In the present research, the authors attempted to use Structural Equation Modeling to analyze the causal relation among 1: 'evaluation' and 'activity (recreational and management activity) ' vis-a-vis familiar forests, 2:mental "attitude" toward the natural environment, and 3: the natural environment in the area of daily life (abbreviated as NEAD) of test subjects. As a result, potential variables such as 'evaluation' were set and named between "attitude" and 'activity'. Then, the causal relations among them were arranged in a path chart to provide a visual image. We found that NEAD did not directly affect 'evaluation' and 'activity', but it could ultimately affect them indirectly through causal relations with other factors. The NEAD of "pre-formation" had strong causal relations with various variables such as the NEAD of "after-formation" and the chance of interacting with nature of "pre- and after-formation". Many previous studies had indicated that the information on "after-formation" was more influential. However, the results of the present research suggest that information on "pre-formation" may have a greater effect than it on 'evaluation' and 'activity' vis-a-vis familiar forests.

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The objective of this study is to make clear the difference of spatial conceptions of open spaces of Shinto shrines between Shasoh and its synonyms “Chinjyuno-mori ”and “Shaji-rin”. We approached the sides of qualitative changes and quantitative changes. By both side of research, we could make clear the meanings and their contexts considered with the social background of their words. As a result, we can mention similarities and differences between “Shasoh”, “Chinjyuno-mori” and “Shaji-rin”. From 1975 onward, the spaces of forest of Shinto shrines were attentioned for study site by various kinds of scientific fields. The spatial conception of “Shasoh” was intended for the space of forests only in Shinto shrines. This word was taken the Shintoism into their consideration. The spatial conception of “Chinjyuno-mori” was intended for image for gods or spiritual spaces “Geniusu Loci” in origin, and then intended for the valuable site for ecological and botanical study as space of native forest. The spatial conception of “Shaji-rin” was used by political stance at first, and then it was intended for the spaces involved in politics of forests and fields. This word wasn't distinguished between the space and image of Shinto shrine and Buddhism temple.

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There have been several studies on the therapeutic effects of “bathing” in a forest atmosphere by strolling, and many effects have been scientifically verified. There are generally two types of cases of strolling in a forest. One is to do it alone and the other is to be accompanied by a guide. However, few studies have examined the differences between these two types. Therefore, we investigated users' physiological and psychological reactions by having test subjects stroll in a forest under various conditions. In addition, we considered the influence of a guide in enhancing the sense of relaxation while strolling. As a result, after subjects had strolled with a guide through the forest, the density of their stress hormones was lower than before the stroll. However, when subjects strolled alone, their stress hormones increased during the first time, but showed no change after the second time. As a result of considering both physiological and psychological reactions together, we concluded that strolling with a guide was more therapeutic and relaxing for the user than strolling alone.

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Yanagawa City is known as a "riverside district", with waterways developed into the city landscape and the waterside framing the city. However, there has been no formal strategy for waterway conservation, therefore waterways are currently facing a crisis that threatens their disappearance. This study aims to implement basic planning districts to conserve the riverside district landscape. Practically, the basic unit area used in the census is used as unit of this investigation. Distribution characteristics of frame landscape elements and individual landscape elements were understood by each unit of investigation. Conservation level was set from each unit of investigation according to priority degree, with basic planning districts set for conservation of the riverside district landscape.

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Bamboo forests have provided materials for daily livelihood or craft products and bamboo shoot. However, the new function of bamboo forest like creating appropriate landscapes has gradually been in great demand. Our study targeted bamboo forests in Saga-Arashiyama area, Kyoto city, which is one of the most famous tourist spot, and we clarified changes of distribution of bamboo forests since Meiji era, present management status of these forests and policy for conserving bamboo forests by local government. In the study area, strict legal control from 1967 succeeded to preserve gross area of bamboo forests. Meanwhile, some bamboo forests were abandoned without enough management practices, because bamboo materials factories and bamboo shoot farmers were in stagnation. We attempted to make alternative management measures for landscape from stand surveys on best-managed bamboo forests. In discussion, we concluded that new policy supporting landscape management practices by landowners or stakeholders was needed.

