Journal of The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture
Online ISSN : 1348-4559
Print ISSN : 1340-8984
ISSN-L : 1340-8984
Volume 68, Issue 5
Landscape Research Japan
Displaying 1-50 of 126 articles from this issue
  • Maiko HIRASAWA
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 365-368
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The purpose of this study is to clarify relationship of arrangements between the garden lantern and the buildings in Byodo-in garden. Garden lanterns, since ancient times, have been offered Buddhist tribute in center positions in front of the main temple building that enshrined some Buddhist statues. In this study, based on some examples of arrangements of garden lanterns in ancient Buddhist temples, it could be pointed out the following two features in arrangement of the garden lantern in front of Houo-do; (i) it was affected the arrangement of the garden lantern by that there spread the Aji-ike pond, (ii) as it was decided the location of the garden lantern of Byodo-in garden, it seems to have been considered the ratio of the distance between the lantern and two buildings, that is, Houo-do and Ko-gosho which had been located against Houo-do across the Aji-ike pond for resting or looking Houo-do but had already been lost. As a result, the arrangement of the garden lantern of Byodo-in garden was not only under the category of ancient Buddhist temples but also had an original feature. Furthermore, based on the considered above, it could be referred changes of arrangements of garden lanterns in the process which garden lanterns of ancient Buddhist temples had been accepted to Jodo temples.
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  • Kenkichi ONO
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 369-372
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Luis Frois (1532 - 1597), a Portuguese Catholic missionary, described some gardens of temples and mansions in Kyoto which he visited in 1565, in his work History of Japan. Through the examination of the description, I offer the following interpretation that could enrich the image of the late 16th century gardens and their social function in Kyoto:
    1) Pruning technique, which Frois referred to as a kind of topiary in the article on the mansion garden of the Ashikaga shogun, might have been originally developed in Japan by this age.
    2) A dry landscape garden of a monastery of the Daitokuji temple had flowers of four seasons as components, which suggests that it might have been more usual at that time for a dry landscape garden to have flowers as components than in the Edo period.
    3) Some gardens were well maintained and might have functioned as a relaxation place, a kind of tourism resource and a symbol of the order, in spite of the fact that it had been troublous age for one hundred years.
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  • Wei LI
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 373-376
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Former studies on Koishigawa Koraku-en garden have traced its historical transformation and have obtained good outcomes in investigating its design, and the arrangement and characteristic of its parts. However, these researches have been concentrated on the internal landscape of the garden and the examination of the idea aspect that it bears. The location of Koraku-en and the scenery viewing from the garden have rarely been discussed. Whether or not there is viewing scenery is not only a matter that concerns the appreciations of the garden but also exerts influences on the usage of the garden and the owner's view towards the garden. Without the elucidation of this issue, I suppose that on no account we could properly evaluate the structure and design of Koraku-en. Based on documentary records, especially historical sources written in Chinese, this study examines the location of Koraku-en and discusses whether or not there were acts of viewing towards the outside of the garden and intentional uses of borrowed scenery (Shakkei) in Koraku-en's early days.
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  • Michita FURUYAMA, Tsutomu HATTORI, Isoya SINJI
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 377-380
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Shiki-an Garden (Negishi, Taito Ward in Tokyo) is a garden inside the residence where Shiki MASAOKA (a superior haiku poet in the Meiji era) had lived for about 9 years from 1894 (the year 27 in the Meiji era) before he passed away by the vertebra caries of disease in 1902 (the year 35 in the Meiji era). In this research, it emerged the garden's sort, form, position and terms of plants and facilities in the garden, from some analyses about 398 articles of Shiki's essays, poems (haiku, tanka, and new-style poetry), pictures, letters, reminiscence notes of his pupils, old garden photos and pictures. In addition, I made 9 ground plans year by year which are re-creating garden scenes in his life. As a result, this garden was classified into three kinds of era, and had each of different garden scenes. It also could be inferred that a progress of garden scenes considerably concerns with a growth of his disease and a change in his view.
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  • Takashi AWANO
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 381-384
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In the last several years, an explosion of papers argue about Japanese modern landscape, there are design of residential gardens, policies of park and landscape of resort and so on. This paper clarifies the formation period of semi-western gardens in Tokyo during the Meiji period and its spatial characteristics, particularly Shiba-niwa (lawn garden), by analyzing the trends in western house construction and relationship between building layout and garden design within premises. The result leads to the following hypothesis. The formation period of Shiba-niwa style overlaps with the period of western building construction boom around the mid-Meiji period (1882 - 1902). The concept of Shiba-niwa was to integrate the juxtaposed arrangement of Japanese and western buildings, typical building layout in modern residential spaces, into coherent landscapes with simple combination of spacious lawns and gently meandering paths, that is a remarkable characteristic reflecting the modernization of traditional garden design.
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  • Hiroyuki SAITO, Tsutomu HATTORI, Isoya SINJI
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 385-388
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    At the Shonai district in Yamagata Prefecture, the northern region of Honshu, there were six huge landowners gardens (relief works garden below) constructed for the needy tenantry during the bad harvest and for the unemployed during the wintertime. Then, this study showed how the relief works garden at the Shonai district developed under the social policies which are called relief works. As a result, the factor that the landowner garden had been grown was integrated into following three points; (1) a longing for making the landowner garden, (2) a necessity of relief works, (3) a surrounding of snowy country. As to the meanings of the landowner garden, I consider there was, in terms of a garden construction, the social policy-side which is causing an increase in the opportunity of employment for the tenantry and stevedore. There also was, in terms of gardening, a meaning of the principles of Landscape Architecture which is snowy country as the utilization of regional condition.
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  • Yukari IHARA
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 389-394
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This study is the first trial to verify how the function and character of the Ritsurin-Park, which already lost the inherent function of the Daimyo-Garden at the time of Meiji Restoration, has been changed thoroughly since then through up to now, with respect to the social background, utilized form and spatial structure. And hence, in this paper, based upon our empirical fact-findings and verifications, we are to re-evaluate the characteristics of the present Ritsurin-Park, and also to find some clues to meaningful policy-recommendations on how to arrange and utilize it in the future. If we consider the historical details and/or circumstances of the Ritsurin-Park, which was originally brought forth by opening the former Daimyo-Garden to the public, the following two main different viewpoints should be taken into account. Namely one is the way of thinking on conserving the historical heritage as the garden, the other is the way of thinking on adding something new to it as the park. Therefore, we must consider how to harmonize such conflicting viewpoints as a historical garden or as current and modern park for furthermore arrangement of the park.
