Relationships between landscape structures and distribution patterns for dandelions (Taraxacum) were examined in Tsukuba city, Ibaraki Pref. By using molecular analysis, collected samples were discriminated as "native dandelions", "introduced dandelions", "tetraploid hybrids", "triploid hybrids", and "androgenesis hybrids". 32 sampling sites were grouped into five landscape types according to their similarities of land uses. The native dandelions mainly occurred at satoyama landscape. In contrast, hybrid dandelions (tetraploid hybrids) mainly occurred at urbanized areas and bare lands. Vegetation survey was also conducted at 20 sampling sites, and their components were summarized by DCA analysis. Positive correlation was found between the frequency of native dandelions and vegetation of forest floor and margin, and negative correlation between the frequency of tetraploid hybrids and vegetation of open habitats. Based on the results obtained, it was suggested that native dandelions tended to exist in the landscape containing more forest margin, whereas tetraploid hybrids in landscape containing more developed and / or vacant lands. Role of dandelions as environmental indicator species was discussed.

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In order to conserve a diversity of maintain quality of recreational experience in natural parks, this study investigated to ascertain conceptual issues and procedural problems for grasping and measuring the quality of recreational experience by reviewing products of the previous research of visitors' experience in natural settings. As a result, visitor satisfaction has to be common measure of the quality of experience. Satisfaction research has helped to reveal a variety of variables that affect recreational experiences positively or negatively. The present framework of satisfaction measurement should be useful for future research. That framework involves these three effective points. The first is to search opportunities which are the most suitable for experiences to be realized. The second is to specify which condition or impact levels are to be acceptable for those experiences. The third is to consider visitors' characteristics who evaluate physical-biological, social and managerial conditions. However, some issues and problems viewed in the light of conceptual issues and procedural problems should be solved. It is advisable to develop a model of describing the process of evaluation and interpretation of recreational experience and to grasp the relationship between the quality of recreational experience and factors quantitatively and qualitatively.

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Landscape became one of objects as national monuments from 1911 to 1929, when various activities of preservation had started. At the beginning, landscape was one of many monuments to be preserved. Concepts of landscape were belonged to natural monuments in 1914. From 1915 to 1920, categories of national monuments had been discussed. Through the discussions, landscape shifted its position from natural monuments to meisho, which originally means a place of scenic beauty. On the other hand, natural monuments include Natural Reserve as preservation area. In 1927, new perceptions of landscapes, which focused on natural geography, were spread over to Japan. Under the influence, those new types of landscapes were designated as "natural monument and meisho", which indicates Natural Reserves. It shows very complicated situation for landscape as a national monuments. Along these transitions, aim of preservation also changed from development to strict preservation. Those facts suggest difficulty of creating system for preservation of landscape. In these days landscapes of Satoyama have been paid attentions as new categories both in natural parks and national monuments. Systems of how to preserve those landscapes are now developing, though difficulties of setting landscapes as objects for preservation must be unchanged.

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In development of the eco-tour guide of our country, Yakushima Island is pioneering existence where it is materialized as a profession. In this research, we arranged movement of the eco-tour guide in Yakushima Island from two viewpoints of the formation as profession of an individual guide and the relation adjustment between guides and aimed at grasping the subject as the background of the development gradually. The movement of the eco-tour guide in Yakushima Island has been grasped as 5 stages of "a previous stage of guide business formation", "a guide business beginning stage", "a new concept joining stage", "a new entry stage", and "an adjustment trial stage".The subject generated in the process has been changing from the subject for the formation as profession to the subject for eco-tourism realization, such as environmental preservation and connection with local industry, as eco-tour guide business become mature.

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In order to understand the characteristics of landscape experience in a forest trail, we need to compare the differences between on-site and photograph based (photo-base) landscape evaluation. The forest trail in the Asiu Experimental Forest, Kyoto University, was selected for this study. Sign Sampling Method was used as the method for on-site landscape evaluation. 10 viewing points were selected to evaluate landscape preferences. A photo-based landscape evaluation panel survey, consisting of 17 points, was conducted using a questionnaire sent by mail to participants who had completed the on-site survey several weeks earlier. An identical questionnaire was administered one year later. The results are follows that some of the landscape types offer different landscape evaluation indices between on-site and photo-based. The sequential factor of the trail influenced these differences. For instance, the landscape evaluation of plantations or picturesque views did not tend to be influenced by the on-site factor. On the other hand, in the case of natural forests or huge trees, on-site factor was important. The reliability, representativity, and validity of photo-based survey were also discussed. As a result, it was found that a photo-based evaluation has high reliability. However, the correlations among on-site and photo-based ratings show us the low relationship among them. This means that the validity of photo-based approach was suspected of representing original landscapes.