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In this study, components of the creation of open spaces along the riverside and human activity during the later Edo Period were explored through examination of the illustrations in "Yodogawa Ryogan Ichiran" which depicts scenic spots along the Yodo River in the Edo Period. Riverside scenic spots of the period and greenery landscapes were also clarified. It revealed that the riverside was bustling with life within the city center, and the combination of spaces used in various ways, such as for boat traffic, the uniquely shaped revetments, riverside structures, and so on, in conjunction with single, tall trees created an overall well-integrated space. Entertainment spots were created in the out-lying areas of the city through a greenery landscape which consisted of lines of trees planted in mass around the riverbank. At famous spots within the city suburbs, structures such as ferries, shrines, temples and castles served as auxiliary landscapes against the background landscape of trees in the precinct and hills. Additionally, a more verdant landscape was created in the city suburbs through the overlapping greenery of grass and trees near the waterfront, as well as individual and groups of trees on the plains and in the mountain range.

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Japanese New Natural Parks Law 2002 had enabled to designate an important area in Natural Parks for congestion regulative district. In the district, application document of the law defines congestion restriction as restriction with total number and group type of visitor. Thereupon we divided influence to total number and group size, and we researched evaluation characteristics of crowdedness feeling. And we selected wooden path at Ozegahara in Nikko National Park for our research, and we did interview survey with que.stionnaire sheet to 205 visitors. The result showed how group size influences crowdedness feeling. And our survey suggest visitors feel crowdedness when distance between visitors is less than 100m, and visitors think that they don't want to visit when the distance is less than 40m.

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The carrying capacity of a natural park is generally determined by indicators of ecology, scenery and crowding. In addition to the above indicators, in mountainous natural parks where it is difficult to increase the number of more public toilets because of the complicated topography, the capacity of existing public toilets should be further considered. This study aims to compare the actual number of people passing public toilets with calculated capacities for women's toilets in the Oze area of Nikko National Park. Cases with and without waiting time were considered. The obtained results are as follows; 1) Since a woman spends on average one minute and 42 seconds using a toilet, a total of 35 women can use a toilet in one hour. 2) If women wait for five minutes to use the toilet, the majority feel uncomfortable. Moreover, if they wait for ten minutes, most of them feel very uncomfortable. 3) The actual number of visitors at around noon on the most crowded day of the year 2002 exceeded the calculated capacity at two of the four locations observed.

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So far it has been highly evaluated the beauty of the perspective of islands, which were located in the Seto Inland Sea. But, recently, we can point out the new movement so as to actively evaluate even the close views of each island. In spite of it, if we pay attentions to the real close views, we often see many ruins of them, because of the difficulty of sustainability for those historical and/or cultural resources as well as natural resources which constitute of the close views of those islands. This paper aims to clarify the cause and effect, which affect to the sustainability of regional resources, by paying attentions to the recent art projects which has been widely introduced here and there in this area. Therefore, taking such three islands as Naoshima, Simokamagari, and Ikuchi islands for our case study, we are to consider comparatively from the following three view-points; 1) Contents of the each project, 2) Relation to the residents in the islands, 3) Influence to the regional resources.

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This study aims to establish the framework of cost-benefit analysis of greening control regulations for public administration as a part of Regulatory impact analysis by evaluating an application of an ordinance to Osaka city. This study measures the followings by use of the consumer surplus measurement approach. 1) The fluctuation of social net benefit as the result of the change of the demand of buildings, because the demand changes due to the increase of building cost by the regulation. 2) The fluctuation of social net benefit as the result of the change of the social average cost by two reasons. The one is the increase of the average (internal) cost caused by the greening cost. Another is the decrease of the social average cost caused by the external effect of greening. As a result, this study can offer an experimental model of cost-benefit analysis of greening control regulations. Moreover, this study finds the possible errors due to the difference between the result of Cost-benefit analysis by the experimental model and the reality, and the direction and the extent of the effect of the errors.

