Journal of The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture
Online ISSN : 1348-4559
Print ISSN : 1340-8984
ISSN-L : 1340-8984
Volume 65, Issue 5
Displaying 1-50 of 109 articles from this issue
  • Sawako ONO
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 365-370
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This paper deals with Rikugien Garden in the late 18th century in terms of gift-making of garden products. Nobutoki Yanagisawa lived there after his retirement at that time.
    Many products from the garden such as spring herb, bamboo shoot, mushroom and chestnut were used as a gift to his relatives, friends and his servants. The garden products as gift were characterized with Nobutoki's handmade goods, the symbol of the season, the tasteful object for poetry and the food controlled by Nobutoki as the house master.
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  • Kanemichi MIZOGUCHI
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 371-374
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    KAIBARA Ekiken (1630-1714) had made many travels for pleasure and had recorded them in many accounts and they had effected on the tourism in the Edo period. So they are analyzed from the point of tourist gaze to clarify the characteristics of the descrived Ekiken's ways of sightseeing that attracted the readers. It is revealed that Ekiken was interested in the regions on the way of his travel in addition to the famous tourist sights and described a series of the places on the way of his travel to express the pleasure of the whole travel, and that he showed the new points of viewing on the famous tourist sights and the unique regional landscapes, and enjoying hearing the history and the tales from the people of the visited place.
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  • Norio HIDA
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 375-378
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    “Hakkei” is to chose eight points in the good place of the scenery and make the poetry.“Shosho Hakkei” made in China was the beginning. In Osaka, view points and shrines and temples were chosen in the Edo Period former term, but the shrines and temples and teahouses were chosen in the latter term. In the Meiji Period, places where Western influences were seen were chosen, then the person of the Taisho Period yearned for the poetry which drew sights around Osaka castle at the end of the Edo Period. In the Osaka Prefecture, “Sumiyoshi Hakkei” contained region of Sakai, so it changed in “Sakai Hakkei”.“Sayama Hakkei” was chosen by a painter of the Edo Period and “Fukeiro Jyukkei” was made by a cultured person in Higashi Osaka.
    Hakkei was popular in Japan because there was admiration against the Chinese culture. And the rich meaning of the kanji was used to look for elegance. But the beauty of the construction of the scenery is taken seriously by selection of modern Hakkei.
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  • Takashi AWANO, Tsutomu HATTORI, Isoya SHINJI
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 379-382
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This paper analyses residential gardens constructed during the Meiji period in Tokyo mainly by comparing to the topographic atlas of Tokyo during the Meiji period. The analysis focuses on the following aspects concerning the spatial structure of gardens.
    (1) Topography, (2) Location and composition
    The analysis clarifies the following findings.(1) Originated from Samurai (warriors) residences, topographic condition of residential gardens of Edo era have been inherited to those of the Meiji period quite frequently, although some were affected by land readjustment during the Meiji period that changed the lot pattern of the city of Edo. R2 Locations of sites are roughly classified into three types; 1. Sites along cliff lines, 2. Sites at the edge of tablelands, 3. Sites in flat plains
    A number of gardens are recognized as those which fully utilize topographic characteristics (locality) of Tokyo, as they are characterized by such features as command of fine view (Type 1 and 2), introduction of ponds (Type 1) and so on.
    (3) Most of the gardens commonly possess lawn grounds. This suggests that lawn garden (Shiba-Niwa) had played a core role in garden composition in those days.
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  • Yukari IHARA
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 383-388
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Investigating landscape dynamics of the Kyoto-Gyoen, genealogy of its spirituality was identified in comparison with the Kokyo-Gaien. The landscape dynamics and the spirituality intrinsic in the two gardens were distinguished. The landscape of the Kyoto-Gyoen consists of the two factors; the factor that inherits indigenous characteristics before the foundation and the factor that has been changed by the large-scale remodeling project and the other projects. The landscape of the Kokyo-Gaien is basically formed by the factor that inherits indigenous characteristics. The spirituality of the Kyoto-Gyoen had the flexibility that corresponds to needs of the time and the society without diminishing the indigenous characteristics. On the other hand, the spirituality of the Kokyo-Gaien had profundity that was brought by the maintenance of the indigenous characteristics.
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  • Keiichi KANDA, Makoto SUZUKI
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 389-392
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The garden image seen in the work of a great writer Soseki Natume (1867-1916) in the Meiji period was analyzed to search his view and image on the garden, which could be considered as the general image of ordinary Meiji gardens in Japan. He preferred gardens in Japan rather than those in England. In his work he often described the garden scene with Japanese general “Pine”, “Bamboo”, “Plum tree”, “Japan cedar”, and “Moss”, which are very common garden material in Japan. The gardens in his works were different from the gardens of Soseki's own houses. They were considered as the daily gardens, which a general reader understood, rather than the gardens described by Soseki's good knowledge of plants and gardens. And also they were considered as the general appearance gardens of the Meiji era houses.
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  • Akira AIDA, Makoto SUZUKI, Isoya SHINJI
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 393-396
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The National Gardens Scheme in England and Wales was established in 1927, has organised Open Garden which means opening private gardens to the public. The purpose of the research is to understand the background of establishment and the history of the NGS by the rolls of minutes. The significant features of the NGS's management are: I. Making powerful organisation by the cooperation and merger with other societies, II. Progress of attraction by the diversity of garden types and opening programmes, III. Diversity and expansion of the option choices according to social needs, and flexibility management such as “Additional Charity Nominated by Owner”.
