Against deer damage to the forest vegetation of the Ohdaigahara subalpine plateau, Ministry of the Environment (MOE) has carried out managed culls of deer since 2002. In addition, MOE built a fence to each representative vegetation site and surveyed the cover and height of understory plants both in and out of fences between 2003 and 2013 to examine changes in the understory vegetation in response to decreasing deer density. MOE also built fences, one by one, in places where the necessity of urgent protection using the method of adaptive management was recognized. As a result of the survey, it became apparent that, within the fences, the cover and height of plants increased, and the level of deer density got close to the target density. We conclude that the method of nature restoration applied to the Ohdaigahara subalpine plateau demonstrates a model of nature restoration in a natural region which suffered ecosystem damage caused by deer.

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Weed control is one of serious problems about maintenance of generating efficiency and facilities at photovoltaic systems. There are various methods, such as concrete pavement, gravel pavement, weed control materials, mowing and herbicide application. Greening has been expected not only weed control but also decreasing of surrounding temperature and improving of regional landscape. In order to suggest the relation between high-temperature control and amount of power generation based on seasonal changes, and photovoltaic silicon solar panels were examined. Based on the measured results, these were clarified; High-temperature control be expected all year long except winter term. High-temperature control wasn’t affect by some turf management, such as winter over seeding (WOS) and spring transition. High-temperature control was the most effective in summer term. There remained the landscape effect of turf greening and the relative analysis of life cycle cost of turf greening and electric energy.

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Almost seventy years have passed since the Second World War, and there are very few physical reminders of it. The people who personally remember the war are quite old now. Trees damaged during the war are historical relics, and their number and distribution are unknown because there has been little research conducted on these trees. In this study, we surveyed three wards—Taito, Sumida, and Koto—which were the main targets of the air raids on Tokyo on March 10, 1945, to establish the distribution and number of war-damaged trees as well as their present condition. We determined that 1) war-damaged trees were unevenly distributed and mainly concentrated in some public parks, temple precincts and edge of the target area of air raids; 2) there may be previously undiscovered war-damaged trees; 3) some of the trees that were earlier recognized were now gone; 4) carbonation and hollowing are the main features of war-damaged trees, with 60.2% showing carbonation and 52.6% showing hollowing; 5) the degree of these damages and vigor of the trees were not correlated in ginkgo trees; however, the other species seemed to be heavily influenced. More study of the relation between damage type and vigor is required.

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The Great East Japan Earthquake on March 11th 2011 was followed by an unprecedented tsunami which devastated the Tohoku coastline. There were several cases where residents had to seek shelter at even higher locations than designated evacuation shelters; for many this was the local shrine. This research analyzes the geo-spatial pattern of shrines along Sanriku coastline and examines the factors that influenced their locations by unfolding region’s history in order to make the argument for shrines being incorporated into future disaster preparedness schemes. Town of Minami Sanriku had 56 shrines along its coast, of which 14 were within the inundation zone. Despite their proximity to the shoreline, average elevation of the shrine was approximately 23.7m above sea level. Geographical analysis uncovered that topographical features surrounding each shrine defines its potential for evacuation. Historical research has suggested that topographical features of shrines were underpinned by the local history of fortresses erected at higher grounds during the medieval era, and shrines with a proximity to fortresses tended to be safe from tsunami inundation. The devastating tsunami provides an opportunity to rethink the relationship between topography and cultural spaces to double as evacuation areas embedded within history, culture and traditions of the region.

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After the tsunami caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake, many experts and architects supported the reconstruction effort. The lifestyles, landscapes, and housing cultures of villages have been los t. Some researchers and local governments have employed 2D maps and figures to visualize shared memories. The reproduction of one building is, nevertheless, insufficient to reproduce entire settlements. One must also realize that the detailed modeling of whole villages requires manpower. The present study discusses the reconstruction of six villages in 3D using CityEngine, which can handle large amounts of data through procedural techniques. Based on interviews with local people, aerial photographs prior to the tsunami, and field surveys of surviving villages, the typologies of environmental factor of the villages were developed, as for example typical houses or t ide prevention trees. At workshops that use 3D models, residents can remember more details and a ctively participate in the reconstruction project. One resident started a virtual guide tour of the village and spoke of the location of symbolic trees, vending machines, watchtowers, and so on. Once we create this archive, it will be very useful for furth er regional planning and preserving the memories of residents and their children

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This case study examined (1) how an art project can change citizens’ perception of the local landscape and (2) how it can promote citizen participations. In Suttsu city which is famous for windy area, the windmill art project was held with inhabitants. Using mail-back questionnaire (n = 138), inhabitants’ landscape recognition and their willing to participate in this activity were examined. The result comparing the art event participants and non-participant observers showed their different landscape recognition. However, their individual evaluations of the landscape with windmills showed a great variation that were connected with their appreciation for the art project and with motivation to participate in community activities. The research findings suggest the potentiality of art projects, which can be enhanced through discussions with a wide range of people from the planning stage.