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The purpose of this case study was to clarify the methods employed by childcare facilities to select urban parks in their neighborhood for purposes of childcare in Sapporo City, Hokkaido. In addition, the function and design of these urban parks were assessed within the context of whether they satisfied the requirements of these childcare facilities for the children in their care aged between zero to five years old. The analysis revealed that the frequency of urban park usage and the distance from childcare facilities to the urban parks differed according to the type of child-care facility. Furthermore, it was revealed that the methods to select urban parks by nursery schools were classified into seven types, affected by the stage of childrens physical growth. Based on the results of this study, it was proposed to consider the differences of the methods of the selective use of urban parks by child-care facilities, in case of restoring the urban parks which were located close to child-care facilities, for the purpose of promoting their urban park use.

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This paper aims to clarify the effectiveness and the problem of the current landscape conservation system based on small watershed unit. The survey area is Yokohama city. We first prepared datasets of landuse in 1945, 2004 and in three scenarios of the administration of the landscape conservation system, and calculated the percolation of rainwater of each small watershed as an environmental indicator. Then, using the result of all cases as indices, we classified the small watersheds by the cluster analysis in order to analyze the relationship between the landscape conservation system and the environmental change. The study revealed the following: (1) In 1945, most of the small watersheds in Yokohama City had high capacity of watershed protection. However, there are only a few small watersheds maintaining the same condition in 2004. (2) The small watersheds were classified into eight groups. (3) In the watershed protection area, we identified forest areas in riverhead, farming areas and urban areas which include slope forests. (4) Urbanization control has played an important role in maintaining the environment. However, there is not enough conservation system for small green spaces in urban areas.

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Primary purpose of this study is to define the procedures through which the infrastructure of natural environment is promoted in the restoration process of suburban new towns by clarifying the relationship between regional hydrological system, represented mostly by surface drainage pattern in watersheds, and the open space system. A case study at Senri New Town in Osaka Prefecture was conducted in terms of (1) location of irrigation ponds and hydrological pattern in the area before the development and their changes, (2) cross regulating relationship between surface drainage pattern and physical planning for land formation, road/street and parks/open spaces after the development, and (3) structure of hydrological system as an infrastructure of natural environment for the open space system. Internal and external conditions influenced the development were also examined, and it is concluded that by reflecting those conditions to the physical planning and design of land formation, road / street network, and surface drainage pattern, the infrastructural framework of natural environment which underlies the open space system in the new town was activated.

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the history of the planning concept of City Planning Parks in Tokyo through the case study of Shinozaki Park. The following 4 points were clarified. 1) The planning concept of Shinozaki Park varies in times, such as prevention of urban expansion, homeland defense, buffer green belt for city planning road, and regional park. 2) The planning area of Shinozaki Park has been decreased by the urbanization pressure since 1960s. The local issues were given the priority over the large-scale issues at that time. 3) Between 1930s and 1950s, the planning concept was consisted of both city planning park system and green zoning system. However, after 1960s, these basic methods were treated separately. 4) The public land escaped from the emancipation of farming land, played a significant role in the implementation of park construction.

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In this study, in order to search the strategy for continuation and spread of Open Gardens (OG) practice, we paid attention to an attribute (an OG dispenser and an inexperienced person) of the member who constituted a practice group in Sanda City, Hyogo Prefecture and grasped a process of OG practice and activity related to OG, and a change of a consciousness and an action through it. As a result, in a process of activity, it gave a scale and the popularity, but showed a slight stagnation in a membership and OG practice number of houses. On the other hand, there was not approximately a difference of a change of consciousness and an action by attribute distinction. And there was increase of public role awareness of a garden and green quantity of garden space, and they were caused by OG practice and participation to a workshop and visit related to OG. In addition, we understood that The gardening activity to perform in a group was higher in role awareness of a garden than to perform in an individual.