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The factors which determined the atmosphere and the scenic desirability in the forest were studied by image evaluation method for university students. The objects were 300, 120 and 15-years old deciduous broad-leaved forests and a 90-years old coniferous forest in the Gifu University Forest, in central Japan. The questionnaire survey with "like and dislike" scale was carried out to investigate the scenic desirability. As a result, a partial correlation analysis for the questionnaire of desirability showed that the scenic desirability was determined by shape of trees, in deciduous broad-leaved forests.

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The purpose of this study is to make clear the correlation between the civic evaluation of a forest, the space composition of a forest, and the grade of relation of the citizen to a forest. From the above-mentioned purpose, we used the photo projection method and the caption method to three groups. One is the group of forestry volunteer, Sun-Forester. Others are two groups of the university students, one is the group guided by members of Sun-Forester, and another is without it. In analysis, first, we classified the elements on the pictures, and extracted photography patterns by principal component analysis. Next, the factor of those photography patterns was analyzed paying attention to the grade of the relation to a forest and the space composition of a forest by multiple regression analysis. On the other hand, the photographed reason was explored through analysis of captions on the pictures by principal component analysis. As a result, in the forest, people recognize the place based on the knowledge of the forest or experience like forestry volunteer. On the other side, the recognition of the forest is also influenced by the components of the forest.

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the spatial structure and the characteristics of temporal change of the favored scenery based on a questionnaire survey of the citizen in Osaka City. As a result, the following becomes clear. About the characteristic of the favored scenery, many of the elements of "the figure" are the artificial things as a landmark. The natural objects such as the lay of the land and greenery become "the background" and support the scenery as the base. The viewpoints of these scenery are in the open space or on the bridge related the peculiar topography of Osaka. On the other hand, a mass of greenery can be the element of "the figure" even if "the figure" is the natural object. Regarding the temporal change of the scenery, it is important to preserve the viewpoints both in coastal area and on the plateau, as the citizens are fond of a natural phenomenon like a setting sun. Regarding the temporal change of the scenery in a year, the elements of the spring are limited to some plants like a cherry tree along the Okawa River. On the other hand, the elements of fall are limited to some plants like a ginkgo along the Midosuji Boulevard. Furthermore the various elements can be felt in this season.

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The urban environment of Tokyo had changed in Meiji era under the dramatic modernization. Landscape experience had also changed in parallel with the process above. The purpose of this article is to clarify the generation of landscape value, related with the change of the urban environment in those days. We analyzed representations of texts in 14 books of Meisho-bon, a guidebook for places of interest, in Edo and Meiji era. There were three characteristics. The one was the interest for structures. The landscape of modern structures was experienced with the same scheme as that of architectures of temples or shrines. The second was the interest for a row of houses along the street. In the middle of Meiji era, that kind of view disappeared in the process of urban development. Afterward, traditional style of old row of houses came to be regarded as beauty. The third was the interest for the townscape. In general, urban landscape of Edo and Meiji Era was principally formed by topographical properties, especially in Edo period. By the change of the urban structures in Meiji era, the beauty of townscape was discovered.

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This study aims to grasp historical change of the planning standards and the background thought of avenue from 1880's to 1940's. By analyzing the planning standards and the articles of journals dealing with thoughts of avenue planning, the followings are found out.
1. The focus point of the planning standards had changed thus: only setting the width of avenue in early years; disposing avenue network systematically; forming liner continuance; finally, minimizing the intersection points with roads.
2. The emphasizing point of the background thought about avenue had changed like this: designing patterns of avenue network system in early years; adapting liners to topography (by the reason why the weakness of the patterns was pointed out) ; fulfilling the function of transportation at last.
3. The background thoughts attaching importance to the relationship between avenue and zoning / architectures had not been reflected sufficiently in the planning standards.

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Tower Structures, such as electric wave towers or smokestacks, are often taken as local landmarks. In Tokyo and Osaka metropolis in Japan, Tokyo Tower and Tsutenkaku Tower are taken as typical cases. Each has observatory on its top and is introduced in many travel guidebooks. On the other hand, there may be some difference in images between of daily observers and of tourists.
This study aims to analyze symbolic property of these two tower structures considering each attribute of location or the period examinees have lived. Questionnaire experiment also permits the analysis of image held on pictures of two towers and of relation between attributes of location and symbolic property.
Findings of this study are as follows; (1) Strength of Symbolic Property of Tower Structures in farther regions from Osaka and Tokyo, (2) Decline of Symbolic Property for long-time residents (Landscape Integration) and (3) Intimate Connection of Image of Tsutenkaku Tower with the surrounding neighborhood.

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Recently the environmental, landscape and utility planning for restorative historic sites becomes an important issue from an aspect of contribution toward the regional development. This paper presents a basic study on an analysis of the sequential landscape for the restorative landscape planning in a historic site, the ruins of Oka castle. Five circulation routes in the castle site were selected as visitors' main routes, and the sequential photographs on each route were prepared. The semantic differential (SD) test and watching point test were carried out to the students by showing those photographs. As a result, all pictures of the sequential landscape were classified into "one point of attention" type, "wide range of attention" type and "whole range of eyesight" type. The relation between each type and the evaluative result of SD test was clarified. The characteristics of five routes were pointed out, while the landscape components along the routes were related to those types.