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  • Chigusa TAKAHASHI, Takashi SHIMOMURA
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 397-400
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The number of magazines and books concerning gardening increased rapidly bordering '94, and it was guessed that the gardening boom occurred at around' 93. And the survey of the contents of the magazines and the books clarified that they treated mainly growing method before the boom, after the boom, terms, such as a design, garden, or gardening, came to be treated. Furthermore, seriate investigation of the contents of the magazine, “NHK Syumino-Engei”, showed that the term “planter” has been decreased from' 92 and eventually disappeared at '95 and the “container” become to be used at' 91 then increased rapidly. This result suggests that container gardening, which have been popular in the Occidental gardening also became popular in Japan.
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  • Shuichi MURAKAMI
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 401-406
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Ambiguity of form is defined as one of the noticeable outcomes through modernism in visual arts and architecture. The objective of this research is to clarify how Thomas D. Church (1902-1978), one of the pioneers as well as the central figures among the modernists in American landscape architecture, realized this spatiality. Firstly, his twenty-seven writings have been analyzed. As a result, it has been figured out that his way of dealing with floor edges and joints enables ambiguous readings of a space by supposing virtual extension of floors. Donnell Garden (1947) has been analyzed and interpreted based on Church's intension of designing floors. It has turned out that two types of ambiguity are recognized in the pool terrace of the garden. The result also shows that the floor designs are the factors for increasing sequential changes as well as revealing chronological processes.
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  • Masanori NISHIDA
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 407-412
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The paper makes clear the characteristics of gaze at nature reflected in the landscape paintings of the U.S.A. in the 19th century, and considers that similar gaze at nature had an influence on the generation of national parks of the U. S. A. The analyses of the landscape paintings are done from the points of the characteristics of drawing objects, the art history of the U. S. A., the differences from European landscape paintings, and the thought affecting the landscape paintings. Through these analyses, the paper shows that the characteristics of gaze at nature consisted of the inclination to the landscape of grand wilderness, the panoramic view, the thought of the sublime and pantheism. It recognizes similar characteristics of gaze at nature in national parks of the U. S. A. through analyses of them. Then, it proves that landscape view particular to the U. S. A.-gaze at nature-generated peculiar landscape paintings and national parks in the U. S. A. in the 19th century.
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  • Akira SOSHIRODA, Fumihiro KISHIMOTO, Fumihiko NAKANO
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 413-416
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This paper tries to clarify the characteristics of the planning thoughts of two pack plans, “HARUNA KOUEN KEI KAKU”(1926), “MYOKO DAI KOUEN KEIKAKU”(1927), and two spaarea plans, “BEPPU KOKUSAI SENTO KEIKAKU”(1949), “KUSATU ONSENCHI KEIKAKU”(1949), by Tsuyoshi TAMURA. The main findings are as follows: 1) All plans were the comprehensive plans which included from the master plan to the particular plan such as transport network system, the fund plan, the management plan. 2) They had the seven characteristics, “the construction of network system”, “the use of nature for resort resource”, “the introduce of city planning”, “the produce of various activities for all class's people”, “the protect of scenery”, “the countermeasure to foreigners”, and “the conception of area management”.
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  • Hiroshi SAYAMA
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 417-420
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This paper shows the social background of the designation of Yakushima Island as national park. Yakushima Island including Iwo Island was planned as Yakushima National Park separated from Kirishima National Park and Kinko-Wan Quasi-national Park at first. However there were difficult problems such as the forestry for National forest etc. to designate as the national park. After that, the policy was changed along the trend of the national sight-seeing policies and the situation of the national park designation which was to attach another neighboring area to a former designated national park and renew it. In the meanwhile the adjustment to the forestry for National forest was going to good direction, and to designate Iwo Island where sulfur mining had been developed as national park was given up because the adjustment was at a deadlock and it was necessary to avoid taking any more time for its national park's designation. After all, the adjustment to the development of the hydroelectric power generation was going to the good condition and hoping all park area would be used widely, Yakushima Island with Kinko-Wan Quasi-national Park was added to Kirishima National Park.
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  • Kazunobu UCHIDA
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 421-426
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In the archaeological historic sites, we construct a full-size leprica right above the original archaeological ruins. It seems to become a general rule. But we almost have various design conditions on this reconstructions, such as the protection of later archaeological ruins and the thickness of protective layer of additional soil and so on.
    In the case of reconstruction project of the former great audience hall of state in Heijo palace site, there is a 1.6 meter's high clod which was added on later Nara period in front of the the earthen wall which is laid with brick tiles. The earthen wall has the uniqe plan and 7 feet high, its design originates in the Great Dipper. The earthen wall characterises the former great audiance hall of state from others.
    As we consider the meaning of the earthen wall from a position of the context which make the palace magnificent, the function of the earthen wall is not only to fasten the soil as engineering works but also to show the Tenno's authority to many vassals from under the earthen wall.On the project we shoud express the anccent context by the reconstruction of 7 feet high earthen wall without observing the general rule.