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  • Akihito SASAYA, Yoritaka TASHIRO, Takeshi KINOSHITA
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 395-400
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The purpose of this study is to clarify the intension of the establishment of hiyokechi, a fire-break open spaces of Edo Town, through actually evaluating the function for fire prevention and its movement of them in a time series. As a result, it was confirmed that the followings. Most of fire-break open spaces of Edo town have enough efficiency for preventing a fire at the fist stage. Among these open spaces, especially the ones connecting with canals or waters have enough efficiency for large-scale fire prevention. And the functions for fire prevention of the fire-break open spaces of An-ei period are most efficient and they tend to continue to exist afterwards. Therefore, one may say that the previous related studies result that the understanding to the fire-break open spaces function for fire prevention was established in this period was also supported in the aspect of spatial function. However the fire-break open spaces with enough efficiency for fire prevention are restricted to establish at the places for preventing spreading fire to Edo castle. It was substantiated that the intension of the establishment of the fire-break open spaces in An-ei and An-sei periods had been specialized to the purpose to prevent the spreading fire to Edo castle.
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  • Kyoko SHIKANAI, Hirotaka FURUSAWA, Mikiko ISHIKAWA
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 401-406
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This paper analyzes how the riverbank area along the Furukawa River has been evolved since it was officially registered as Kashi in the Meiji era. The evolution of kashi is analyzed from the point of view of land use and ownership. Three kashi, Shibashinbori-kashi, Kitakanasugi-kashi and Minamikanasugi-kashi were investigated. To fully understand the diversity of each kashi, kashichi (each lot of kashi) maps in 1882 and kashichi license documents from 1882 and 1889 were used as the main reference sources. The evolution is analyzed in four periods: pres-Shikukaisei, post-Shikukaisei, post-Great Kanto Earthquake and post-World War II. It was initially decided by law in the Edo era that kashi should remain as open space areas for off-loading. The kashi along the Furukawa River were used differently from that of the center part of Tokyo. Its roles were more to support the backstage of the city of Tokyo with the citys primary industries, sewer system and garbage disposal system. Kashi existed as off-loading places even after WWII in the Showa era. They are still used as mooring and boarding places and many of them still belong to the Metropolis of Tokyo in the Heisei era.
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  • Masanori NISHIDA
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 407-410
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The paper considers characteristics of mountain representation that people captured in the gaze upon mountains, through analyses of the descriptions of the travel accounts and so on, in the Edo Era. It surveys first characteristics of mountain representation from ancient times to medieval times, in order to point out characteristics of the Edo Era more clearly. The analyses are done to the next by extracting the descriptions of 5 mountains, Mt. Tateyama, Mt. Daisen, Mt. Unzendake, Mt. Asozan, and Mt. Kirishimayama, from 6 travel accounts and so on, in the Edo Era, and by judging the descriptions from 4 standards of religious representation, historical representation, literary representation, and landscape representation. In consequence of these analyses, the paper shows, as characteristics of mountain representation of the travel accounts and so on in the Edo Era, that sense representation which consisted of religious and historical representation became more than a half, that landscape representation of the Edo Era increased considerably as compared with ancient and medieval times, and that literary representation of the mountains decreased extremely as compared with plain parts and seashore parts.
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  • Ryohei ONO
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 411-416
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    "Landscape" is a phenomenon between external world and human being. The generations or changes of landscapes are caused by not only the changes of physical aspects of external world, but also the changes of the factor of peoples way of seeing. This study aims to discuss the change of landscapes of rural forest in Japan that is often described as the Japanese Homeland landscape. What historical processes have generated such kind of landscape images among Japanese up to the present days? On one hand, changes of the visual features of forest in Japan were investigated based on the statistics of the government. On the other hand, governments policies regarding images of landscape recognitions were also examined. It is supposed that after the end of the Meiji era, a policy so called Local Improvement Movement held by the government, have strongly affected the generation of Japanese Homeland landscape. This kind of landscape could be described as some institution, that seems not to be used easily for landscape design without any consideration.
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  • Naoko FUJITA, Ryohei ONO, Yoichi KUMAGAI
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 417-420
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    "Shasoh" is the peculiar forest spaces in Japan. The objective of our study is to make clear the meanings, significance, evaluations, and transition of Shasoh in a process of legislation of National Monuments. The period of research was from the Meiji Era to the early Syowa, and research method was using the journals named National Monuments to examine how they recognized the preservation system for national monuments. In the early period, it was observed that Shasoh was recognized not only as the forests with excellent scientific value but also as the space implying the combined value. Additionally, some of Shinto shrines were abolished and others were merged by government in this age. The research detected in those journals and other articles that SHIRAI Mitsutaro emphasized the value of Shasoh against that. However, the point of view to see the meaning of complicated values with Shasoh has vanished, on the other hand, Shasoh has become to be recognized as the place of botanical meanings.
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  • Ren LIDI, Masato TAKAGI, Mitsuru SENDA
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 421-424
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In Chinese Imperial Garden in Beijing and its outskirts, there are long ro-spaces along the lakeside. Many users walk on ro-spaces and enjoy the sights, with some stops or having seats on the rails of ro-spaces. We can recognize that especially many people sit on the rails to see the sights and enjoy derivative behaviors like taking the rests, eating and conversations. We analysed the density of peoples stay at ro-spaces by the video obsevations in Summer Palace (Yihe Yuan), Beihai Park in Beijing and Mountain Resort in Chengde. Vivid sights do not offer at continuous similar spaces, but we could recognize many peoples stay in long distance at ro-spaces close by water. Even a long ro-space, we can plan the points of dense stay of people by the design elements like rise and fall, curved lines and change of the distance from water.
