Before Doppo Kunikida consciously described the anonymous landscape in “Musashino” and “Wasureenu hitobito” in 1898, he had spent approximately 10 months as a teacher in Saiki, Oita, from 1893 to 1894. This study aimed to clarify Doppo Kunikida’s interests and perspectives, focusing on the events in Saiki. First, a quantitative text analysis of the diary “Azamukazaru no ki” revealed that Doppo Kunikida was pursuing the relationship between “humans” and “nature,” and that he was interested in the situation of “humans” living in nature and towns, recognizing it as “facts.” Next, the relationship between human, landscape, and emotional descriptions in the five literary works showed Doppo Kunikida’s following perspectives: 1) the contrast between the lively people and the desolate town, 2) the contrast between the traditional life and the town’s changes, and 3) the nostalgia felt when he left the town and placed himself in nature. Thus, Doppo Kunikida’s awareness of the anonymous landscape was caused by 1) auditory perception, 2) a sense of time, and 3) his physical perspectives. The meaning of the events in Saiki, leading to “Musashino” and “Wasureenu hitobito,” was that he repeatedly felt “the landscape” vividly and realistically, using the above perceptions.

This study focuses on Shiramizu waterfall in Shirakawa Village，and clarifies the changes in people's perception of the waterfall based on a literature survey. Shiramizu waterfall was already famous in the Meiji period，and was praised as one of the "Three famous waterfalls of Japan" for its abundant water volume and straight fall，and was designated as a natural monument of Gifu Prefecture. In response to the construction of the Miboro No. 2 Power Plant dam，there was an active campaign for the designation of the area as a national park and for the protection of nature. The scenery of Shiramizu waterfall was described as a symbol of the campaign. As a result，the area around the waterfall was not destroyed，but relative attention is considered to have decreased to this day. Although Shirakawa Village's Gassho-style houses has become a famous tourist attraction as a World Heritage Site, the number of visitors to the Shirakawa Village side of the Hakusan National Park is relatively small. It is necessary to consider the utilization of Shiramizu waterfall, not only as a tourist resource, but also to inform the villagers more widely.

This study investigated the characteristics and evolution of modern gardens with lawns in the Kyoto, Osaka and Hyogo. Gardens featuring lawns in the Kyoto, Osaka and Hyogo primarily began construction around the mid-Meiji period. During the Meiji era, a new naturalist view of Japanese gardens of wealthy industrialists and politicians saw the introduction of Western-style gardens, incorporating lawns as part of the garden design. Subsequently, the area covered by lawns expanded, and by the Taisho era to the early Showa period, Western-style gardens consisting solely of grassy areas emerged. In large estates, both Japanese and Western-style gardens were created. Boundaries between Japanese gardens in mixed-style gardens and lawn areas featured elements like open gates, stone walls, and plantings to introduce spatial variations. In the gardens of middle-class urban homes during the Taisho era, lawn areas were introduced. These lawns were utilitarian but also had aesthetic value. In the late Taisho and early Showa periods, gardens incorporating Japanese garden elements such as stepping stones, stone arrangements, and dry ponds within lawn areas appeared. It is speculated that these gardens may have been influenced by naturalistic garden design."

Shoto-en, designated as a nationally renowned garden, was created by Akitomo, the 13th generation of the Tachibana family, in 1879 and was utilized until 1909. No photographs of the early Shoto-en built by Akitomo were known to exist. However, it was discovered that there are two photos that might depict this early period. Consequently, an investigation was conducted to determine if these two photos were indeed taken of the early Shoto-en. The research methodology involved comparative verification based on the text of the "Articles of visiting Shoto-en" written in 1899 and other old photographs. The results confirmed that the two photos were indeed taken of the early Shoto-en. Through the analysis of these two old photographs and related ones, it was revealed that the early Shoto-en had a small gazebo where one person could sit. This gazebo was passed down and continued to exist in Shoto-en during the time of Tomoharu, the 14th generation of the Tachibana family, until the late Taisho era. Moreover, details previously undisclosed, such as the expansion of the pond, were clarified, including the significant enlargement of the north side of the pond when Tomoharu, the 14th generation of the Tachibana family, renovated Shoto-en.