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Today , people have paid more attention to scenery in Japan. Scenery from trains is not exception. Some local governments mention about scenery from trains in their issue of landscape planning, though they are only statements without detailed plan. The aim of this study is to analyze characters of scenery from trains by comparing impressions on movies and a series of still pictures of scenery from the same train. The results are 1) scenery which locates 200 - 300 meters away showed more differences of impressions between movies and a series of still pictures of scenery, 2) scenery of cities showed more differences in 'perception of three dimensions' and 'changes', 3) scenery from trains is easily affected by surroundings. From these 3 results, some guidelines about diverse scenery from trains, which are urban, natural, and ever with train stations, can be proposed.

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The purpose of this study is showing relationship between the recognition of plants and animals and experiences in the nature. In this study, the recognition is regarded as the recollection in the childhood and the experiences is regarded as play and lifestyle in their childhood. First, the natural and social environments of Satoyama (including of forests, grasslands, ponds and streams) were gotten hold. As a result, the environment s were divided into times 3 types by playing spaces respond to the change of the times. Next, the kinds of plays in Satoyama and using plants and animals were cleared by the way that children asked their parents and grandparents about their childhood. The characters of the plays are catching animals, picking plants and gathering mushrooms and nuts, and that the character of the using is eating these. Finally, the results of examination of the relationship between recognition with experience are as follows. The recognition of insects are connected with catching and hearing chip, the recognition of birds are connected with catching, hearing chip and seeing, the recognition of small animals are connected with seeing, the recognition of plants are connected with picking, eating and seeing beautiful flowers.

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The study was undertaken to clarify the image structure of the Satoyama, which is a figure of open-spaces, in urban area and urban fringe of Northern part of Chiba Prefecture, Japan. First, we grasped the present condition interviewing the 14 local governments and 50 groups of citizen. And we understood that the local governments wanted to manage the open-spaces and, that the civic groups fear if they could continue their activity. Second, it aimed to confirm that the Satoyama images through using free association survey and image sketch survey in questionnaire for participants of Satoyama activity. Our results showed that Satoyama images have 4 patterns: the images are organized by country-side and plant space, waterside and animals, paddy fields and birds, or shrine and thickets. Additionally, we brought out the expectation for open-spaces on biological diversity. Finally, we made the Satoyama images clear partly.

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The purpose of this study is to bring to light the landscape structure of the Yato in Kamakura. It is a fortress city surrounded by hills on the three sides. The hills have various Yato which form and characterize the original landscape of Kamakura. I first of all prepared a map of the Yato in Kamakura, and I did classify the Yato into three different types. Of the Yato identified on the map, I selected Engakuji Yato for the object area as the case study of characteristic religious Yato. Following a study on the relation between the historical transition of Engakuji and Yato, I attempted to analyze the landscape structure of the Engakuji Yato from the standpoint of plane-level landscape and sequence landscape along the axis of Yato. To clarify the plane-level landscape, I made an inclination classification figure map. To clarify the sequence of landscape, I clarified the landscape structure by taking photos of the landscape and find out the area ratio of each landscape element. The above analysis led me to conclude that there are six characteristics with respect to the landscape structure of Engakuji Yato.

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We clarified traditional rural landscape patterns, by surveying present states of distribution, utility forms and landmark on isolated trees and small isolated woodlands of satoyama in the western side of Lake Biwa in Shiga Prefecture. Isolated trees and small isolated woodlands are intensively distributed around the villages and farming areas. There are distinct characteristics of landscapes, such as peculiar narrow places of the land, organization of the type of trees and location concerned with the historical structures. Isolated trees and isolated small woodlands are classified into 23 landscape patterns according to (1) the connection with natural environment of the land. (2) the connection with agriculture and forestry. (3) the connection with social utilization as the living space. (4) the connection with the historical and cultural structures. By studying the direction of the landmarks and the meaning of places, isolated trees and small isolated woodlands can be said that they have carried out important roles in composing satoyama landscape peculiar to the districts.

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In designing a park with hilly landscape, it is important to consider its geomorphological aspects in order to create a safe, easy-to-use park. GIS-based landform and scenic analysis were made in Michinoku Lakewood National Government Park for the purpose of assisting the park planning process. We evaluated the convenience of the park for its users from the standpoint of slope, aspect, viewshed, and accessibility. An overall evaluation was also conducted by summing all of these criteria.