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  • Dan ZHU, Toshitaro MINOMO
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 425-430
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The subject of this research is the historical changes in the Summer Palace, and its role as well as the site planning in each era. In particular, the research identified the historically layered aspects of the process of creating vistas at the Summer Palace. This research is unique because it traces the transformation of the Summer Palace over the past 250 years and searches for the attributes of each age in the site plan. This research examines the changes that occurred in each era by determining the changes in the Summer Palace through the study of texts, an on-site survey, and an analysis of old plans and photographs. The history of the Summer Palace was divided into three periods: the Jar Hill and West Lake period (1271 to 1751), the Garden of Clear Ripples period (1751 to 1888), and the Summer Palace period (1888 to the present). Specifically, site planning of the Summer Palace was classified into the categories of Changes in Hills, Lakes; Changes in Architectures; Changes in Excursion Courses; and Changes in the Relationship with the Surrounding Landscape. An analysis of the changes in site planning and vistas in each period was made in accordance with this, and the historically layered aspects in the site planning for the Summer Palace identified.
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  • Su-chi YANG
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 431-434
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The purpose of this study is to make clear the background and real conditions of gardens erected during the Japanese Colonization of Taiwan. Compared with the period before the Japanese Colonization, activer gardens erection held during the Japanese Colonization. Under the life needs of colonists, lots of gardens were erected accompanied with the construction of official residence gardens which were standard by colonial government, Japanese style hotel, high-class Japanese-style restaurants, and so on. Particular upper class of Taiwan was involved in gardens erection like as the period before the Japanese Colonization, and it was not still spread to the public. Gardens erected during this period include Chinese style gardens as a patrimony from traditional Chinese culture, western style gardens with the communication of modern western culture, and Japanese style gardens as the culture of colonist. Among them, Japanese style gardens were most popular between Japanese governor and Taiwanese people. Under the policies about digestion and citizens of Japanese Emperor, Japanese style life established itself into the Taiwanese social and influenced on the garden erection of Taiwanese. The image and compositions of Japanese style garden in Taiwan are not discussed in this paper, and will be the next issue.
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  • Ryujiro KONDO
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 435-438
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This research aims at grasping the organizing and development process of miniature pilgrimage courses in Japanese society of Hawaii. For the result of the field survey in Hawaii, we found the miniature pilgrimage courses in Lawaii and Waimea village on Kauai islands and also in Paauilo and Holoaroa villages on Hawaii Islands are related to 88-kasho. Based on interviews and historical materials analysis we examined the historical relationship of the society to the pilgrimage courses. Although Hawaii's plantation system provided a hard life for immigrant workers, at the same time the islands were the site of unprecedented cultural autonomy for Japanese immigrants. They confidently transplanted their traditions to their new home. Buddhist temples sprung up on every plantation, many of which also had their own resident Buddhist priest. The initiators of the pilgrimage courses were ones of those priests. We guess the initiators were influenced from the miniature pilgrimage courses in Suo-Ohsima Island, Yamaguchi prefecture, because many Japanese immigrants came from this Islands. Finally, in the case of Lawai, we clarified the new movement of shifting the meaning of the miniature pilgrimage courses from the sacred Buddhist site to the global healing site by the local community actions.
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  • Chika TAKAHASHI, Mikiko ISHIKAWA
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 439-444
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The purpose of this study is to bring to light the landscape structure of the Yato in Kamakura. It is a fortress city surrounded by hills on the three sides. The hills have various Yato which form and characterize the original landscape of Kamakura. Of the Yato identified on the map, I selected Kenchoji Yato for the object area as the case study of the characteristic religious Yato. Following a study on the relation between the historical transition of Kenchoji and Yato, I attempted to analyze the landscape structure of the Kenchoji Yato from the standpoint of the plane-level landscape and the sequence landscape along the axis of Yato. To clarify the plane-level landscape, I made an inclination classification figure map. To clarify the sequence of landscape, I clarified the landscape structure by taking photos of the landscape and find out the area ratio of each landscape element. The above analysis led me to conclude that there were six characteristics with respect to the landscape structure of Kenchoji Yato.
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  • Kazunobu UCHIDA
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 445-450
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In last year I guessed that the plans of the Imperial Audience Hall of State Compound were made by the bureau of astrology, calendar and divination ONMYOU-RYOU. On this paper I guessed the design concept and the thought with three enigmatic findings in the Imperial Audience Hall of State Compound. In the Fujiwara Palace, lotus pattern on the round eaves tiles compare the cosmos, and intertwining floral pattern on the flat eaves tiles express divinations outlook on the world. In Nara Palace, the ornament tile of the earthen wall with brick tiles on the former imperial Audience Hall of state compound express the brilliant sunshine, which is an auspicious sign .In Naniwa Palace, the concentric circle design on the round eaves tiles compare the cosmos just like the astronomical chat of mural of Kitora Tomb, and its reverse figure right express the secure of peace on the world. The other flat eaves tiles compare the cosmos, its figure + express the center of the eccentric circle (ecliptic).
    I think that the meanings of these findings are related to ONMYOU-RYOU and the ideology of the Rituryo state that conjecture was justified by this study on the findings in the Imperial Audience Hall of State Compound.
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  • Tatsuhiko MINODA, Akio KUROYANAGI
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 451-456
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In recent years, a waterfront space is recognized like the existing green space. Furthermore, a waterfront space is accepted as a city axis and city planning is performed. Making many a river into a shinsui park are seen. From now on, it is thought that shinsui parks improvement continues to be advanced. When planning future shinsui parks improvement, I think that it is necessary to grasp the present condition. Then, this research understood the situation of shinsui parks improvement of the Tokyo wards, and the theme in a shinsui parks improvement, and the subject was clarified. shinsui parks improvement of the Tokyo surveillance is the target of improvement of the habitation environment of area. However, many partial improvement are advanced. From now on, the improvement whose people can enjoy use of the water of a shinsui park will be required.
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  • Keiko OSHIDA, Masae YAMADA, Akiharu KAMIHOGI
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 457-462
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This study aimed to investigate the effects of the educational program for natural environment on ideal beach landscape envisioned by 4th-grade school children by comparing drawings they drew before and after the program. The result of the study found that the 4 month-long educational program, including lectures on the nature surrounding their lives and observations of the beach close to their school, was highly effective in enhancing their awareness toward the natural environment. Comparisons of their ideal beach landscape before and after the program indicated that natural elements such as beach plants and sea creatures were more likely to appear on their drawings after the program, and that the awareness that the nature served as a habitat for creatures and played an important role in creatures living there was much higher after the program. However, the comparisons also found that the natural environment served as and played a role as a recreation space after the program. It was inferred from these results that the educational program on the natural environment helped school children be aware of the importance of natural creatures while keeping the function and role of the beach as recreational space in mind.