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This study was aimed at understanding what makes people feel attached to their local waterfront areas, by conducting an interview to local residents in the southwestern part of Hannan City, Osaka, as it is blessed with various forms of water edges, facing the sea, a river, or a farm pond. In consideration of social or physical changes with the times, the questionnaire to interviewees included where and how they often spent their playing time in their childhood and whether or not they have ever attended local activities, with a view to clarifying the differences among three generations, people in their 20s, their 40s, and their 60s. Based on these results, an analysis was made as to what made a difference in their affection toward their local waterfronts. It showed that the attachment to the local waterfront areas was greatly affected by their frequent experiences of playing there in their childhood and their active participation in local activities after they grew up, and that their loving places are completely different depending on the attributes.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the characteristics of the greenery landscape at Omiya Bonsai-cho residential area in Saitama City. The results obtained from this study are summarized as follows. Omiya Bonsai village was built in 1925 by the groups of Bonsai planters who suffered serious damage by the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923, moved from Hongo, a part of Tokyo city center. We can say that Bonsai-cho (Bonsai village) is one of the first Japanese 'garden village' because the model of Bonsai village was Yamato-mura in Tokyo and the community of the village was composed mainly by Bonsai specialists. A high quality greenery landscapes at Bonsai-cho residential area consist of mature pine and cherry trees and various hedges today. The remaining red pine trees and coppice which are the original landscape of Musashino region have been conserved by Bonsai-cho residents. Also, residents have planted and grown many trees for their hedge.

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Satoyama woodlands located in urban fringe areas have lost their economic viability and have been abandoned for decades. However, recent attention on biomass as a renewable fuel has increased awareness of Satoyama as a potential resource. Utilizing biomass as an alternative energy source substituting fossil fuel is expected to be an important part of a CO2 reduction scheme. The aim of this study is to estimate the potential amount of biomass provided by the coppiced woods on plateau which is one of pattern of Satoyama and to estimate how the biomass will be contributing to the reduction of CO2 emission according to several maintenance scenarios. The study estimated that 3,000t to 26,000t of biomass, which would achieve from 30% to 530% of the reduction targets on CO2 emissions in the case study city, will be provided annually if appropriate maintenance is conducted. On these grounds, we have come to the conclusion that coppiced woods has a significant possibility as a resource for CO2 reduction by utilizing biomass and may be able to offer a way of restoring the maintenance of coppiced woods through biomass use.

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The purpose of this study is to show daily activities of traditional life, and to clarify educational functions of these activities. We investigated daily activities, and deliberated educational functions of each activity. As results, we classified them into three categories. 1) Senses: Children trained their senses such as sense of touch or hearing through play. They recognize the environment of water front area, and felt they exist here. 2) Sensibility, Consciousness and Sense of value: While they feared water through floods and drowning accidents, they did thanks water that brought abundant harvest through traditional religion and so on. In addition, they were conscious of a connection of the people through each role play about maintenance activities of creeks. And they had a strong sense of responsibility as a member of community through the use and maintenance of water front area. 3) Knowledge and Skill: They recognized, understood, and reacted various characters of water front area through maintenance activities, and play. There were chain processes such as one activity occurs another activity. These daily activities of traditional life in the creek settlements include wisdom or experiences about co-existence between human and water front nature, which play the great role in environmental education for people of today.

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This comparative study of the villages Kamiseya and Shimoseya in a mountainous area of the Tango Peninsula in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan aims to clarify the area-specific formation and spatial distribution of water sources, to research the river routes, and to investigate the characteristics of local water uses for daily life and for agriculture under consideration of the specific topographic factors in each village. Additionally, the function and role of the water uses in the areas landscape formation is analyzed. As a result of the investigation, it was concluded that 1. Water sources, water transportation routes and water uses in each village are closely related to local topographic features. Irrigation channels especially are instrumental in landscape formation. 2. Easy access to water sources in one village compared to difficult access in the second village resulted in highly different land uses and thus in substantially different changes of the landscape. 3. Locally specific water use patterns have cultivated local indigenous life traditions and culture.