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In recent years, the new system to conserve satoyama landscape is required. Satoyama landscape was formed until 1960's by local people using local resources in their daily lives. The objective of this study is to clarify the relationship between spatial structure and management by local community. The study areas are two local communities, in Shiga Town, Shiga Prefecture. We set the study time around 1930,because it is possible to analyze the way of fact-finding on the spot and literature and map. As a result there was a system, which managed and formed satoyama landscape by people living in the community. And they were included in the local community by age or by location of residence. Local people were obliged to manage routes which linked each local resource, and on which water or forest resources such as firewood, timber and grass were carried. Holy spaces such as Shinto shrines were located at the junction of each land use and mainly managed by local community. These systems were to form and maintain the satoyama landscape as one unit visually and mentally by the local community.

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This study aims to determine a suggested carrying capacity by determining a Minimum Comfort Distance and Standard Comfort Distance on peak and off-peak days in Ozegahara of Nikko National Park. The study also sought to understand other factors that could affect the results. We set up interviews on peak and off-peak days to measure the relationship between Minimum Comfort Distance and Standard Comfort Distance on each day. As a result, there was a tendency for people to prefer more distance on the off-peak day. The Minimum Comfort Distance to Standard Comfort Distance was 4 to12 meters per person on the peak day and 8 to 35 meters per person on the off-peak day. Major factors influencing these distance results were the amount of congestion respondents experienced while on park trails, trail length, and amount of time each respondent spent at the park on the peak day, and were the number of visiting times on off-peak day.

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This research is to clarify the characteristics of visitors' crowding perception on wooden path in natural wetland at Ozegahara, Nikko National Park. Authors experimented onsite and evaluated the landscapes with different numbers of visitors' from the same viewpoint. Analysis has taken by multiple regression analysis and other methodologies in order to test the evaluation method. Results are obtained as follows; experimented landscape has been classified into three zones by the distance and the distribution of visitors: near range (0-60m) , middle range (60-260m) , and far range (260m-) . And number of visitors was mainly evaluated from the distribution at middle range. Thirdly, middle range was relatively important as the impact of the crowding perception. Moreover, so far, multiple regression analysis is the convenient analyzer among some analysis methodologies.

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Too many visitors in natural parks threaten the quality of visitor experience as well as the integrity of natural and cultural resources. To identify the problems in natural parks caused by the utilization of the natural environments and to be able to solve the problems effectively, problem structuring is required. Therefore, it is very important to grasp the visitors consciousness structure based on the quality of the regional nature. The aims of this study are 1) to grasp the consciousness structure of climbers in Mt. Fuji, a symbol of Japan and 2) to structure the problems in Mt. Fuji climbing using Users Consciousness Structure Analysis (UCSA) with special emphasis on the problem of congestion. In the result, the elements of disamenity which lessen the satisfaction of visitors and the relationships among those elements were clarified. The group-climbers were identified near the core of the problems in Mt. Fuji climbing when the whole number of climbers was high. It was suggested that the deterioration of the quality of visitors experience in the crowded surroundings was strongly related to the group-climbing. These results could be applied to establish the ideal concept of an appropriate climbing in natural parks.

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In this study, the reservoirs renovated under the Oasis Upgrading Project were used as a case study in order to define challenges for their continuing management in cooperation with local residents and farmers. Interviews were conducted to gain an understanding of the current systems in terms of allocation of workforce and management costs to the local residents and farmers, which were thought to be important factors in managing the reservoirs. According to the results, the key points of successful management were as follows; (1) setting up a new management system so that local residents' groups, farmers, and other management associations can cooperate in managing the reservoirs; (2) choosing a representative from among the local residents to be in charge of secretarial work, which helps the new management system to work both effectively and continuously; and (3) establishing public organizations, such as Oasis Farm, which are expected to produce high profits. These organizations can help manage the reservoirs financially and ensure the system functions independently.

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The study aims to recognize the preservation methods of the sustainable familiarity in the replaced housing estates with many kinds of preserved or transported trees in various locations of the site by clarifying the change of the old residents favorite open space and trees between before and after replacing houses. The results show that there were many kinds of the old resident's favorite open space including there favorite trees and distributed here and there of the site before replacing. As there are many preserved and transported trees in the central plaza, the old residents like this plaza after replacing. It is important to preserve the various places that the residents can select by preserving the resident's favorite trees, transported trees and new trees that have the same image and also reconstructing the entrance or the plaza with them. There trees with distinctive shape were a favorite with old residents, even if it is a single planting formation. It is preserved the sustainable familiarity in the replaced housing estates when there is the sustainable variety of the place where the residents likes it can be chosen in the site.