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This paper focuses on the stage of annual maintenance of weeding levee slope of terraced paddy fields called Kurumeki-no-tanada, in Inasa-chou, Hamamatsu , Shizuoka prefecture. In this study, we characterize ridges between rice fields and grassy fields as ‘fields for weeding’. First, we survey cultivated paddies and fields for weeding. Secondly we presents some results concerning the relation between the management systems and farmers. Finally, we consider some arrangements for sustainable conservation on these rice terraces. It was concluded that 1. The fields for weeding have been classified into five types, 1) Cultivated paddies of 35 groups has been weeding, 2) Abandoned paddies of 38 groups has been weeding, 3) Abandoned paddies there are not weeded is 21 groups, 4) Grassy fields of 21 groups has been weeding, and 5) Grassy fields there are not weeded is 21 groups. 2. There are four rules for maintenance of fields for weeding, 1) Border division of the management range, 2) Range of duties of restoration, 3) Right to weeding range, and 4) Work support of the mutual help by village residents for large-scale restoration.

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The Mizkan Yokawa Biotope is situated on the premises of a food-processing plant and continues to sustain the environment of SATOYAMA. Five principal entities comprised of citizens, businesses, specialists and the like have been involved with this biotope for ten years, starting from the planning stage. The objective of this study is to identify the roles played by these five principal entities in their oral history. First, the citizens’ group has been administering their operation with autonomy and sense of responsibility. Second, the food manufacturer has successfully realized a compatible co-existence of the environmental symbiosis that utilizes the biotope with the maintenance of a hygienic environment required of a food-processing plant, while providing support to the citizens’ group. Third, the major construction company carried out planning and establishment of the biotope to utilize and maintain the existing natural environment, with the involvement of the citizens’ group. Fourth, the biological system consultants have been involved with the project from the planning stage and are conducting a monitoring survey each year, which is utilized for the adaptive management. Fifth, the museum has been provided personnel training of the citizens group and to support the administration of the group.

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Many farmlands were destroyed by big flood disaster in 2012 that was occurred in Yame and Ukiha city, Fukuoka prefecture at northern Kyushu, Japan. In this paper, I described the case study that has been deployed the volunteer activities for farmland restoration after the flood disaster in the hilly and mountainous areas. The purpose of this study is to clarify the outline of the activities in three regions and to show the types of the volunteer groups of farmland restoration. Interview survey was conducted with each volunteer group’s manager and collecting that materials. Field survey was also carried out along with the manager through June to September 2014. It was found that the volunteer group’s activity types were characterized into three types. First, “Satochi-Satoyama conservation volunteer group type” that has been works from before and just after the disaster; second, “Residents-administration group type” and third, “Administration group type” who started their works few months after the disaster. Lastly, the distribution of activity areas, the first group was unevenly distributed due to their activity experiences on disasters in former years, the other groups were widely covered the area because of the needs by the local demand.

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Green tourism, which incorporates the culture and lifestyle of agricultural, fishing, and mountainous tourist areas, has recently become popular in Japan. The study performed a questionnaire survey at Takumi no Sato (a complex of recreational facilities) in Gunma Prefecture, where visitors can experience rural-urban exchange, to quantitatively evaluate its attractiveness from visitors’ perspectives. The results obtained in this study are summarized as follows: (1) many new visitors came from the Metropolitan area and stayed at Takumi no Sato to experience the creation of Japanese handcrafts and foods; (2) many repeat visitors were same-day visitors there for shopping; (3) the factor analysis extracted four major factors for attractiveness as evaluated by visitors: “experience of rural-urban exchange,” “facility preparation,” “comfortableness,” and “specialty”; (4) the overall satisfaction of new visitors tended to be affected by “comfortableness,” such as to the natural environment or landscape, and “facility preparation,” including cleanliness; and (5) the overall satisfaction of repeat visitors tended to be affected by “experience of rural-urban exchange,” such as conversation and exchange with the staff, and the “specialty” of local products. To sustain green tourism, it is thus important to continuously increase visitor satisfaction in experiencing rural-urban exchange while also considering their attributes, the purpose of their activities, and the results of their evaluations.