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This study aims to discuss issues and future directions in the conservation of the landscape of Gokayama Ainokura Village by identifying physical and human resources needed to maintain thatched roofs, which characterize the landscape of the village. Both bio-physical and socio-cultural data have been collected by conducting photo-interpretation of aero-photographs and interview surveys to local residents. The study identified that the lack of materials and labor, as well as alternation in the groups responsible for the maintenance, have inevitably resulted in (a) deterioration in the quality of thatched roofs, and (b) wider gaps between concerned groups in their consciousness to maintain the quality of the roofs. It has also been identified that the legislative measures taken by the local government were insufficient to reinforce deteriorating maintenance schemes. The study concludes that the value of the landscape characterized by thatched roofs should be shared by stakeholders including residents, concerned groups and the local government, and that sound environment which all stakeholders may fully perform their roles should be maintained.

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As a problem how to preserve a historic urban district along with the dwellers livings, the author discusses the availabilities and problems in the system for Important Preservation District for Groups of Historic Buildings (IPDGHB) in Japan, which was established by amendment of the Law for the Protection of the Cultural Properties in 1975. Using a control experimental approach in field survey, three districts (Kita, Minamai, Shimohiraya) in Miyama-cho, Kyoto were investigated. Kita-district was selected as IPDGHB in 1993, however, the other two districts had once become the candidates for IPDGHB, and finally were not designated on each dweller's own decision. In three districts, landscape transformations after the selection were examined with some aspects of building existence, building roof materials, building usages, exterior of buildings, road and land uses. As a result, some differences of way of changing were observed among the three districts. It can be said that in spite of the original aim of the IPDGHB for preserving traditional environment, landscape as total space structure have changed by not only tourism development but also the preserving activities itself.

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Roads has important role in modern city planning due to as elements of the structure of the city and to comprehend the city for both dwellers and visitors. Although the traditional city planning of Japan has been using the methods that adapted to the conditions of the surroundings topography or history, the concept of modern city planning cannot explain such methods and its advantages enough. This paper aims to study about the influence to the actual city formation that was given by the appearance of the modern city planning and its road development. The study site is Shinobazu-Dori Street in Bunkyo, Tokyo, and its surrounding area which was the edge of Edo in the past until the modernization occurred through The Meiji-Taisho Era. This study used several maps from past to nowadays and the minute proceeding record of the meetings of Tokyo City Improvement Committee. Then this study found two evidences: First, before the concept of the beltway road system, a streetcar played a significant role in development of the modern road as the new transport facility; and the second, the actual influence of road development turned out to be different according to the topographical or historical condition.

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The street is the main constituent element of the cityscape, and the streetscape has a great influence on the improvement of the quality of residents living environment. In this study, we carried out a questionnaire to local residents on the streetscape in the typical commercial area of Nagano City for the purpose of effective improving the streetscape in the commercial area of the local city. In the first place, we calculated the marginal willingness to pay to the policy of the streetscape improvement by using choice-based conjoint analysis and considered future policies of the streetscape improvement. Secondly, we considered the effect of landscape elements on landscape evaluation by analyzing the structure of landscape evaluation with covariance structure analysis. As a result, we obtained the following conclusions. The utility of local residents increased due to burying electric wires in the ground and pasting tiles to the sidewalk in the streetscape improvement, while local residents showed strong feeling of the resistance to the bigger signboard in form. Burying electric wires in the ground and the smaller signboard in form had effects upon raising the comprehensive landscape evaluation, while the bigger signboard in form had effects upon lowering the comprehensive landscape evaluation.