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In order to explore children's consciousness of the changes in winter play spaces during the past 12 years, a questionnaire was delivered to elementary school students in Sapporo, in 2002. Our aim was to understand the reasons for the decrease in the frequency of outdoor play activities in winter. The results were as follows: (1) The frequency of outdoor play activities decreased during the past 12 years, as well as the willingness to play outside in winter. (2) In the case of positive parents attitudes towards outdoor play activities in winter, the frequency of outdoor play activities of their children was higher compared to parents with negative attitudes. (3) Compared to 12 years ago, the frequency of playing on roads and barren grounds decreased, and the mostly used play spaces in winter were parks and dwelling surroundings. (4) There were no changes in the frequency of playing in parks during the past 12 years, therefore availability of parks proves to have an important role even during the winter season. According to the results, for the future planning of winter playgrounds, we have to consider not only the facilities (tangibles) , but also the management (intangibles) of these spaces.

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When the public works including the city parks are carried out, the benefit-cost analysis is needed to secure their propriety. In this paper, neighboring city parks were economically evaluated using the conjoint analysis, focusing attention on city-parks characteristics that a city park consist of various elements, and become unique space, such as a childs playground and wildlifes habitat, depending on the elements. The questionnaires were carried out with the two-type of sheets, one described the parks elements by facilities, and the other did it by functions. As a result, following matters were shown. 1) The function sheet was effective more than the facilities sheet. 2) Natural element got highest evaluation in the both sheets. 3) Willingness to pay in poor green area is higher than that in rich green area.

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In recent years, the people tend to be interested in flowers. Therefore, park managers must establish the method in order that park visitors are offered the place and the opportunity that appreciate flowers sufficiently. The purpose of this study is to develop the method of landscaping with flowers effective on the promotion of utilization in national government parks (NGPs) . This study shows that landscaping with flowers are related to the number of park visitors, the diversity or the activation of park utilization and surrounding of the park. From the analysis on dimension and contents of flower gardens or borders, the number of events, public relations and citizen activities with flowers in eleven NGPs, the characteristics of landscaping with flowers discovered. Consequently it is confirmed that following knowledge is significance of park management. Landscaping with flowers helps its. 1) to increase park visitors, 2) to diversify how to use the park, 3) to conserve the environment , 4) to collaborate with surrounding of the park

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The questionnaire was carried out to the residents who are performing flower cultivation in beds of roadside tree in northern kyoto-city, and they were asked about aim of growing plants, evaluation of cultivation, the frequency and kinds of growing management. Consequently, it was shown by the store located in that plants cultivation in the street space in a residential area is positive, or a neighboring business district that the private management person of a store is enjoying plants cultivation. The residents who grow plants in street space announced the plant to a passerby or neighboring residents, and expecting the exchange with people who led plant cultivation was also shown. Furthermore, the questionnaire to a passerby showed that the plant which neighboring residents grew was bearing a wing, which forms the green of a town, and the necessity for the plant cultivation support by administration was suggested.

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Over the past few decades, the concern with management of historic landscape has been growing. This paper is a comparative study about management of historic landscape in both of Korean and Japanese traditional villages. The purpose of this study is to clear up the management style of historic landscape in two countries based on the Cultural Properties Protection Act. The subjects of this study are Andong hahoe village in Korea and Shirakawa ogimachi village in Japan. As the result of comparative study, characters of Historic landscape management in two villages are figured out. The management of the historic landscape of Andong Hahoe village is characterized as restriction for preservation from the total village to single element. On the other hand, the management of the historic landscape of Shirakawa ogimachi village is characterized as mediation for combination of historic buildings with places of involvement. On the basis of the result, this paper discusses the problems related to the historic landscape managements of two villages.

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Nowadays, conversation of nature is mainly about animal and plant. However, in Japan, natural feature is also an important factor. For example, there are small mountains which have relation with hamlet as the object of belief. Therefore we may pay serious attention to that. In this study, we analyzed hamlets with and without mountains as objects of belief, (We define those 2 cases as "Believing hamlet" and "Unbelieving hamlet" respectively) , in Murayama Basin. As a result, we could find that. 1) The rate of Believing hamlet is about 20%. 2) Mountain that is believed by hamlet (Believed mountain) is a small and near the Believing hamlet. 3) The Believing hamlet is placed on the point that is the nearest by the Believed mountain in hamlets around it. 4) In case Believing hamlet is not the nearest, practically, it is placed on more ideal viewpoint to see the Believed mountain than the Unbelieving hamlets around it. 5) There are not mountains that have features like Believed mountain around Unbelieving hamlets. These findings are summarized that it is only Believing hamlet that is pointed.

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This paper presents the process and mechanism of the phenomenon in which a person who has moved into a new environment begins to picture the landscape of his or her hometown as "the archetypal landscape". After examining the theoretical framework of this phenomenon, the paper presents a survey of this topic with attention paid to attitude intensity, and considers the processes of formation of and value production of the archetypal landscape. As a result of the work presented here, it was understood that the formation process of the archetypal landscape is one in which "self" and "place" become unified so as to seem to the person as if the landscape is part of his or her being. On the other hand, the production of value of the archetypal landscape was understood as a process through which the totality of the place the person lived in heretofore is viewed as an object; this process typically occurs when the person moves into a new environment. Moreover, it was considered that, in establishing the archetypal landscape, both the processes of formation and value production are necessary. The paper also considers and explains the mechanism behind preservation of self-identity through these processes.