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  • Hiromu ITO
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 463-466
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This study aim to clarify the relation between visitors' favored scenery and impressive things whole about Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden, where has many kind of spatial character. Visitors are classified into six types, whose impressive things are "concrete flower", "concrete nature thing", "flower (as imagination)", "whole atmosphere", "peculiar to Shinjuku Gyoen", and "nothing" based on analysis of impressive things. Analyzing the favored scenery about the target of view, composition, place photography place, and how circumference buildings appear, it is clear that there is no difference about photography place and target of view among six types, and there is difference about composition and taking in by the photograph of a circumference building. Especially, those whose impressive things are "nothing" tend not to photo circumference buildings and direction of space like Vista.
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  • Takashi SHIMOMURA, Motoko FUKUNAGA, Hiroshi KATO
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 467-472
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The purpose of this study is to investigate actual situations and functions of Senzai and Tubo-niwa in Kyoto townhouse by questionnaire survey. The outcome of this study established that: 1) Both Senzai and Tubo-niwa provide daylight more satisfactorily than they provide ventilation. 2) Senzai provides both daylight and ventilation more satisfactorily than Tubo-niwa. 3) The function of providing daylight and ventilation has been adversely affected by recent changes in the surrounding environment. 4) The need for air conditioning in summer is decreased for many residents with Senzai and Tubo-niwa because of the ventilating function. 5) Senzai and Tubo-niwa bring comfort to over 80 percent of residents surveyed, and in addition, the space has an aesthetic function and serves a role in entertaining guests. 6) Most residents with to keep Senzai and Tubo-niwa in the future.
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  • Chigusa TAKAHASHI, Takashi SHIMOMURA
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 473-478
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Mass medium actively had been showing beautiful English gardens to Japanese people since the early 1990s then gardening became boom in Japan. This gardening boom brought the concept to set plants and flowers beautifully into Japanese gardening. This study is carried out to reveal the medias influence on the Japanesehome gardening. 34% of the container was put around the entrance, 18% in the garage and another 18% in gfront of the wall. It was indicated that the view of the neighbor is the important factor to select the place where containers are placed. 64% of the containers were put on the ground and 24% of them were vertical type. Vertical type containers were effective to make a narrow site rich in plants and flowers. 53% of the container was made of plastic and 26% was terracotta. Terracotta became popular in the gardening boom for its good appearance. These results showed that the aesthetic value influences the color and the material of the container being used. On the other hand, flowers planted in hanging baskets were frequently observed to be worse in growth condition and beaty than those in other kind of containers. These results suggested that to show Japanese 'gardeners' the proper methods to deal with hanging baskets is necessary for keeping them in good condition.
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  • Heekyung CHANG, Mitsuru SENDA, Hisashi INOUE, Ko SENDA
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 479-482
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This paper aims to identify contents and size of outdoor spaces, length of time that kindergarten children spend in the spaces, evaluation and requirement, and make suggestions on future requirement of kindergarten grounds provision through questionnaire surveys on current situation of kindergarten outdoor spaces. In terms of the future requirement of kindergarten grounds provision, supposing all the outdoor space items (17 items) are situated in the grounds;
    - desirable rate of space structure of the outdoor spaces; space for exercise and play: service space: nature learning space = 2:1:1
    - desirable size of the outdoor spaces; 44.4m² / person (actual area standard) , 56.2m² /person (desirable size)
    - desirable size of kindergarten grounds; 33.9m² / person (actual area standard), 42.5m² /person (desirable area)
    - suggestion of not only minimum area of kindergarten grounds, but also the recommended and desirable areas is important and this paper suggests actual area as recommended area, and area teachers require as desirable area.
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  • Keitaroh NIWA, Akira KOBAYASHI
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 483-488
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This study examined into the technology of working and utilization of stone for some facilities, (1) entrance gateposts, (2) roadway curbstones and (3) pond bank stones in the beginning Hibiya Park (1903, Tokyo) by field survey and literature research. (1) The gateposts of Hibiya Park's 6 entrances were similar to gateposts of western-style building's exterior, and those were made by Japanese stonemasonry. The stones of gateposts were reused andesite or granite stones of the walls with outer castle gates of Edo castle. (2) The Hibiya park's western-style roadway set granite curbstones and concrete gutter. And the pedestrian way side in the park was set cobblestone curbstones and gutter. The cobblestones were local gardening material in Edo. (3) The bank of Shinji-ike-pond (Shinji means Chinese character 'Kokoro') : Japanese-style pond laid cobblestones randomly like the ponds of gardens in Edo. The bank of Kumogata-ike-pond (Kumogata means 'French curve') : western-style pond laid single sized cobblestones for artificial shape. Then, technology of working and utilization of stone for some facilities in the beginning Hibiya park were based on western style architecture and civil engineering, and exploited Japanese technique - skills and materials of Edo.
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  • Tetsuo HOSONO, Komei MISHIMA, Eijiro FUJII
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 489-494
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This research aims at clarifying proper management of planting demanded from a legal viewpoint. First, Article 2 of State Redress Law and Article 717 of Civil Code are set as keywords, and the judicial precedent is searched, using the Internet database "law information database LEX / DB Internet". And then, the examples in connection with roadside planting were taken up out of the searched examples. The acquired judicial precedent was classified, observing the concrete mode of the accident. And five examples that the accident occurred when the victim collided with planting directly were summarized in the table, observing the regarded fact in the decision. Consequently, the relation between the legal responsibility for manager and the contents of planting management on the judicial precedent for the collision with roadside planting could be clarified and expressed to the figure.