In this study, we conducted a survey of the growth distribution of spider plants (Chlorophytum comosum) in Yawata City and Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture. After investigating distribution trends and growth conditions in each region, we will measure winter temperatures and compare them with measurement results from the weather observatories to verify and discuss to what extent they are resistant to winter low temperatures. The plant distribution was surveyed in January, November, and December 2021. Temperature measurements were taken from January to February 2021 and from December 2021 to March 2022. As a result of the survey, 326 strains at 23 locations in the east Otokoyama district of Yawata City, 297 strains at 38 locations around the city hall of Yawata City, and 802 strains at 40 locations in Kawaramachi-dori, Kyoto City were confirmed. In Yawata City, it was widely distributed in residential areas, but in Kawaramachi-dori, Kyoto City, the uneven distribution was remarkable, and dense growth was confirmed in the southern area near the residential area. Based on the measured minimum temperature and estimated past minimum temperature, the spider plants in Yawata City can withstand low temperatures of -3.5 to -4.6℃, and the spider plants in Kyoto City can withstand low temperatures of -2.8 to -4.5℃.

This study revealed the persistence of viewpoints and changes in landscape elements by comparing modern postcards and current landscapes in Naruto designated as a place of scenic beauty. Based on the results, 60 (54.5%) of the 107 viewpoints survived, and there were viewpoints that had disappeared or changed due to the collapse of the park trail or the erosion of the sandy beach. As a result of comparing modern postcards and current photographs at 60 viewpoints, the characteristics of the landscapes were classified into 11 views (A to K). Furthermore, landscape elements and the act of looking out, which are the subject matter of postcards, had disappeared due to the following reasons (A, H, and J were due to shielding by nearby plants and the Onaruto Bridge, C and K were due to erosion of the sandy beach and withering of black pines, and F was due to the development of the plaza). It was suggested that in order to protect Naruto, a place of scenic beauty, it is necessary to take measures such as appropriate planting management, planting black pines, renovating trails and plazas, and preventing erosion of sandy beaches.

Despite the fact that visitor centers (VC) in Japan are, in principle, developed as museum and exhibition facility projects, very few studies have dealt with the exhibit of VC. This study deals with the Aso Sanjo visitor center as a case study and aims 1) to clarify the viewing of the exhibits by visitors and the changes in their awareness of the exhibits, and 2) to obtain suggestions for the future design and development of exhibits in the VC. As a result, from the responses to the 144 questionnaires who looked at any of the exhibits at least 10 seconds, it was found that only 7% of respondents saw all 13 exhibits. The median number of exhibits seen was also 5, which is less than half the number of exhibits. The hands-on exhibits ranked first and second in the "exhibits seen" and "most impressive exhibits" categories. Furthermore, the lowest and second-lowest exhibits in the "exhibits seen" category were difficult for visitors to notice. These findings suggest that it may be effective to change the style and location of the exhibits with important contents. In addition, the viewing of specific VC exhibits increased awareness of tourism, disasters, and the environment, either directly or indirectly.

The responses of branches and stumps of trees to the tree topping has been well documented; however, the responses of root systems toward this practice has not been understood clearly. In addition, litter removal is carried out as a traditional practice for the maintenance of landscaping trees, and it has a negative effect on tree growth and vitality. Litter removal is likely to be influenced by the responses of root systems toward tree topping. In this study, we investigated the effect of tree topping on the number of root tips and rate of mycorrhizal formation associated with four ectomycorrhizal (ECM) types of Quercus glauca trees in plots with and without litter removal. The chlorophyll contents of the tree leaves after tree topping were significantly lower, especially in the litter removal plot, compared to those in the plot without tree topping and litter removal. The abundances of the total fine-root tips and those with contact and short-distance ECM types increased after tree topping in the non-litter removal plot but did not increase significantly in the litter removal with topping and non-litter removal without topping plots. These results suggest that tree topping increases the abundances of fine-root and ECM tips, and these reactions are weaker with litter removal under the tree.