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  • Mikio KAMEI, Nobukazu NAKAGOSHI
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 427-430
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    All of the national natural monuments concerning plants were examined to reconsider the management effectiveness. Two aspects of management effectiveness were addressed by this research: 1) The management of existing natural monuments (are the existing natural monuments effectively managed?); and, 2) The location and target of existing natural monuments (will the natural monument network represent and effectively retain regional and national biodiversity?). All natural monuments were classified into the single tree, the population and the community. There is the most number of the single tree in three types. The natural monument network protected only a minority of regional and national biodiversity. Almost all the natural monuments are conserved from the destruction of habitat. However, many natural monuments have the problems in their conservation. For example, the problems are trample, extraction, succession, natural disaster and so on. The natural monument policy must shift from ad hoc conservation to strategic planning for the achievement of conservation targets.
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  • Yasuyuki MIYAUCHI, Sadatoshi TABATA
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 431-434
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    We analyzed the distribution of plant remains in the sedimentary soil of the pond bottom in Kenchou-ji Temple garden at the Kamakura age, and considered the plantings, the environment, and the view at the Kamakura age. Many plant remains were detected in the sedimentary soil which were planted species like Pinus spp., Cryptomeria japonica, which were woody plant like Zelkova serrata, Acer spp., Mallotus japonicus, which were herbaceous plant like Boehmeria spp., Tricyrtis spp. From the relation of the view of Mt. Kofukuyama and the result of this analysis, we guessed that a large tree such as Zelkoua serrata and evergreen conifer that branch and leaf are as thick as Cryptomeria japonica were planted in the place where the view to Mt. Kofukuyama is not interrupted, even if growing on the tsukiyama if the branch and the leaf are sparse tree like Pinus spp.
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  • Shuhua LI
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 435-438
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This paper involves the study of the different kinds of holy trees and the planting ways in ritual lands before the Han Dynasty (-A. D. 220). The major results of the findings are:
    1) Different kinds of holy trees were clarified. Holy trees include Jianmu, Fusang, Taodu, Peach, Mulberry, Li anglimu, Jiahe, Zhucao, etc.
    2) Trees grown in ritural lands were different in varieties, dynasties and locations.
    3) Trees grown around graves differed by the status of buried person.
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  • Yue SHEN, Akio SHIMOMURA, Yoichi KUMAGAI
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 439-442
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Rock arrangement of gardens in Yangzhou (China) during the Qing Dynasty was examined. Objective of the studyis to investigate the techniques of rock arrangement for landscaping. Historical documents and drawings of the gardens were reviewed and field survey was conducted. The data of gardens in Yangzhou and Suzhou was quantitatively analyzed. Research results indicated that rock arrangement of gardens in Yangzhou were solid outside and hollow inside. Caves making is the typical characteristics of rock arrangement of gardens in Yangzhou.
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  • Eijiro FUJII, Jinseoung KIM, Yoichi TAKASE, Jiseung BAIK, Kenkichi ONO
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 443-446
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    An outstanding palatial garden pond of Gunnamji of Bekje Kingdom was constructed by King Muwang in A.D. 643. Today's small pond is considered to exist just in the original location with a scale-down composition. Recently, several excavations clarified many facts related to the original composition of the garden pond. And, we analyzed and made some historical consideration based on the facts and related historical information. Then, we estimated the original composition of the garden including related buildings, and also the water supplying way and its techniques. And, finally the scheme of the King was discussed related to the defense of castle town and to the landscape formation.
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  • Hidefumi IMAE
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 447-450
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    There exist three common names for garden maintenance in Kyoto city and the surrounding areas:“Gosho-sukashi, ”“Tera-sukashi” and “Machiya-sukashi.” In this study garden artisans who work in imperial garden and technical officials in charge of gardening at the imperial Household Agency were surveyed at to their recognition of the above terms. It was found that maintenance to these gardens, which is base on characteristic of places and take a flexible to growth specialty of plants. What are perceived as differences in style among these locations are merely a reflection of the differences in variously requests made for each site. For the preservation and creation of a garden's atmosphere, it was found that not only succession of technique but also intimate familiarity with garden's characteristics is important.
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  • Hitoshi UCHIDA, Seiki SATO
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 451-454
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    I used a questionnaire to survey residents of homes in Setagaya, Tokyo to determine actual and desirable levels of maintenance for home gardens-particularly trees, shrubs and lawns. Results showed that 21.4% of respondents were satisfied, but 41.8% were not satisfied with current maintenance levels. Averages for desired levels of annual maintenance were: weeding 57.4 times, cleaning 127.4 times, applying of fertilizer 3.0 times, insect and disease control 3.5 times, and pruning of trees 3.4 times. However, ideas of desirable maintenance cost varied widely from family to family, so I couldn't obtain useful average figures for this; subjectively while 64.8% of respondents said that they “wanted to increase maintenance to a satisfactory level, but didn't want to pay more than they are presently paying”, 35.2% said that they “couldn't keep up with it” or “hadn't considered it”, and 22.0% said that they “didn't want to pay for it”, so this survey showed the difficulty of achieving desirable levels of garden maintenance.
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  • Noboru KURAMOTO, Keiko NAGAI
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 455-460
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    On the 10th anniversary of start of activities by volunteers working for the conservation of the coppice in Sakuragaoka Park, questionnaires were distributed to individual volunteers to make research on their assessment of the activities and the organization formed for the purpose. Various activities were assessed in their eagerness to participate in them and in recognition of necessity of such activities, and the organization, in their individual models what such an organization should be and the actual functions, in 4 steps, respectively.