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  • Hitoshi UCHIDA, Teruaki IRIE, Hideaki MITOME
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 495-498
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    For a total of 36 junior college and university students, we evaluated the difficulty of different practical-test tasks in the Grade 3 Landscape Gardening Examination. Our conclusions, as follows, will help us to better tutor future examinees: (1) Practicing each practical test task three times in succession resulted in significant proficiency improvements such that test tasks could be completed in close to the "standard" time allotted, (2) however, it is difficult to shorten the amount of time it takes to install rails on fence posts or to lay paving stones, (3) in general, the more times a test task is practiced, the better the examination grade, (4) however, repeated practice laying paving stones does not have a significant effect on test grades, (5) Repeating practical test tasks several times in succession tends to both shorten the time it takes to complete them and improve test grades -- thus, it is an effective method of tutoring to improve test results. Female students tended to take longer to complete tasks and also receive lower grades, so there is a need to improve tutoring of female students.
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  • Satoru ARIMA, Yuichi SUZAKI, Shiro WAKUI, Masaaki YUI, Kentaro IIJIMA
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 499-502
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In the summer of 2004, an experiment was conducted to assess the moderating effect associated with the planting of green plants on rooftops on the thermal environment of the rooms below. Comparisons were made using different plant types and a variety of associated thermal affects were compared. Temperatures were measured at several points in the vertical on the roof surface material, within the roofing material measurements were made in different types of structural members, within the ceiling, and just below the ceiling in the rooms below. Separate measurements were also made in zones created by arranging the plants in different configurations. Zones were compared by varying the amount of irrigation water and vegetation cover; zones covered by greenery were compared with zones of exposed roof surface. Temperatures were measured from August 16 to September 15. The results showed that, on the hottest day of summer day on record in Yokohama Japan, August 20, temperatures in the zones covered by greenery were moderated by 1 to 4°C in the vertical direction when compared to areas of exposed roof surface. The ground, or roofing, acted to cool the atmosphere for 249 hours in the exposed zones, and for 287 to 449 hours in the zones covered by vegetation. Furthermore, a temperature difference of 10°C in diurnal and nocturnal temperatures was observed between areas that were covered by vegetation and those that were exposed.
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  • Hirotaka Suzuki, Ikusei Misaka, Naoyasu Murano, Yoritaka Tashiro
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 503-508
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In order to quantify the effect of the wall greening to improve the thermal environment of the outside of the building, the outdoor experiment was done using greening panels. For the walls covered with the greening panels of different type and the concrete wall painted white, the quantity of radiation was measured by the reflected solar radiation and the long wave radiation. Then MRT was calculated from the result of the measurement and the radiation environment was evaluated.
    As the result, from the measurement of surface temperature, the difference of the greening panels and concrete wall with white coat is not so significant in daytime. And for the reflected solar radiation, the figure at the wall covered with greening panels were constantly less than those at the concrete wall. At the maximum 62-65 % reduction were observed. Evaluating the comprehensive radiation environment by MRT , MRT was about 11°C reduced by the greening panels. The effectiveness of MRT as the evaluation index was suggested.
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  • Takako YAMAGUCHI, Hitoshi YOKOYAMA, Kouichirou ISHII
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 509-512
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
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    A main enumeration was carried out for mitigating the urban heat island effect by light and thin rooftop greening at the existent building. Six kinds of light and thin rooftop greening systems were installed on the existent building roof, and those heat characteristic and heat balance were analyzed. Surface temperature of the non-greening area was the highest, 60°C. Surface temperature of greening area was 30-35°C in the time when the irrigation was done regularly, and it was 35-45°C in the time when the irrigation was reduced. About accumulated evapotranspiration, in the time when the irrigation was reduced, Grass area was about 3kg/m², but Sedum Mexicanum Britton area was 0.4-2.0 kg/m². The results of heat balance analysis show the latent heat consumption of evapotranspiration at greening system to prevent increase sensible heat. It became clear that light and thin rooftop greening had effect of mitigating the urban heat island effect from the above result. It confirmed that mitigating the urban heat island effect by rooftop greening varied in the kind of plant, water condition and so on.
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  • Tadahiro SHIBATA
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 513-516
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
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    I use the term "mat plants" to refer to vegetation with a thinned root layer and formed like a mat. Mat plants are useful for rooftop greening, embankment greening and general gardening. They are grown in 25 cm × 25 cm blocks in a growing medium layer 4 cm thick. They are very strong and durable with intertwined roots. They weigh about 30 - 40 kg / m², which is relatively light and makes them easier to handle. As the above-ground part is dense it is possible for mat plants to begin to fulfill their function as soon as they are planted. Therefore, they are promising as a rooftop greening material.
    I selected 95 species and varieties of herbaceous plants and 74 species and varieties of woody plants as material for mat plants.
    I studied several evaluation methods for mat plants and developed a "bending check method" in which no special materials were used. By using this method, the plants can be checked without damaging them, so I aim to make this the standardized test. It involves putting half of the mat plant on a level surface and then checking the unsupported half (12.5 cm). Those with matted bases whose edges do not sag below 5 cm are recognized as mat plants.
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  • Ryouko SASAKI, Kentaro IIJIMA, Mitsuo KONDO
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 517-520
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
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    When plants are planted on the gradient of a sloping roof, it is necessary to keep the substrate material as lightweight as possible. However, small quantities of substrate tend to dry easily and are thus unfavorable for plant growth. Consequently, new planting materials need to found that will work well even in suboptimum environmental conditions.In the present study, we used Selaginella tamariscina to test the ability of this species to withstand drying and the recover from water stress. Plants were subjected to three diurnal / nocturnal temperature regimes of 20 / 15, 25 /20 and 30 / 25°C, respectively. We studied the form of the plants and the changes in leaf water potential after the restriction of water supply. The results showed that the onset of water stress, measured as a decrease in leaf water potential, was positively correlated elevated temperatures. The number of days taken for leaves to assume the shape of a fist was 20 days at temperature conditions of 20 / 15 and 25 / 20°C, respectively. However, at 30 / 25°C this process only took approximately eight days. Recovery of specimens took approximately one day at 20 / 15 and 25 / 20°C when resupplied with water ; even in instances where water had not been supplied for 150 days or more. Conversely, in the 30 / 25°C temperature range, recovery was observed to be slightly delayed after resupplying with water, and recovery was not possible in instances where water had been withheld for 120 days.