This study explored the opposition to tree cutting in Akashi Park 2021 and the issues of the Castle Site Park. With the revision of the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties in 2019, the roles of cultural properties and the methods of historic site maintenance are expected to change. Therefore, to develop castle ruins parks, it is necessary to determine the issues of castle ruins parks today. In this study, we identified the problems occurring in Akashi Park from the beginning of the 19 century until today by classifying the basis for decision. Furthermore, we determined three issues regarding the development of castle site parks, which are often conflicting. First, the development of castle site parks needs to be examined from multiple perspectives, such as the protection of cultural properties, the conservation of the natural environment of its location, and the utilization as a park. Second, although multiple points of view are necessary to examine issues, there are only a few places to share those opinions and a few methods to create such places. Third, some of the cultural properties, such as stone walls and earthworks, may easily be overlooked like in the case of Akashi Park.

The decline in the use of semi-natural grasslands in Japan and the problem of a lack of management players have led to a need for sustainable maintenance and management measures. Based on the current status and issues of each grassland, it is important to identify items of value for the continued use of current semi-natural grasslands. In this study, a field survey was conducted in the Tomine Kogen in Kamikawa Town, Hyogo Prefecture, in order to clarify the changes in ownership, management, and utilization of the Tomine Kogen from the early Meiji period to the present. The research was carried out from April to November 2022, while belonging to the Tomine Nature Exchange Centre as an intern student, through literature review, data collection, interviews, and action research. Based on the survey results, it became clear that there are four periods in the Tomine Kogen as a community co-managed space for maintenance and utilization. (1) a period when the area was used as a traditional Japanese commons; (2) a period when regional joint use exists; (3) a period when land use declined; And (4) a period when visitor-oriented events were activated. These results are important insights in considering sustainable management and use strategies for the Tonomine Kogen in the future.

This paper analyses the significance of managing under-used forests and the management methods used in a buffer zone for prevention of crop raiding by wild mammals in Minami Awaji, Hyogo Prefecture. In this case study, the significance of forest management was found to be in the sustainment and revitalization of the agricultural community from a long-term perspective, and the forest management was positioned as one of works associated with agriculture. As a method of implementing the sustainment and revitalization of agricultural community, a system was created in which the residents harvest wood and convert into resources; they thereby solve the problems of management costs and labors. We analyzed the first year's performance of the project in terms of resources and funding. It was found that the project has the potential to be sustainable by controlling costs through small-scale management of local production for local consumption, and by gradually promoting forest management with limited manpower. To continue the management of the forest, the following operational innovations were important: (1) to find multiple resource values, even if they are not necessities, and making some profits; (2) to use the profits made to pay for the work to secure labors; and (3) to open the workspace as an exchange center to facilitate communication.

This study was conducted in Moriyama village, situated at the foot of Mt. Hira in Otsu, Shiga Prefecture. Our investigation centered on the village's water environment and its integration with disaster prevention and mitigation, considering four key facets: everyday life, livelihood, disaster prevention, and religious factors. The village's water environment encompassed two primary categories: water sources shaped by the environment and topography and human-made structures. A sophisticated water network with strategically located points extended from the mountains to the lakeshore, ensuring the reliable utilization of water from mountain sources. lakeside springs, and the lake itself. We also identified intricate water-handling techniques employed for disaster prevention. The role of 'self-help, mutual-help and public-help' in disaster management and community activities that also take into account the position of urban planning was discussed.

Since 2006, "Amagasaki Forest Central Green Space" has been underway in the urban waterfront area of Hyogo prefecture. The project has proceeded by collecting seeds from locally native plants, nurturing them, and planting them while considering the local genetic differentiation in plant biodiversity. In this study, to extract specific challenges of greening forest edges, roadside, and forest floor vegetation consisting of locally native plants and management, we investigated the growth of locally native plants after planting, in addition to analyzing the attempts to create vegetation through the participation and collaboration of the three organizations: park managers, professionals, and citizens. As a result, local native plant vegetation was confirmed in the planted area. Moreover, the expansion of the distribution and creation of dominant plant communities were confirmed in Carex brunnea, Persicaria filiformis, and Agrimonia pilosa var. viscidula. Tasks were distributed among park managers: soil improvement, preparing seedlings, cultivating, and irrigating; professionals: planning plant layout, coaching planting, and selecting weeding; and citizens: doing effortful work such as planting and selective weeding of non-native plants. Creating locally native plant-based vegetation and management was enabled by high-density planting, coaching selective weeding by professionals, and managing selective weeding tasks by park managers.