    Vegetation management, nature study and monitoring were highly assessed activities in both categories. Vegetation management and monitoring were highly assessed in recognition of necessity than in personal preference to such activities. It corresponds to the present problem that vegetation management cannot cope with growth of the plants there.
    As for the organization equality among volunteers was highly valued in both categories.“To act on own initiative” was low in assessment in functions than in ideals, which shows it is often necessary to take part in vegetation management of the coppice under guidance. As volunteers want equality among themselves, it is not desirable that one person should take the leadership in every activity, but the role should be altered according to types of activities.
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  • Kentaro IIJIMA
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 461-464
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The purpose of this study was to experimentally clarify the growth and cold hardiness of the Sedum species in Zone 8 of the Japanese climate. Two such places that were examined were Kanagawa prefecture (Tsukui-machi, 8b) and Miyagi prefecture (Matsuyama-machi, 8a). The study evaluated the growth state of the species based on the fresh weight of the plants, their number of shoots and the length of the stems.
    As a result, the following three observations were recognized for the growth state of the species under direct sunlight conditions in both areas. I) The species over wintering in both areas were S. potosinum, S. sarmentosum, S. spurium and S. tahesimense.
    II) Over wintering was possible in Tsukui-machi for S. makinoi and S. mexicanum but their growth declined in Matsuyamamachi. III) Growth of S. oryzifolium declined in both areas. Under shading conditions with a 30% relative light intensity, Sedum types II and III grew in Matsuyama-machi.
    This study also clarified the application effect of nitrogen (N), phosphoric acid (P) and potassium (K) on S. mexicanum under cold hardiness conditions in both areas. From the study, it can be concluded that the plants developed high responses under the N-P application. The plants that had experienced declining growth in a cold environment had an improvement in growing conditions under the N-P factor in Matsuyama-machi. This study demonstrated that over wintering might be enhanced by promoting growth through adjusting light intensity and fertilization.
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  • Minoru OKADA, Shoichiro ASAKAWA
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 465-470
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The purpose of this study was to reconfirm and compare the year-round microclimate control of a premises forest before and after cutting branches near ground. Results revealed that the premises forest provides effective protection from wind throughout the year, regulation of temperatures in summer and prevention from snowdrifts in winter. On the other hand, demerits, such as increase in snow and temperature inside the premises, were detected, but this was managed by cutting branches. As a whole, the results showed an enough improvement in the year-round microclimate of the premises forest even if the forest is formed by one row of trees due to the restriction of land use. As the microclimate improvement functions by the premises forest was intensified after cutting branches near ground, it could be concluded that managing premises forests is necessary also for the improvement of year-round microclimate of the site.
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  • Atsushi NAKASHZMA, Shiro NAKAO, Hiroyuki YAMADA, Kazushi YAMADA, Shino ...
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 471-474
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The blooming period and morphology of Camellia hiemalis NAKAI cv. Shishigashira were investigated grown under several controlled temperature conditions of outdoor temperatures altered by+4.5°C, +3.0°C, +1.5°C, 0.0°C and-1.5°C. The results in the 2nd year showed that the blooming period were earlier under low temperature conditions. There were a greater number of flowers with a greater number of petals and stamen under higher temperature conditions. There seemed that the blooming period and morphology of the flowers of Camellia hiemalis NAKAI cv. Shishigashira would change under warmer conditions.
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  • Akiko EBINE, Eijiro FUJII, Koumei MISHIMA
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 475-478
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The purpose of this experiment is to clarify the influence of wind and propping on growth of 2-year-old tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera L.). To compare the tree growth, we set up four kinds of section ((1)Wind, (2)Wind and Propping, (3)Propping, (4)Control). As a result, the growth of a trunk and a branch were controlled in the wind section. In the propping section, the enlarge growth of a trunk were controlled. On the other hand in the wind and propping section, the growth of trunk and branch was prevented in general. About the root system, there were more roots in the windward side in the wind section. And in the propping section, there were more roots at the opposite side to the prop. Comparing with these two sections, the root volume in the wind and propping section was districted in all directions.
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  • Etsuko TERASHIMA, Eijiro FUJII, Komei MISHIMA
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 479-482
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The influences of trampling to the morphology of three-years-old seedlings of Zelkova serrata MAKINO planted in a container buried in the ground were investigated with different trampling area such as all, half, quarter, and control. The deterioration of physical properties of soil by trampling were up to 20 cm in depth, especially up to 10 cm. In the compact soil, lateral root and the elongation of medium root were restricted, and the medium roots were thinner than control. And, the number of branch having more than two elongation-periods was fewer, and leaf/wood ratio in dry weight was lesser than the control.
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  • Keitaro YAMASE, Yoshinori TANAKA, Yoshinori UEYAMA
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 483-486
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    To clarify whether endangered species, Weigela floribunda, on Mt. Rokko could be used as a material for afforestation of the colluvial slope, its geographical distribution, floristic composition of the habitats, and the growth after its direct cutting-planting or planting were studied. Through phytosociological investigation, 62 vegetation records with Weigela floribunda were obtained. These vegetation records were classified into 10 communities, which were distributed on the several seral stages. After planting, the survival ratio of the direct cutting-planting was 30 to 40% under wet condition, whereas that of the container seedling was 74% in spite of dry condition. Based on the results, Weigela floribunda appears to be useful as a suitable material for afforestation of the colluvial slope on Mt. Rokko, with contributing to the creation of their native landscape as well as the conservation of endangered species.