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  • Yutaka IWASAKI, Hiroki YAMADA, Rika SHIMIZU
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 521-524
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
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    When the garden and the park are designed, and constructed, it is necessary to examine the selection and the arrangement of the planting plant in the environment. However, it is actually difficult to understand an environmental factor in the garden at the stage of the design. Even if the maintenance management is done by these reasons, the planting plant might not be able to be grown healthily. This study aimed to become reference manual when an appropriate maintenance management plan in the garden was planned. The influence which the maintenance management work gave to the growth of the planting plant, especially the photosynthesis characteristic was examined, and the verification of the effect was attempted. It investigated in kouko-en which was an actual garden.As a result, the effect of the improvement of the photosynthesis characteristic by doing the soil improvement etc. was seen.
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  • Tetsuya IWASAKI
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 525-528
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
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    There were some differences in the results of existing measurements on water content ratio of leaves. Therefore, the ratios of water content in 55 species of leaves were measured under the same conditions when leaf samples were taken. The result of measurement showed that there are differences in the water content between species and leaves. Next, seasonal changes in water content of leaves from 29 evergreen species were compared during summer and winter. As the result this comparison, it was found that the water content of leaves in Tokyo area is highest in summer. In addition to this, results of measurements assessing annual changes in water content of leaves from 6 broadleaf tree species indicated that the water content ratio in evergreen broad-leaved trees was at a minimum before coming into leaf during the winter and spring seasons. After showing the highest ratio of the season just after leaf flush, the ratio began gradually decreasing until the winter season. For deciduous broad-leaved trees, their ratio of water content has a tendency to be highest in April and drops temporarily in midsummer. Moreover, the results in this research and the results of existing measurements were integrated, the water content ratios of 178 species of trees were arranged and the tendency was grasped.
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  • Shoko HASHIDA, Michiaki OKANO, Hajime KOSHIMIZU
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 529-532
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
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    In this study, the defense functions of forests and free-standing trees against UV are evaluated from actual measurements to show the importance of taking UV into account in planting designs and utilization forms of green zones of public parks, which are a field of health enhancement for urban residents. Findings obtained through actual measurements at National Showa Kinen Park in the summer of 2004 are presented below.
    (1) Tree rows aligned east and west were more effective than those aligned north and south. (2) Forests with more than two layers and high trees were effective even if densities of the standing trees were low. (3) UV-B, which is scattered to a greater extent than direct sun light, was difficult to shade; UV-A, which has more of directly reaching components than direct sun light, was easy to shade. (4) The UV-shading functions of free-standing fragrant olive (Osmanthus fragrans var. aurantiacus) and Zelkova tree (Zelkova serrata) and that of a wisteria trellis ware equivalent to those of tall evergreen forests and higher than that of "an arbor" , which is an artificial structure. (5) Free-standing, low trees of Someiyoshino cherry (Prunus yedoensis Matsumura) had a low UV-shading rate but their forests showed a markedly increased UV-shading rate.
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  • Hiroko SUZUKI, Mitsuo KONDO
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 533-536
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of UV-B radiation on the growth anomaly and the UV-B irradiation is useful for keeping healthy growth of the plants in interior planting spaces. First, the intensity of the UV-B irradiation and photosynthetically active radiation at the real interior planting spaces was measured. Next, the effect of the UV-B radiation on growth and form of Kentucky blue grass (Poa pratensis L) and Japanese white oak (Quercus myrsinaefolia Blam) was investigated under the light conditions, which contained almost no UV-B radiation and were irradiated by UV-B. Results of the investigation are as follows. The right condition of real interior planting spaces was almost no UV-B radiation and the UV-B radiation might inhibit the growth of Kentucky blue grass and Japanese white oak, because removing UV-B radiation in natural light elongated the plants height and leaf area. And it was observed that the effect of the UV-B irradiation for the growth of Kentucky blue grass lowered amount of dry weight, while the inhibitory effect for the growth increases with the increase of irradiation intensity of UV-B and decrease with the decrease of the quantity of photosynthetically active radiation.
    From the results of this study, it is clearly that the lack of UV-B radiation is a factor in causing spindly and thickening growth of the plants in interior planting spaces. And the UV-B radiation could be useful for keeping healthy growth of plants in interior planting spaces.
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  • Toshimitsu ASAI, Yoshikazu TAKAHASHI, Chizuko MIZUNIWA, Mitsuo KONDO
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 537-540
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Recently, phytoremediation has been interesting world widely. For example, low price, easy maintenance, suitable for cleanup wide area. This study was aimed to evaluate Ajuga reptans L. as a phytoremediator removing Cd contamination. 1ppm, 10 and 100ppm Cd concentration effects measured during 7days. Cd uptake increase according to Cd concentration level high in hydroponicaly cultivation in general. Uptaked Cd measured in the rhizosphere and shoot of Ajuga reptans L.. Measured Cd concentration in rhizosphere and shoot are 3,607.7mg • kg&sup-1; and 289.5mg • kg&sup-1;. Root high and shoot low Cd concentration ratio was maintained according to increasing Cd level. Therefore, Ajuga reptans L. remove the Cd contaminations can be considered meaningfully.
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  • Noriko HORIE, Sadatoshi TABATA, Kiyoko HAGIHARA
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 541-544
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
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    We have a lot of organic waste, especially in urban area. Urban cities should manage to treat its organic waste within the cities as much as possible. In order to run composting system of organic waste successfully, we need more green open space where recycled compost can return to the soil. Composting also improves the urban soil, and the improved soil can grow rich and healthy green. This will also be effective in controlling heat-island phenomenon and floods in urban areas. However, there are some risk affecting our environment and health in recycled compost. Therefore, we should structure the recycling system after careful consideration, i.e. we should consider the correspondence between organic waste's risk and space's property. From this point of view, urban green open space can be ranked as Green Open Space for Return, in which recycled compost can return to the soil, more safety. In this study, we try to grasp the area of Green Open Space for Return in Musashino-city, Tokyo, from the data of green covered space. In addition, we examine the possibility and subject for securing necessary space. And consequently, we show that in some chou-chou-moku area, it is possible to return recycled compost, which the population dumped, to the soil by counting not only the public green open space but also private gardens.
