggest that participation in planting activities on public space work well for community formations of aged people, and events that will lead to participation in planting activities on public space are needed.

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On 27 to 28, August, 1997, several types of meteorological phenomena, air temperature distributions, wind speed and wind directions, surface temperature distributions and WBGT index values in Nagamine housing area were obtained by the micro climate observations. The following became clear after the investigations.(1) In the Nagamine housing area, in any place, the air temperature is lower than surrounding areas.(2) The surface of the natural materials (grass land, trees, bare ground in the forest et.al) showed relatively low temperature and the artificial materials (asphalted road, concrete slub et.al) showed relatively high temperature. In sunny place, the surface temperature of natural materials were higher than the air temperature, but in the shade, the surface temperature of these materials were lower than the air temperature. In order that the natural materials will be made useful for air cooling, they must be settled in the shade area.(3) WBGT index values showed that on the high temperature materials, the heat stress for men was higher, so the natural materials were suitable for the co-environmental housing area development.

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This study is aimed to make clear that the environmental conservation effect of the large amount of greenery within the area of 100m, comparing Imabashi district and Azuchi district where there are many plants with Bingo district and Awaji district where there are few plants. It is concluded that 0.6-2.7°C are lower in August and 0.2-1.2°C are higher in December in the temperature at the districts which have the large amount of greenery. More species and individuals of birds are observed at the districts with the large amount of greenery than at other districts. About the landscape evaluation, most of the landscape evaluating items of Azuchi district are much higher. In this way, it was confirmed that the large amount of greenery has the environmental conservation effect.

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