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  • Akira KOBAYASHI
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 487-490
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Tomuro-stone is the red or blue colored andesite produced in Kanazawa City. The history and meaning of Tomurostone usage in Kanazawa was investigated from field survey and literature reference. The meaning of the Tomuro-stone usage was as follows. 1) The color of Tomuro-stone is clear, so the red color of the stone is popular in Kanazawa City. 2) Blue Tomuro-stone has been diffused in Kanazawa too. So there is traditional culture of red and blue coloring by andesite stone work in Kanazawa. That is rare culture in Japan. 3) Red and blue Tomuro-stones have been applied to materials for civil engineering, building and gardening in Kanazawa, and those have become high cultural elements.
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  • Yoko HAYASHI, Akira KOBAYASHI
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 491-496
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Yamashita Park was constructed as a seaside park of Yokohama City, duringthe reconstruction period after the Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923. The stone masonry for shore protection and the reclamation works with rich soil on the site were made for only this Park. Stone steps down to seawater were made in front of the shore protection and beside the park boat basin. A RC-bridge with I-beams was laid over the gate of the boat basin, and asphalt mixture was paved on the surface of the bridge. Most of the initially planted trees become big by this time. Yamashita Park was constructed with the latest and highest technology for earthquake-proof, durability and familiarity with seawater.
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  • Shintaro YASUDA, Makoto YOKOHARI
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 497-500
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    It is worth utilizing the plant waste from plant management in hilly areas as a bio-energy source in the reduction of CO2 emissions. This study looks at the turf management of golf courses in hilly areas. The biomass of mown turfgrass was analyzed for five turf species in a studied golf course located in the Northern Hiki hill region in the center of Saitama prefecture from July 2000 to September 2001. 299 samples were collected and the vegetative production from the turf management was estimated at 398g/m2 per year. It was also estimated that 175g of bio-methanol could be produced from the 398g·of mown turfgrass by a method of gasification. Eco-management schemes for golf courses were discussed with a view to utilizing bio-energy by referring to the vegetative production. Effective management schemes consist of increasing the collected amount of mown turfgrass and increasing the mowing height to promote the growth of turfgrass.
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  • Tomohiro ICHINOSE, Toshinori MORITA
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 501-506
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    There is a huge number of small irrigation ponds in the agricultural landscape of the north of Awaji Island, Hyogo Prefecture. Recently, managements of many ponds have been abandoned. However, these ponds are used as habitat by many organisms. They have an important role to maintain biodiversity in this area.
    Dragonfly (Odonata) species were surveyed in 24 irrigation ponds in Hokudan-cho, the north of Awaji Island. Thirty-seven species were catched and/or observed from June to September 2000. The number of dragonfly species had no relation with water body area of irrigation ponds. Twenty-four ponds were classified to five types by TWINSPAN (Two-way Indicator Species Analysis). The classification of TWINSPAN was analyzed by Classification and Regression Trees using explanatory variables about environmental factors of irrigation ponds. The results showed that altitude, neighboring woodlots, water body area and water quality influenced the component of dragonfly species. Especially, it was important for species preferring edge and/or inside of woodlot that over 45 percents of pond surroundings were adjacent to woodlots. It was also suggested that surrounding land uses influenced the distribution of dragonfly species.
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  • Hiroshi TAKEYAMA, Akiharu KAMIHOGI, Haruo SATO
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 507-512
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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    Even the role as property of the environment of the city is expected in the biotope space at the school that was established aiming at study position where understands the ecosystem of the area into the school site. We grasped the action characteristic of the dragonfly and butterfly by the 1 individual follow-up at the elementary and junior high school of the city area which possesses the biotope space at the school and periphery environment, and searched the plan and design of biotope space at the school. As the result, the case like the following became clear: it is effective to establish the biotope space at the school including the vegetable garden and swimming pool where four sides of the school sites in the school building without existing the place, to create the big tree, to plant trees in the wall of the structure, grassland with rough control is secured.
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  • Satoshi OSAWA, Takehiko KATSUNO
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 513-516
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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    To clarify the environmental factors that affect the abundance of two brown frogs, Rana japonica and R. ornativentris. We recorded the number of egg masses in seven parks of the middle-and south-Tama hill and north Miura hill, eastern Japan, and analyzed the landuse around the parks. The average number of egg masses of R. japonica were between 13 and 2250 at seven parks from 1999 to 2001, and 15 and 165 for R. ornativentris. The relative abundance of R. japonica was affected by the area of poorly drained paddy fields (rs=1.00), which is superfluously wet. On the other hand, the relative abundance of R. ornativentris, was not affected by the area of cultivated paddy fields, but was affected by the area of uncultivated ones (rs=0.94). Thus the area and management of landcover used for breeding was a regulation factors for abundance of two brown frog species. In contrast, there were no relationships between any of land covers used for non-breeding season and the abundance of the frogs.