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An increasing number of urban residents are interested in freshly harvested farm produce, as ideas of eating locally produced foods, promoting dietary education, and reviewing the significance of slow food have been prevailing in recent years. Against this background, many temporary produce stands have been set up in urban areas, which are now commonly visited by city dwellers. Focusing on the newly-emerged food distribution system, this study is aimed at clarifying the social significance of such farm stands in a large city, which are run with full support from operators, and to explore their social roles, as well as those of venue administrators and vendors. Among these farm stands, defined as “marches” in this paper, eight marches in Osaka City were picked out as subjects for this study. Based on a hearing survey of operators at the sites, it was found that “marches” hold a great social significance in the following two points: offering opportunities of urban and rural exchanges, and creating new marketing channels from producers to consumers. In addition, it was proven that “marches” are divided into two types: one where the initiative is taken by operators, and the other by venue administrators.

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In recent years, the farmer is aging in the intermediate and mountainous area of Japan. Therefore, compost manufacture is difficult for the farmer. On the other hand, dependence of a chemical fertilizer and agricultural chemicals is increasing. The government is promoting compost manufacture and use. The fallen-leaves of Satoyama are required for quality compost manufacture. This research aims at clarifying the actual condition and the subject of fallen-leaves collection by a town office in an intermediate and mountainous area. Examination methods were documentary search, an interview, and participant observation. As a result, the town office is managing the compost factory of organic substances recycling. And the town office is managing the system which purchases fallen-leaves. Recently, the fallen leaves which the town office purchases decreased. The cause is reduction of the collection number and a collection zone. The systems by which a house collects fallen-leaves are decreasing in number. However, organized for collection of fallen leaves has durability. In order to increase those who collect fallen leaves, the increase in the number of zone which collects fallen-leaves is effective.

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In recent years, the vanishing alley space of urban area can see reevaluation of disaster emergency root and new common space. However, there are not many examples like appeal alley space of simplified extraction on specialization alley border part. This case study used Grain theory of simplified extraction on the focus alley border part in alley ( Zushi ), Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City central area. This research changed extraction contribution of appeal alley space purpose. This result could be pick out the factor samples from questionably and image evaluation by Grain theory. And, there was convinced of useful factors creation on attraction alley space. There was showed the useful Grain theory of re-urban landscape creation. Add, this case study could be expressed attraction alley space of alley border part in figures.

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Many citizen’s demands on roadside trees make unplanned prunes and a change for the worse landscape. In this study we analyzed a citizen's demands on maintaining roadside trees in Higashiosaka City. To use a method of analysis on administrative operations, we utilize a text data of citizen's demands on maintaining roadside trees that Higashiosaka City government has, and use simple text mining tool. As a result of analysis, we have showed that text mining tool can grasp relations between various citizen's demands visually, and extracted important words and clusters. And as a result of classification of administrative responses, we have confirmed a germinations of public-private partnership and potentials of reflection to maintenance plan of roadside trees. From the above results, we examined that 1) text mining valid for grasping the citizen’s demands of roadside trees, 2) the department of maintaining roadside tree must have a mid and long-term maintenance plan and authorized role-sharing with residents.

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We proposed the cooperative farming in the city which increases the communication in neighborhood between the residents, friendly feeling to agriculture and crop joy, and also investigated the possibility for that. As for the method, we surveyed the present situation mainly on an allotment farm in Kobe city about the problem and prospects. In addition, we really tried an action to manage the cooperative farm in a lecture of the citizen's course. Also we took a part and watched an action of the NPO to manage the cooperative farm in the city park, and inspected the result and issues. As a result, the allotment farm of Kobe city had a problem for continuation with the aging of a manager and the user. In addition, the long distances become the disincentive, too. However, we could understand that the actions such as events promoted interchange and continuation. The understanding for the cooperative farm and breeding of the will were seen in a high ratio by the program we offered at the citizen's course. At the cooperative farm in the city park, we could consider that a good location, existence of support and the coordinator are effective factor for continuation.