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This study verified effective way of formation of fine landscape for the existing open space, through the process of designation of scenery district. It is based on the case study of the region along the Ichinoe Sakaigawa Shinsui Park, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, which tackles to designate scenery district. Building regulation makes spacious formation of landscape possible. It was proved that the ratio of the width of road and park and the height of the building was more than 2.0. (D/H=more than 2.0). And it also makes sufficient formation of landscape possible. It was proved to get the new open space, about 0.7 ha and 0.5m wide along the road, which can be tree planting. Control of color in building results the restriction of factor that obstructs natural and urban scenery, in the formation of Harmonizing color landscape. And, through an informal gathering for discussion and explanatory meeting, the residents accepted the standard of building regulation by the good use of scenery district. The above are the verification that effectiveness of open space for the formation of fine landscape in the existing residential area, and possibility of the landscape formation that uses system of scenery district, through the process for designating scenery district.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the effect that local environment give to high school students understanding ("Knowledge / Awareness", Skills, Decision, Values) toward environmental problems. This study focused on the ratio of green coverage, greenery in the field of vision and city noise as factors of local environment. After the research on environmental condition in the area composed of Sagamihara-city and Tsukui-county and questionnaire survey to students of prefectural high schools in this,results were given as follows ; 1 The score of "Values" is lower than that of "Knowledge/Awareness". However, the difference was small. In addition, the score of "Decision" was clearly lower than those of other scales. 2 Considering the positive relation ,i.e. higher scores reflect to better environment, the score decreased gradually as it shifted from Knowledge/Awareness to Values in all environmental factors, and the negative relation , i.e. higher scores reflect to worse environment, had a tendency to have reverse shift. 3 The ratio of green coverage , greenery in the field of vision and city noise; "Knowledge / Awareness had a strict positive relation with. But "Decision" and " Values had a negative relation.

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Japan has introduced and applied many advanced forestry systems from Germany ever since the nineteenth century, and the predominant trend in recent Japanese forestry policy may also be characterized as a shift towards post-productivism. However, as yet it remains doubtful that local forest communities in Japan have reached consensus. What are the main differences with regard to conflict management in forestry? Case studies in Sawauchi and the Reinhardswald were conducted to compare the local residents' own perspectives about their region and forest. In the Reinhardswald, the forest is generally connected with their quality of life and appreciated through practical recreational use. On the other hand in Sawauchi, the forest is still a part of their living space and perceived variously depending on each use. The research findings indicate that the public has instilled an identical forest image in Germany whereas in Japan there are heterogeneous forest images.

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This study aims to grasp the current circumstances of gathering and utilization of “information of creatures” in Tama area, Tokyo Prefecture. We considered “information of creatures” as “information about characteristics and distributions of natural creatures, such as plants, insects, amphibian, reptiles, fishes, birds and mammals.” In comparison with utilization and potential of gathering information of creatures in the municipalities, it becomes clear that the considerable differences exist among municipalities. It has also been identified that the differences depends on ‘the purposes of gathering the information’, ‘the level of interests of the administration’, ‘the existence of experts and citizen's eco-activity’, and ‘the financial conditions’. From the viewpoint of the succession of surround municipalities, projects about rivers and hills were cooperated with them, but, the exchanges about “information of creatures” were not practiced. As a result, the properties of creatures which move over administrative border were not considered. To enrich information of creatures , we propose that decide methods of investigation in politics which take effect in almost municipalities, such as Basic Environment Plan, to get the fixed information, first of all, it is necessary urgently to appreciate the conditions each other in neighboring municipalities.

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This research aims to clarify the relationship between image properties of aerial photograph and structural factors of Castanopsis cuspidata coppice woodland and Chamaechiparis obutusa artificial forest, and to develop an algorithm of tree crown analysis using the images. The aerial photographs were taken in May, 1999, the season of flowering Castanopsis cuspidata, and converted to monochrome 45cm ground resolution digital images. Fourteen plots were chosen in the field to measure vegetation and forest structure. Correlations were analyzed between image properties such as SD (standard deviation) and CF (cumulative frequency of tree crown edge) and forest structural factors such as tree crown area, tree density, relative illuminance under tree crown, etc. As a result of only Chamaechiparis obutusa artificial forest, a -0.79 correlation between SD and CF was obtained. Also, a 0.79 correlation between SD and the relative illuminance under tree crowns was found. Furthermore, in terms of CF, a 0.72 (tree crown area) and a -0.82 (tree density) correlation was found. The results suggested that these images contained the information of the tree crown.

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