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  • Keita SUZUKI, Kumiko OKUBO, Takuo SAWAHATA
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 517-522
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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    The population of Rana porosa brevipoda has recently been decreasing and the species has been disappearing from previously observed habitats. Following this, R. porosa brevipoda was acknowledged as a threatened species in the Red Data Book. For the purpose of understanding the states of distribution and habitat conditions of R. porosa brevipoda, a survey of individual frog numbers was conducted in paddy fields in the Ina Basin, Nagano Prefecture, Central Japan. A concurrent survey of the closely related R. nigromaculata and of intermediate hybrids of the two species was conducted to clarify interspecific relations. An interview survey regarding cultivation methods and consolidation of paddy fields was conducted amongst farmers and administrative officials to provide information on the conditions of frog habitats. Habitats of R. porosa brevipoda were confirmed in Tatsuno Machi, Minowa Machi, Minamiminowa Village, Ina City, Komagane City and Takamori Machi. Existence of R. porosa brevipoda in areas abutting previously observed habitats varied according to dividing of the areas by roadway, structures and rivers. As a result of analysis using quantification theory type II, the primary factor involved in decreased individual densities of R. porosa brevipoda appeared to be paddy field consolidation.
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  • Yosihiro NATUHARA, Fumi MIYOSHI, Yukihiro MORIMOTO
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 523-526
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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    Some scenarios were compared to evaluate the effects of land management on the extinction risk of the clouded salamander, Hynobius nebulousus using meta-population vulnerability analysis, MPVA. The study site was 200ha hill in which strips of paddy field had been cultivated on small valleys, and most of those were abandoned 25 year ago. The results of computer simulation suggested that a small reserve could not compensate land development of whole area, the extinction risk increased even if the development was one third of the whole area, isolated habitat patches would not be recolonized even if the land was not developed, and abandonment of cultivating paddy field raised the extinction risk more than partial development did.
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  • Ayumi YAMAO, Shiro NAKAO, Atsushi NAKASHIMA, Shinobu YABU, Hiroyuki YA ...
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 527-532
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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    We investigated the relationships between five species of water strider (Gerridae) and the environmental conditions in 70 freshwater wetlands in the Kinki district. The environmental conditions measured were phisical structure on/near shoreline, plant coverage on/above water surface, and landcover of adjacent area. Furthermore, the differences in the preference for oviposition substrates and in the oviposition site among the five speceis of water strider were clarified in the laboratory. It was suggested that occurrence of G. insularis and G.gracillicornis were dependent on the relative abundance of woody area surrounding the wetland, the crown coverage above the water surface, and the erath and sand on/near shoreline. On the other hand, occurrence of A.paludum, G.latiabdominis, and G.nepalensis seemed to be dependent on the plant coverage above the water surface, and the grown types of herbs and grasses. Based on these results, we discussed about the direction of improvement of environmental conditions of freshwater wetland for conservation of habitat of gerridae from the viewpoint of landscape architecture.
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  • Akiharu KAMIHOGI, Ayako YAMAZAKI, Haruo SATOU
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 533-538
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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    The purpose of this study was to determine factors in the natural and social environments which have an impact on the habitats of Gastrosteus microcephalus, a small-sized, endangered fresh water fish species. Changes in the habitats of this species over time were investigated through a questionnaire survey, and factors were considered from both regional and local points of view. The results of the regional survey indicated that the factors which exposed this species to extinction were the deterioration of the existing irrigation systems, such as the decrease in groundwater levels and lack of groundwater, resulting from the increase in the use of groundwater for agricultural and industrial purposes, and changes in the water levels over the seasons due to the water pipes laid for agricultural use, as well as the creation of more rice fields, which led to destruction of the habitats. The local survey showed that the physical factors required for this species to inhabit included gravel placed on the bottom of the rivers, 10 to 40-cm of river depth, and the presence of water plants. This study suggests the necessity of these physical factors for this species to survive, and the importance of eco-friendly land use and the education of residents, as well as the importance of deeper involvement in the preservation of the habitable environments of the species.
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  • Hiroshi HASHIMOTO, Yosihiro NATUHARA
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 539-542
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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    We created habitat models for Great Tits, (Parus major) in urban parks of Osaka, Japan. A survey of the presence of Great Tits was conducted in 85 parks during the breeding season (April-July) of 2000. The following variables were measured to model the habitat of Great Tits by a logistic regression model with GIS: park properties (area, perimeter, shape, age, distance to nearest mountains, distance to the nearest 10ha forest), area of tree cover (within and surrounding parks) and proportion of surrounding land use types. Surrounding environmental variables were measured by two methods, (a) 5 types (0, 50, 100, 150, 200m) of buffer zones from park border, and (b) 4 types (radius of 50, 100, 150, 200m) of circles from the park centre. From the two models obtained, one model suggests that tree area in a park and its 50m buffer zone affects positively the habitat quality of Great Tits, and round shaped parks are better. The other model shows that tree area within a radius of 200m from the centre of a park has a positive effect on the occurrence of Great Tits. From the latter model, about 4.0ha (32%) of tree area is required in a radius of 200m to achieve a probability of above 0.5 for occurrence of Great Tits. These models will support urban greenery planning for birds.