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About half a century has passed since management activities were begun in Senboku Newtown, and local associations are expected to play a leading role in maintaining and managing its local environment for the future. This study aims to clarify the development of management activities which local associations have conducted under Sakai City’s “Minami Ward Project to Promote Development of a Community with Flowers”, by using two different viewpoints, collaboration with locals and an expansion of its local involvement. The study found that a neighborhood center served as an important base for management activities. It also revealed that, although a systematically-designed network of green space did not seem to fully contribute to the development of activities, parks and open spaces next to a neighborhood center were an important factor in the spreading of management activities in the community. In addition, the study revealed that collaboration with locals not belonging to a local association was significant in the spread of local involvement in the community, and that activities other than community gardening activities developed wider collaboration with locals.

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We investigated the features of the forests surrounding the dispersed houses, known as Igune, in the central region of the Sendai plains, in order to conserve their landscape. By conducting a tree census involving land around 19 houses, we identified more than 70 tree species; the Japanese cedar dominated these, though many secondary woodland species were also found. However, the forest area in the region decreased by 56% during 35years from 1975 to 2011. Although forest-floor management has ceased for half of investigated houses, activities such as positive training of wild grass, collection of firewood materials, etc., were confirmed. The forests have also become areas of faith, with small shrines and monuments located within them. Furthermore, the forests are an important habitat for the raccoon dog, because their storage feces are only usually found in farmland areas. On the other hand, in addition to the decrease in woodland areas due to diseases resulting in death, as well as damage from salt water arising from tsunamis, further reductions to the forests have been noted, particularly near coastal areas. The forest landscape in these regions has been affected by human activities for hundreds of years, and it is thought that this has significantly shaped the cultural landscape.

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Kozoji New Town is one of the earliest large-scale residential developments in Japan. The plan was based on a land readjustment project which took into consideration natural disasters such as Typhoon Vera, large-scale developments such as the Aichi Canal, and social situations such as the advance of motorization. The master plan for Kozoji New Town changed over time while continuing the search for an ideal form of replotting design and solutions for problems with the transport plans in consideration of the natural environment of the site, but eventually a unique plan was realized incorporating the valley’s large-scale main roads and pedestrian ways on the ridges branching out from the regional center which is concentrated in the one spot. In the process of changes in the master plan, the ‘natural environment’ of the site had considerable influence on the shedding of the neighborhood unit theory, the concentration and density of population and facilities in the centre and the pedestrian way connections. As Kozoji New Town made the local natural environment the fundamental structure of the new town, it became an opportunity for great changes in the attitudes towards planning spatial structures in subsequent new town planning, while continuing some development ideas from early New Town planning.

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This study clarified the framework of planning system and concrete policies to implement green infrastructure (GI) in Liverpool city, United Kingdom. As a result, it is uncertain to realize strategic distribution of GI and partnership building for GI implementation, because the present planning system has no legislative measure to planning GI crossing over local government’s boundary. Even as for the local government’s level, it becomes the subject of concern how GI is protected and enhanced in the new Local Plan under development. On the other hand, the GI policies were characterized by not only the method to integrating GI provision to general development activities, but also to specify the GI functions in detail by spatial area of the city with the evidence base. However to make GI implementation more feasible it will be a subject to evaluate economic value of GI that the developer can get through protecting and enhancing GI in their development project.

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In the era of rapid economic growth, most of the new towns that were built in the suburbs to deal with the demands on housing by an increasing urban population were built in especially developed hilly areas. Especially in the case of the initial new towns, the plans were constrained both technically and economically by the reclaimed hillside topography and as a result, there is a close correspondence between the formed spatial structures and the topography. Kozoji New Town is one of those new towns. The pedestrian ways were planned for along the ridges and the main roads for within the former valley and so the traffic lines of pede- strians and motorcars were separated three-dimensionally. As for the arrangement of the residential buildings within the housing complex, characteristics such as minimal foundations in ground with Paleozoic strata can be seen because of the difficulties in working it, and tower-type multi-story buildings with a small floor area were arranged instead. This study aims to understand the characteristics of the topography by comparing the landforms before and after the development of the two Japan Housing Corporation apartment complexes as well as to clarify more detailed characteristics about considerations given to the topography as can be seen in the open spaces and allocation of residential building in each residential area.