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  • Misato UEHARA, Toshinori SHIGEMATSU, Kei ASANO
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 545-550
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
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    To construct the land-use model by continuous conservation and utilization of suburban farm and woodlands, local resource management scheme was discussed and potential natural resources supply was estimated in the Matono District, Shingu Town, Fukuoka Prefecture. Based on land use change analysis and results of investigation on current state of the farmlands and forests, resource management scheme was developed taking account of its public benefit and present condition of management practices. By minimum required conservation and utilization of the farmlands and forests based on the plan, foods and thermal energy consumption at the Matono District was calculated as possibly supplied. This result will be considered as an allowable population in the sight of that priority was given to achievability of management or the recovery effect of a public benefit are considered. Furthermore, it was suggested that application of this land use model based on conservation priority which takes account of minimizing management labor force would improve the public benefit of "Satochi-Satoyama" and possibly develop a partnership with urban area.
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  • Naoko INOUE, Yosihiro NATUHARA
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 551-554
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Great tits inhabit various habitats; from natural forests to urban parks and gardens. But they are few in the urban area of Osaka that has been covered few vegetation historically. We investigated about their breeding performance in two urban habitats, the Expo memorial park (proportion of tree cover is 73.3%) and the University campus (22.2%) between 2002-2004. Clutch size, brood size, weight of nestlings were similar in both sites. But, the population density and feeding frequencies were higher in the Expo park than the University campus. The number of nestlings leaving the nest changed year by year in each site. Feeding range was larger in the University campus than the Expo park, so it is thought that pairs in the University campus enlarge their feeding range to increase feeding frequencies. We suggested that it is still difficult for great tits to inhabit suitably in the city center of Osaka, and connectivity of tree cover is important as well as vertical structure of woods to keep their population sustainably.
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  • Hiroshi MOMOSE, Mutsuyuki UETA, Nobuo FUJIWARA, Takuya UCHIYAMA, Takeh ...
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 555-558
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Nesting locations of gray-faced buzzard eagles were studied in two areas of about 348 in Tochigi prefecture. Their food items were also monitored. From the nesting data, a multiple regression model was constructed to predict the number of nesting locations within a 2x2 mesh grid from several environmental factors such as vegetation and human population size. The resulted model could explain about 70% of the variation in the number of nests (r2×0.71). Factors used in the model were length of forest edge facing paddy fields in a mesh grid and in surrounding eight meshes grids (positive factor), and population (negative factor). In the study area gray-faced buzzard eagles were feeding mainly on frogs, and the birds were observed to perch on the tree top in the forest-paddy field edge waiting for frogs to appear. The preference on forest-paddy field edge shown by the model might reflect the importance of such habitat as the species' hunting area. In our study area, the gray-faced buzzard eagles were especially abundant in continuous 'Yatsu' area, a landscape in which a low tableland is eroded by rivers to create a fractal shaped network of valleys. Our results, along with other published data, indicate that the Yatsu landscape is an important breeding habitat for this species.
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  • Hiroshi HASHIMOTO, Susumu NAKAMURA, Minako HASEGAWA, Yosihiro NATUHARA ...
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 559-562
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
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    Several studies have pointed out that species numbers of birds in newly constructed parks were smaller than those in well established parks. In this study, we clarified the early successional stage of avifauna after development of an urban forest using eight years of data recorded in an urban wildlife habitat park Inochi no mori in Kyoto City. Fifty-two species of birds were recorded in the 0.6 ha wooded area during the eight years. Annual numbers of bird species became stable in 30 or higher by the third year after park construction. Almost all wintering birds that might be expected to have high mobility were recorded by the fifth year after park construction. Almost all members of avifauna supposed to inhabit this wooded area in the breeding season were recorded by the ninth year after park construction. The number of woodland birds species especially in the wintering season were higher than those reported in the same area of natural isolated woods in Kyoto City. The high diversity of fruiting trees introduced and the grassland developed in the wildlife habitat park should improve the number of bird species in wintering season.
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  • Satoshi OSAWA, Takehiko KATSUNO
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 563-566
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
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    This study aimed at acquiring the knowledge about the distribution pattern of amphibians on the rural landscape in the middle reaches of the Oita River. Here were recognized two URODELA species and ten ANURA species, twelve species of amphibians in total. In the running water area, Hynobius naevius and Rana tagoi inhabited in streams of a headwater in wooded regions, and Buergeria buergeri inhabited only the main current of the Oita River. In standing water area, the subject of our investigation was classified into the extensive distribution species, Hyla japonica, R. nigromaculata and Rhacophorus schlegelii, the uneven distribution species, R. limnocharis, R. rugosa, the limited distribution species, Cynops pyrrhogaster, R. ornativentris, and the rare species, Bufo japonicus, R. japonica. Especially the limited distribution species were guessed to be under the influence of the distribution restrictions by the altitude and the ability to colonize upper paddy fields. The distribution of each species corresponded to landscape elements relevant to the wetlands from the hillside to the Oita River, much the same pattern applying to every part of the three target basins. We were able to clarify the relationship between the landscape structure and the amphibians in this target rural district which mainly consists of step-like paddy field.
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  • Takatsuna KURODA, Takehiko KATSUNO
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 567-570
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
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    Yato (small valley with paddy field) in the urban area is important habitat for rural animals. Yato is a rural landscape made up of coppice forests, grasslands and farmlands. We discussed relations between the fauna and distribution of small rodents and land use of Yato landscape in the southwest Tama hills. As a result, Japanese large field mouse (Apodemus speciosus), house mouse (Mus musculus), brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) and harvest mouse (Micromys minutus) were observed by trappings and finding nests. Habitat utilization by these rodents were recognized as follows. 1. A. speciosus were dominant species in the survey area. They used all elements (coppice forest, farmland, grassland and paddy field) in Yato. It was considered that its main habitat was the coppice forest. 2. M. musculus utilized the farmland as its main habitat. 3. M. minutus were utilized the confined grassland. 4. R. norvegicus were captured only a few individuals at the farmland. When the mean range lengths were considered by the method of capture-recapture, it was clarified that A. speciosus had longer range lengths than any other species. It was suggested that landscape mosaics in Yato were important as rodent habitat. We concluded that managing land-use patterns of Yato is required to effectively conserve the rodents' diversity and their habitats.