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Recently, peoples' concern for forests has risen every year. The state is shifting to new forest maintenance that identity the people as subject. For this, people should be positively related with the state of forest and the information on the forest should be shared with the public. This study was carried out to develop the User Interface (UI) that used movie acquired from Robot-Camera by the Cyber Forest project. Two design-D1: Choice Design and D2: Comparison display Design from the feature of forest movie were created. When D1 and D2 both carried information about forest, an effective design was clarified by the experiment that used UI, and, it was aimed to obtain the findings concerning the design of UI. D1, D2, and D3 were effective design to develop UI that used the forest movie with the feature and to make people interested in the forest. It was clarified especially that D3 was an effective design for the specialist in this research. It is thought that the place of the information exchange of the specialist mainly composed of the forest and the people can be maintained by applying the UI design obtained from this research, and image information on the forest opened to the public will be shared by the development of an information basic technology in the future.

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In order to present a model of regional bioresource utilization and recycling system in medium-scale local city, amount of potential bioresource supply was estimated in Saku City, Nagano Prefecture, Central Japan. Potential supply of 1) woody resources, 2) agricultural residues and livestock wastes and 3) garbage and human wastes were estimated by using GIS and statistical data. The degree of self-sufficiency of lumber used in timber construction in the city was estimated to be 30% with sustainable forest management. It was also estimated that 63% of domestic heat energy use would be supported by woody biomass energy and biogass generated from livestock wastes, garbage and human wastes. In addition, manure made from residues generated after methane fermentation would support more than 100% of total nitrogen input to the agricultural lands. Based on these results, an example of regional bioresource recycling system model was presented and feasibility of the system was discussed in relation to current status of bioresource utilization in Saku City.

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In order to clarify the potentiality of roof greenery revaluating from such construction forms as the higher multistoried ferroconcrete building and the lower residential house in urban area, the research was conducted by analyzing from aerial photographs and GIS data, in Fukuoka City, Kyushu. As the study areas, from 3 different type zones such as the central business and office zone, residential housing zone and the mixed zone, each 2 sample areas were selected at totally 6. Since the weight capacity is controlled by the law, the potentiality of roof greenery was revalued according to each construction type, and suitable greenery way within using grand-cover plants or shrubs were adopted them. The results are as follows: It was become apparent that every 3 type areas showed the similar potentiality of roof greenery around 30% of each total ground area. Furthermore, in case of the central business and office zone, since there were many multistoried ferroconcrete buildings, 44.1% of the roof greenery potentiality showed a possibility of using shrubs. Even in the zones and the residential housing zones, roofs of school and shopping buildings were considered to be able to allow using shrubs.

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This study touches upon the spatial characteristics of the traditional commercial district in Tokyo. Sugamo Jizou-doori District was taken as a research area where a commercial zone, temple precincts and street stalls were amalgamated to shape over laying structure of a comprehensive commercial district. Analysis of the structural and spatial change of the shopping street, the temple and the street stalls were conducted to show the characteristics of Japanese traditional mixed district with commercial activities of ordinal commerce, religious and out-economic bodies. As a result, it was made clear that the multiple functions of this district promoted by the comprehensive behavioral feature among the shopping street, the temple and the street stalls has become weak since 1950s when the temple changed into the famous tourist resort.

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The purpose of this paper is to define the charasteristic of women`s activity and the gender hierarchy in alternative movement process, on the case of the artery projects in Nishisuma district in Kobe City after Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake. The investigation are the process of 10 groups` activities, the characteristic of "Housewives Group" and the members` evaluation of their activities. The followings are made clear out of the study. 1: "Housewives Group" built social capital and community participation. 2: They practice based on their life style, which is related with gender role assignment. And they committed many people who had the barriers to participate with community activities as they were. 3: They recognize that they must keep on community organization in their movement. But they feel the barriers due to gender hierarchy in community. Otherside, they evaluate their new role in community, which is different from gender hierarchy, and this role offers them the motivation for their activity.

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In China various activities in daily life are traditionally performed outside of the houses. These outdoor activities have been established as a part of the Chinese lifestyle. However, these traditional residential areas are now disappearing, and new Western style apartments are being built. This survey was carried out in Wuhan city in China, to compare outdoor activities in four residential areas which were developed in different time for different purposes, and to investigate the residents' evaluation for their outdoor activities. Observation of outdoor activities and inquiry to the residents were performed. As a result, there were many activities promoting community interactions in the open spaces of urban residential areas, regardless of their time developed. On the other hand, in the suburbs, outdoor activities were more personal ones. The residents in urban area frequently ate breakfast out, and they were satisfied with the quality of meal stands, although they thought there were hygienic problems. In suburbs, quality of meal stands was evaluated not satisfactory. We suggest introducing the meal stands, which are designed well to match landscape and cleared hygienic problems, in the open space of the suburb residential area. We think that such an open space will encourage community interactions.