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  • Toshiya MATSUURA, Makoto YOKOHARI, Atsuki AZUMA
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 543-546
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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    The distribution of Gray-faced Buzzard Butastur indicus was studied in a countryside environment in northern Chiba-Prefecture, central Honshu, Japan. The study area was located in the watershed of Inba Marsh, a shallow wetland formed along the Tone River. The environments consist of narrow and shallow valleys known as yatsu of yato dissecting into the diluvial uplands. The landscape patterns of yatsu valleys are classified using 50m-DEMs (50m-Digital Elevation Models) and digitized vegetation data. Gray-faced Buzzard habitats are related to the followings, 1) the landscape pattern of valleys which paddy in the valley floors and wood in the valley walls, 2) the number of adjacent land use of wood and paddy, 3) the width of valley floors. Potential habitats of Gray-faced Buzzard are estimated in the watershed in 20km×30km area.
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  • Miyuki KAWAMURA, Kumiko OKUBO
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 547-552
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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    The purpose of this study was to evaluate paddy area habitats according to butterfly communities and their biological interactions with plants. Five study areas were selected in the Kamiina district, Nagano Prefecture, on the basis of variation in the following conditions: consolidation of paddies or lack thereof; and urbanized or hilly and mountainous area. The number of butterflies and the frequency of interactions with plants were recorded by the route census method.Land utilization was surveyed to determine the relationship between the bio-diversity index and the environmental evaluation index. The number of species and individuals, environmental evaluation index, and frequency of used by butterflies for nectar in 3 hilly and mountainous areas region were higher than in 2 urban areas. The bio-diversity index and percentage of native plant species used by butterflies for nectar in the non-consolidated paddy areas in hilly and mountainous regions were higher than other areas. However, the lowest values in all areas for these indices were observed in consolidated paddy areas in hilly and mountainous regions. Biological interactions between butterfly communities and plants in consolidated paddy areas in the same region were qualitatively different to those in non-consolidated paddy areas.Non-consolidated paddy areas in hilly and mountainous regions were evaluated as the best of the observed habitats. In hilly and mountainous regions, proportions of housing areas were lower, and the proportions of forested areas were thus correspondingly higher. Butterfly communities and biological interactions were substantially affected by consolidation and urbanization.
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  • Chiwako MIYAKUBO, Tatsuya UENO, Noboru KURAMOTO
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 553-556
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Cyperus exaltatus Retz. var. iwasakii T.Koyama is considered threatened, and concern has been expressed about its potential for extinction. We examined the germination of C. exaltatus seeds in order to elucidate this phenomenon. The resultsindicated that this plant responds to fluctuating temperatures but does not germinate when under vegetative cover, even at the optimal temperature for germination. It has been suggested that this phenomenon is a result of disturbances to soil that contains seed banks of this species, and to the effects of fluctuating temperature on the seeds.Therefore, conserving dredged soil containing seed banks would be an effective means of protecting this species.
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  • Naoaki SHIMADA, Kazue FUJIWARA
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 557-562
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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    This study aims to highlight the relationship between spatial distribution of vegetation and its management to conserve species diversity in secondary forests in Haramachi, Fukushima of Japan. The secondary forests in this area were classified into 5 different types of vegetation through vegetation survey. The selected of 13 differential species and six selected rare species were chosen to be target species for their spatial distribution survey.
    The distribution of the differential species Smilax sieboldii and Clematis terniflora associated with forest floor management. Also, the distribution of the differential species Ainsliaea acerifolia var. subapoda was reflected to non-management. The growth of the differential species of A. acerifolia var. subapoda which are a woodland species, can be restricted by grassland.
    The results attempt to show that floristic composition of secondary forest was affected by not only forest management but also was affected by historical land-use. Therefore, it is important to have a good understanding of the spatial distribution of vegetation as an efficient planning of secondary forest management.
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  • Yoshinobu KUSUMOTO, Fumito KOIKE, Kazue FUJIWARA
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 563-568
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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    this study's aim is the prediction of potential natural vegetation (PNV). We built date base of the natural vegetation with remains from 862 stand descriptions that was investigated whole area of Kanagawa from 1971 to 2000, and We created environmental data of climate (warm index, cold index, mean tempurature, min-temprature, mean precipitation), topography (elevation, slope, aspect of slope, unevenness index, distance from sea), soil, geology, by using GIS. All natural vegetation data was classified 14 types by using TWINSPAN and the mathed of Phytosociology. The environment value of the feild's sampling points was extracted by using GIS, environment factor of each vegetation types was grasped quantitatively by using logistic regression analysis. PNV of Investigation area were estimated by the warm index, cold index, mean precipitation, elevation, slope, aspect of slope, unevenness index, distance from sea, 2 soil types and 4 geology types. The proprtion of right answers of the made model shows 98%. The result of the simulation of PNV by using the model correspond to potential natural vegatatin maps based on phytosociology. The environment which each natural vegetation existed in became obvious by this research. The mapping of PNV by the objective method became possible.
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  • Yoko KOGA, Tatsuaki KOBAYASHI
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 569-574
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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    The actual situation of both the wild and transplanted population of Rhododendron dilatatum and Rhododendron kiyosumense grown around Kimitsu city has been studied through fieldwork and interviews with local people. The results show that the geographical range of wild R. dilatatum and R. kiyosumense has become reduced. Those that have been transplanted from their native habitat are distributed widely throughout Kimitsu city. The number of people who are in possession of these two species becomes higher in the area closer to the native habitat. The collecting of these plants from their native habitat grew intensely during the period of 1970 to 1985. These plants have been used as garden plants, and they have rapidly spread out in the last 30 years. There are many means of obtaining these two species of Rhododendron. One of the means is by picking-plants. The closer the native ranges, the higher the percentage of these picking-plants. The other means are mainly through merchants and as gifts from acquaintances. A large number of individuals of the same species that were collected originally existed in low mountain areas in the Boso Peninsula. Almost all of the two species of Rhododendron close to the area of native habitat were found by picking-plants. It was a crucial time (1970-1985) when the picking-plants boomed, and great changes were made in the areas surrounding the native habitat. With the rapid industrialization of urban areas, the number of households has increased proportionally. These changes led to the transplanting of these two species of Rhododendron and brought about a decrease in their growing in the wild.