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  • Kumiko SAWABE, Sayoko HATA, Yoshihiro NATUHARA
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 571-574
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
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    Harvest mice build a nest with tall grasses, such as Common reed and Japanese pampas grass. Recently, their habitat has decreased and bank-grass mowing as river management seemed to affect on breeding of harvest mice. Grass mowing was set up in three different schedules in consideration of the harvest mouse in a bank of Kizu river; it carried out at intervals of two weeks from end of April. After the mowing, nesting distribution of harvest mouse and vegetation growth were investigated. At first, nests made of Common reed or Foxtail grass were found in the division of the mowing order, 50, 59 and 67 days after, respectively, then Common reed became main nest material. Nesting increased from May to September and breeding nests were built from July to September, a peak of breeding occurred in August. Since the average height of Common reed at the start of nesting was 120cm in all divisions, it was suggested that nesting is influenced by the height of vegetation. It turns out that the time of mowing have a great impact on the harvest mouse. Vegetation management which is necessary for a habitat of harvest mouse was discussed.
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  • Nobuyuki KUROSAWA, Mariko HANDA, Kazutaka IMAI, Yuka SASAKI, Hiroshi I ...
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 575-578
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
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    Damselfly Coenagrion terue living in Sawada Springs in Hitachi Seaside Park is a rare population as its habitation is near the shore while most other populations of this species are distributed in high lands. Office of Hitachi Seaside Park has been trying to conserve this population by placing ponds and repairing existing ponds in this area. We thought that providing optimal food supply for the naiads, the larval stage of the damselfly, was one of the important means to maintain this population and the strength of sunlight was also an important environmental factor for nursery ponds for the naiads. In this study, to clarify which were actual species of prey for naiads and the relationship between food supply and the degree of sunlight, we examined gut contents of naiads, meiobenthos as prey in ponds, the strength of sunlight and the density of naiads. The main prey of naiads were benthic Arthropoda. Body widths of prey were limited to 100-500μ m and the maximum body widths of prey were proportional to the head widths of naiads. Not only the density of naiads, but also the number of species and the density of prey tended to be lower in dark ponds than those in bright ponds.
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  • Naoko KUKI, Kumiko OKUBO
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 579-584
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
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    The purpose of this study was to know relationship between dragonflies in paddy area and environmental condition. We selected five various condition study areas (two non-consolidated paddy areas in hilly and mountainous areas, one consolidated paddy area in hilly and mountainous area, one non-consolidated paddy area in urbanized area, one consolidated paddy area in urbanized area.) in the Kamiina district, Nagano Prefecture. The number and behavior of dragonflies were recorded by route census method. The survey of land utilization was carried out on these areas. The number of all of the species was twenty-three. The number of species and individuals were higher in 3 hilly and mountainous areas than in 2 urban areas. Five study areas were classified into 3 hilly and mountainous area region and 2 urban areas by TWINSPAN. Dragonfly communities were classified to seven types. Each type corresponded different environment conditions of waterside, forest and others. It was confirmed that the environmental selection and behavior of mature dragonflies corresponded to the each species character. The environmental selection of mature dragonflies were different between hilly and mountainous area and urban area. It was clear that dragonfly communities were affected by consolidation and urbanization.
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  • Keita YAMAMOTO, Yosihiro NATUHARA
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 585-588
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
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    We studied the effect of artificial gap formation on butterfly assemblages of urban forests in Expo commemorative park of Osaka which was established in 1970 and made large scale reclamation for the enhancement of biodiversity in urban area. However the biodiversity in the reclaimed forest has not increased and was lower than secondary forests in Osaka, because the uniformly grown evergreen trees made dark interior where few harbecous layer has been formed. Four gaps (15mx15m) were cleared in 2001 and other four were cleared in 2002. Butterflies were recorded in these gaps and adjacent four plots of forest interior for 10 minutes from May to September 2004. Both of the number of species and individuals were 19 and 142, respectively in 2001 gaps, 14 and 56 in 2001 gaps and 9 and 11 in the interior plots. We discussed the succession of butterfly assemblage by comparing the present study to the results of previous study in 2001. Species depending on grasslands decreased and those on shrubs increased with years after the gap formation.
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  • Tsuyoshi MORIMOTO, Kazuhiro KATOH
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 589-592
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
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    The value of urban parks is currently reconsidered and the guidelines are required to institute plans for greenery and open spaces of high quality as habitat. In this study, we aimed at illustrating the relationship between bird species richness and the conditions of urban parks such as coverage by woods or shrubs, connectivity by greenways, and surrounding land-use of woodlots or agricultural lands. During two consecutive wintering seasons, we studied the bird distributions within urban parks, some of which were connected to each other by greenways. The study sites were located in Yokohama city, near Tokyo. Two Way Indicator Species Analysis (TWINSPAN) divided bird species into two groups. To detect clearly the relationship between birds and urban park variables, we adopted the species richness of one of the group for multiple regression analysis. The result showed that the bird species richness significantly correlated with area covered by woods, ratio of coverage by shrub, and the arrangement of greenways that connected urban parks. It is suggested that we could improve the quality of habitats in urban area not only by increasing the area or the vegetation structure, but also by arranging greenways to connect the habitats.
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  • Kenya UKAWA, Juri OKAZAKI, Kazuhiro KATOH, Hiroshi MOMOSE, Nobuo FUJIW ...
    2005 Volume 68 Issue 5 Pages 593-596
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Models predicting biota from environmental factors are useful for assessing environment. We compared three kinds of bird distribution models based on grid cell data: multiple regression models predicting guild species richness, logistic regression models predicting single species presence, and canonical discriminant models predicting species compositional types. Bird distribution data were obtained from bird censuses carried out in breeding and wintering seasons between 2000 and 2002. Bird species were classified into three guilds based on information of their ecology and habitat use. As environmental information, we used land cover map derived from satellite imagery taken by EOS Terra / ASTER sensor. We built the three kinds of models using the proportion of each land cover category in each cell. The results indicated that models predicting guild species richness are superior to those predicting presence of single species or species compositional types, in terms of versatility and possibility of extrapolation. Model performance was poorer for waterside species than for woodland species. It is presumably because of the problems in land cover classification.
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