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This paper is aim to clarify the relation between a landowner and a conversion method in the conversion process of the un-intensive & unused land into pocket park, and to clarify an effect and a problem of having converted such land into pocket park in Adachi-ku. The administration appeals to the landowner for offer of un-intensive & unused land actively, and is undertaking the project secure such land as a pocket park site. It is cleared that Petit-Terrace system has the effect complemented in the arrangement of the park in a built-up area by consulting a map and questionnaire, and that conversion methods differ according to the category of landowner such as individual, corporation and administration, and management organizations differ according to conversion methods by interview to the person in charge. When an un-intensive & unused land is converted into pocket park by inhabitant's suggestion such as a part of the community design activities, it comes to manage by the organization, which can cope with the problem to generate flexibly. It was examined that defining the role of Petit-Terrace in the whole area was the effective means to cope with various problems after conversion.

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This study aimed at analyzing urban open space from the view point of "Slow Space" which was introduced by Bell & Leong in their architectural review. At the first, this study has extended the definition of "Slow Space" according to the past philosophical ideas about "Time", "Space" and "Human Existence". It revealed the importance to see the urban open space from this definition to revive the subjectivity of human beings to the environment. From the case study of the research by questionnaires, interviews and workshops in Chiba-city, some characteristics of "Slow Space" were found: such as natural open spaces, waste land, declined shopping street, topology of redevelopment project, etc. Residents are passive to those environmental change but they may revive their subjectivity to those open space (Slow Space) reminding their mental temporality from some remaining parts of those spaces and their memories accompanied with an effect of dramaturgy.

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Calling attention to the utility options of river space, a valuable open space in the city, is an important issue. As one measure, it is necessary to understand the existing condition of the environment that serves as an access to the waterside. Thereupon, this study grasps the local resources as well as problems of the waterside area in addition to examining issues ranging from the understanding of the regional inhabitants to the complete equipment of the waterside environment, with special focus on how public access to a waterside should be. As a result, it has become clear that rather than physically improving the access environment, the existence of an appealing waterside is more important. Furthermore, by applying the local resources of both the city and waterside, a consolidated plan involving not only the river space but also the city as a backdrop is also important.

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We surveyed to clarify residents' inclination to coexistence with wild mammals and management of the habitat environment in urban area using mail-in survey. First, we analyzed the residents' attitude for wild mammals through Principal component analysis and Cluster analysis. We classified the residents' into four types; (1) A positive group to coexist with various mammals, (2) A positive group to coexist with "adorable mammals", (3) A positive group to coexist with "well-recognized mammals", (4) A negative group to coexist with various mammals. The residents in groups (2) and (3) tended to hope to coexist with the "adorable mammals" and "well-recognized mammals". At the next step, we examined the inclination to management of the habitat environmental elements for wild mammals at every residential environment. The factors to be expected in urban area most are the evergreen forest, the coppice wood, the grassland like Japanese pampas grassland, the farmland and the waterside. These factors are supposed to be embodied in the satoyama environment.

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Recently citizen participation has been desired for Satoyama landscape planning. It is necessary to understand the differences in the conscious structure of the residents for landscape planning of large regions. In this study we compared the conscious structure of the residents of Mt Tennou for Satoyama landscape with that of one of Mt Otoko in the Southwest area of Kyoto Prefecture. The housing development of Mt Otoko is extensive but that of Mt Tennou is not. Due to their close proximity these sites have influenced each other with their landscape. The covariance structure model showed us that there are causal relationships between "the consciousness of landscape conservation" and "the evaluation of the present situation", "the importance of the function", "the image of the landscape". We confirmed that the figure of structural means of "the consciousness of landscape conservation" of the residents of Mt Otoko is lower than that of Mt Tennou by multiple-group analysis.

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In "nature-rich residence area" which has rich nature and makes a new lifestyle possible, it has been a subject to explore concrete directivity of a rural planning. This research is using method of examination on the future nature-rich resident through the comparison of the plan of the self-governing body and the consciousness structure of the people who lived by the promotion plan, targeting Tajima area of Hyogo Prefecture. As a result, it was highly evaluated for item of enjoy the blessing of the nature and achieve self-realization, but it was lower evaluated for item of interaction with local residents. It is necessary to make a structure that various citizens stay at the area temporarily and permanently, through the interchange with local residents such as green tourism and experience in the local way of life, from now on.