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  • Seiwa MORI, Masahide SHIMAMURA
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 575-578
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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    To obtain basic data for a future Ecological Network plan of Yokohama, the authors studied characteristics and historical changes of distribution of rice paddies and ponds in the city. About 100 years ago, there were 7400 ha of rice paddies in Yokohama. They were located either along rivers or in narrow valleys (Yatos). Those two types of paddies occupied almost equal area. The number of the ponds in Yokohama was about 140. Most of them were agricultural irrigation ponds located at the head of Yatos. Today, the area of rice paddies has been reduced to 600 ha. Most of the agricultural ponds were filled and only 53 ponds are remaining as the ecological area within urban parks. In the ecological planning in Yokohama, one of the important issues is to conserve and restore paddies and ponds for the conservation of biological diversity.
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  • Naoki IIYAMA, Mahito KAMADA, Emiko NAKAGAWA, Nobukazu NAKAGOSHI
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 579-584
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The purpose of the study is to understand the ecological function of levees around terraced paddy fields, in terms of the habitat for grassland plants. Followings were clarified at Kashihara in Kamikatsu town, Shikoku, Japan. Wide levee has been kept incidental to paddy management, and it provides the habitat to grassland species; the ratio of levee area against paddy field area is 29.4%. Several types of plant community occur in correspond with physical conditions of the levee surface, such as humidity, whether the surface is covered by soil or rock. The difference in the frequency of grass-cutting management at the levee causes the differences in vegetation height and the degree of succession. While species richness and the diversity are not affected by management frequency. When the grass-cutting management is stopped, species richness and the diversity are kept during the following 2 years, but tend to decrease after 5 years. It seems that environmental heterogeneity of levees and continuous grass-cutting management must be maintained to sustain plant species diversity
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  • Manabu NAKAMOTO, Hiroaki SEKIOKA, Michiko SHIMODA, Yukihiro MORIMOTO
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 585-590
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    We conducted the vegetation survey on establishment of vegetation management for conserving small annual plants of fallow rice paddies, such as Monochoria vaginalis and Lindernia procumbens, in Nakaikemi, Tsuruga City, Fukui Prefecture, Japan. Plowing was restarted in 1997 and cultivation was resumed in 2000. We carried out the survey from 1997 until 2000. We found that stopping plowing would cause remarkable increase of particular perennial plants, such as Scirpus triqueter. Considering the fact that continuous plowing would increase the perennial plants, we introduced cultivation to prevent the increase. As a conclusion, we suggest that combination of continuous plowing and cultivation every after few years is a useful system for conservation of target vegetation.
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  • Kazuya TAMURA, Kayo ASAMI, Hiroji AKAMATSU, Masahiro NAKAO, Toshimi NO ...
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 591-594
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In order to restore natural vegetation in riverbed excavation work on low water channel of The Inagawa River, we preserved the plane form, made gentle slopes and backfilled the surface soil during the construction work. In two years after the construction work, on the backfilling zone, we confirmed: diverse vegetation were widely restored corresponding to the frequency of inundation; the area of native plant communities increased, while of naturalized plant communities decreased; threatened species appeared. Thus, it was shown that these methods were effective to restore the natural floodplain vegetation.
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  • Toshikazu MATSUMURA
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 595-598
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    I investigated the slope vegetation of the paddy levees in Awaji Island, Hyogo prefecture in order to clarify the effect of construction on the slope vegetation. The investigated paddy levees were divided into three based on the condition of construction; the traditional levees, restored levees and consolidated levees. Species diversity was the highest in traditional levees, middle in restored levees and the lowest in consolidated levees. In species composition, the traditional levees and restored levees were similar, but that of consolidated levees was different from other types. There were many species of short-distance dispersal type in restored levees, but not in consolidated levees. The original surface soil is used in restored levees, but not consolidated levees. There are species sources near restored levees, but not consolidated levees. This study clarifies that the differences of such construction method are bringing about differences between the vegetation of restored levees and that of consolidated levees.
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  • Chiyoko KOSEN, Yukihiro MORIMOTO
    2001 Volume 65 Issue 5 Pages 599-602
    Published: March 30, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The objective of the present research was to understand actual condition of fruiting trees' regeneration from seeds carried by birds in an urban environment and to identify the environmental factors that affect the regeneration. The distributions of fruiting trees and frugivorous birds that relate to the establishment of the trees were surveyed in the city of Kyoto and were stored in GIS with land cover data sets. As a result, the sun trees that are found in early stage of succession showed vigorous regeneration from seeds and exotic plant species were widening their distributions. Analysis on the environmental factors using 200-by-200-m space unit revealed that canopy coverage was the principal factor that affects the number of seedlings and that number of seed trees and population of frugivorous birds also highly affected the number of seedlings.
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