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The purpose of this case study research is to examine City of Portland’s green infrastructure projects towards the implementation of green infrastructure in Japan. Interviews with Portland’sBureau of Environmental Services followed by discussion and site visits were conducted in May, 2014. In this paper, firstly, green infrastructure’s current situation, the Bureau’s organizational structure to implement green infrastructure, and the characteristics, typologies, and chronological histories of green infrastructure projects in Portland are summarized. Secondly, 10 selected City of Portland’s green infrastructure projects are examined in detail and categorized based on project types, project information, managed stormwater areas, implemented stormwater tools as well as environmental benefits from the projects. Based on the discussion on the challenges of green infrastructure in Japan and the findings from the case studies, the paper concludes with suggestions to overcome the obstacle s of green infrastructure implementation in Japan, given existing stormwater storage and infiltration technologies.

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The purpose of this research is to identify the history of natural conservation related to tourism development in the Republic of Palau through literature review and interview survey and to investigate the effectiveness of the current natural conservation polices at two case study sites. The results show that the primitive natural conservation had focused on sustainable use of natural resources by local communities, and it has then turned into wildlife conservation because of the many environmental issues, for example, the severe coral bleaching event, the soil erosion problem caused by new developments, and the environmental degradation by tourist activities. Currently, the unique natural conservation policies are in effect such as Protected Area Network, Micronesia Challenge Endowment Fund, and Green Fee. The national government carries out those policies by means of attracting tourists, who pay the Green Fee, and gathering attention from international society, which donates Micronesia Challenge Endowment Fund. The national government distributes those funds to local communities, which manage their natural resources sustainably as the Protected Area Network sites. The funds are used not only for the conservation objective itself, but also for the purpose of the small community developments such as starting nature tourism projects. The result of this study would be useful for discussing the direction of nature tourism development in Japan.

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This paper aims to clarify a)how concretely policies are expressed as road maps in Green Master Plans and b)what kind of role these policies have played. Investigated plans for a) are those of municipalities in Kanagawa prefecture. It was found out that the policies of Special Green Space Conservation Area and of parks are expressed concretely in more plans than other policies. For b) a case study was conducted on Zushi city in Kanagawa prefecture. In Zushi city there is a road map of Special Green Space Conservation Area, in which the government and citizens expressed their intentions for green space conservation. Later, the government and citizens have tried to refer the contents of this road map to other plans and policies, some of which are by law ought to be prior to Green Master Plans. The contents of the road map were imported to Community Development Plan and then to Comprehensive Plan of Zushi city.

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This study was conducted in Poris Gaga which is a peri-urban village of Jakarta. We investigate the distribution and conditions of small ponds (Kolam). Kolam was classified using by DCA and cluster analysis with 106 existing ponds and subjects of usage conditions. In the result, there were a total of 119 ponds. Among them, only 45 ponds are used, 53 ponds are deserted and 21 ponds have already disappeared. Most of utilization purpose of Kolam are fish farming, and other top of purpose is domestic water storage mainly to household effluent, but some Kolams have a plural role. The water level of rainy season is different from dry season. The result shows Axis 1 of DCA is heavily correlated with Using condition and Application of Water storage of household effluent, and correlated with Presence of dumping garbage and inflow of household effluent. Axis 2 is strongly correlated with Application of Cultivation, and correlated with Application of Irrigation. Kolams were classified into 4 groups according to DCA scores by cluster analysis. We identified the disappearance risks of Group1 and Group3 are higher, because most disappeared Kolams were classified in these. And water quantity of Group3 and Group1 is less than others.

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A project creating artificial forests, “Amagasaki Forest Central Green Space,” has proceeded in an urban waterfront area in Hyogo prefecture for ten years. In this project, plantings of nursery stocks from local plants are selected with consideration for biodiversity. In this paper, we analyzed the record of local seed collection, clearly defined as the role of each participant. Our results revealed those two features, the number of seeds and the number of species, differed by categories that were divided according to the sector to which the participants belonged. The category consisting of experts was equipped to collect many kinds of seeds, taking advantage of their identification capability. On the other hand, another category of citizens and/or enterprises, mainly beginners, working with the experts, was able to collect many kinds of easily -identifiable seeds such as acorns. The participants were also able to collect a large quantity of seeds when activities were held as a nature observation event by the experts. These results showed that efforts to preserve species diversity by mass collection of seeds from local plants should be supported by role sharing among various participants.

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