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This paper proposes an analysis and evaluation method for the openspace planning, based on the watershed unit and the common data. We studied on a scale of 1 : 2,500, the basic scale of the city planning. The common data means the spatial information that is digitally available. Using the GIS, we defined small watershed units in Yokohama city in a formalized manner and created a database that shows the qualities and quantities of openspaces and the geographical character of each small watershed. For the common data, we used the digital map 50m grid (elevation) (50mDEM) . Small watersheds were further classified into several groups by the ratio of forest and farmland to analyze the environment of green open spaces of the small watershed unit in the upper stream of the Katabira river. Our method gives a comprehensive view of the openspace planning and facilitates the understanding of the characteristics of the urban fringe areas, where the conflict between urban developments and the natural conservation exists.

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In this paper, I discussed the question of the first Garden Suburb in UK and to make clear the characteristics of greenery landscape of Merton Park near Wimbledon in London. The results obtained from these studies are summarized as follows. Merton Park's first houses were five years earlier than Bedford Park 1875. Merton Park claims the title of 'the original garden suburb'. However Bedford Park and also Merton Park were speculative development, which lacked any real social aim in its foundations therefore; the garden suburb concept had not yet emerged at the end of the 19th centuries. So, we can say that both are the Victorian railway suburbs, but not the garden suburb. Merton Park was to become a rich and attractive greenery landscape community which consist of some varied housing set grass, trees and shrubs, especially the holly hedges were all selected by John Innes who was founder of Merton Park.

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This study refer to the characteristic feature of the spatial change of the agro-forests attached to the farmers residential unit in Santome-Shinden district in Saitama prefecture. This district is famous for its formal land division pattern of residence-farm-forest unit. The change of spatial pattern was analyzed through images expressing the relation of land ownership and degree of maintenance activity. Over laying method including land use activity map, aerial photograph and actual use activity map was used for judging the extent of qualitative feature of the management activity of forest land. It was made clear that the relation of degree of managed qualty can be shown by the length of distance to the lot from residence, and the extent of absentee of landlord on the site is strongly related with the degree of roughness in the context of landscape of subdivision lot of individual copse.

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Rural historical landscape, in Italy as in other developed countries, is being reduced to very few areas, due not only to urban development but mainly to the changes introduced by modern agriculture systems and uncontrolled building growth. The purpose of this study is to work out a method for the discovering of those parts of historical landscape still preserved, digitally processing ancient maps. A further aim is to evaluate the different features of historical landscape with a view to its preservation and management. To achieve these aims, the study uses an interdisciplinary approach, referring to disciplines such as landscape archaeology and air photo interpretation. The method worked out has allowed the discovering of three areas where rural landscape has not undergone to too many changes since 1713. A second result is the classification of 59 spot areas with peculiar elements of historical landscape. The study has been carried out on an area located in the north east region of Italy, with an area of approximately 15 by 10 Km, known once upon a time as "the pearl of Veneto".

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Amanohashidate is an outstanding landscape in Miyazu, Kyoto Prefecture, which is based on natural forms of a sand spit and row of pine trees, harmonizing natural and human elements. At the same time, it has played a role as a unique local landscape in the daily lives of the local people. In this study, we clarified features of the historical landscape in Amanohashidate and its subsequent changes after the Meiji period, focusing on (1) changes in the sand spit and pine rows of Amanohashidate, and (2) changes in the view points and landscapes of Amanohashidate. Also, we evaluated the landscapes of the local people, and discussed future landscape management of the area. Resulting from the evaluation, it can be seen that the local people are strongly attached to their landscapes, which are close and frequently used in their daily lives. They take a strong interest in not only the scenery, but also the quality of the environment. They wish to have both the conservation and the recovery of pine groves and landmark trees, which are nearby and representative of their local environment. On the other hand, we found differences in the desired landscapes and feeling of different residential areas especially with newly developed landscapes.

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Even if the coast is specified to be a nature park, people use the park which doesn't keep with the impressive natural landscape. So in order to keep this impressive natural environment, the research is aimed at establishing and planning for the conservation regeneration levels of the coast in GENKAI Quasi-National Park. This research is based on a historical poem that clarifies the landscape elements and a geographical map that measures the patterns of the existing coastal landscape. There are 42 areas that are set up at the basin, mouth-of-the-river and the detached islands. The present characteristic conditions are based on the accessibility of the road, the coast, the rate of the natural conditions as well as measured regions of short, middle and long distances. The relationship between these planning units is aimed to provide the coast with the necessary levels of conservation and regeneration based on the above research, the existing coastal landscape and necessity of the ecological unit.

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The purpose of this study was to clarify the present situation of paddy field walling, and farmer and local government attitudes towards conservation in three rural villages in Fukuoka Prefecture. From a questionnaire sent to the farmers and interviews with local government, the following results were ascertained. Some farmers and local governments aim to conserve their rural landscapes, including stone walls, through new founded grant system, the Tanada owner system of city dwellers, and volunteers. However, a majority of farmers answered positively for the repair using concrete as it was expected to relieve the workload.

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