The loss of habitat due to the development of housing and the abandonment of management of green spaces has led to a decline in the population of the evergreen perennial herb, Asarum tamaense Makino that grows around Tama Hills. To evaluate the conservation method for A. tamaense, we assigned a “cutting area” in which Pleioblastus chino (Franchet & Savatier) Makino was cut once a year, and a “non-cutting area” with unregulated P. chino, in the secondary forests of Kanto region. A. tamaense was transplanted to four areas with different topographical conditions (valley, south-facing slope, north-facing slope, and mid-slope ridge) in both the cutting and non-cutting zones in the study area. We investigated the above-ground mortality rate, the number of leaves, and the flowering status (flowering rate, the number of flowers, and the number of times flowers set) between 2015 and 2020. The survey results revealed that A. tamaense can grow even under the P. chino forest floor in deciduous broad-leaved forests. However, transplanting A. tamaense under cut P. chino increased the number of leaves per individual; in addition, it increased the flowering rate and number of flowers, especially in the southern slope. Therefore, when transplanting A. tamaense under a deciduous broad-leaved forest, it is preferable to transplant it to an area where P. chino is cut, for increased seed reproduction.

The Shiga region, nestled at the base of Hira Mountain in Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture, has long been renowned as a significant quarrying hub. Within this geographically compact area, mountains, villages, and lakes coexist closely, fostering the development of intricate stone quarrying and processing techniques. This research centers on Moriyama and Minami-Komatsu villages, historically engaged in stone extraction at the foot of Mt. Hira. The geological characteristics of these stone materials differed even among neighboring settlements, reflecting the resourcefulness of local communities in harnessing indigenous materials to sustain their way of life. Consequently, distinctive stone landscapes emerged, shaping local events and traditions. For instance, Moriyama stone masonry adorns numerous ancient villages and fields in Moriyama, while Minami-Komatsu boasts a wealth of granite structures in residential areas, temples, and shrines, showcasing highly specialized craftsmanship. Significantly, the appreciation and preservation of the value inherent in the region's stone resources and cultural heritage endure to this day, underscoring the enduring legacy of stone culture in the shadow of Mt. Hira.

The purpose of this study is to extract the elements and factors necessary for wasabi cultivation from technical books on wasabi cultivation and to analyze the elements in detail. First, the technical books on wasabi cultivation published in the modern period were elected, and the wasabi cultivation areas mentioned in the texts were organized. Second, elements and factors necessary for the wasabi cultivation were organized based on their descriptions. Factors common to all cultivation areas in Japan and unique factors in each area were organized based on the chronology and mentioned production areas. The production areas mentioned in the text are Shizuoka, Nagano, and Shimane. It can be said that the production areas in these three prefectures were established wasabi cultivation as an industry in the modern era. The number of factors necessary for wasabi cultivation was 40 and were dividend in to 3 groups: the factors related to natural environmental condition, the factors related to new build the wasabi fields and management techniques, and the factors to improve the economics of wasabi. Necessary elements and the factors common to wasabi cultivation in all prefectures in Japan and the conditions unique to each production area were identified. The conditions specific to the production area are considered to have regional characteristics.

The purpose of this study is to verify the cost of GI implementation in urban areas based on land cover classification and a hypothetical model of GI implementation in the building envelope, and to clarify the effect of GI on stormwater runoff control in the current situation and after GI implementation. The rainfall-runoff volumes were calculated based on the current land cover classification for the catchment areas of the entire Yazawa River and Maruko River watersheds. In addition, in order to understand the cost of introducing GI and to verify the effect of GI on runoff control at the district scale, the catchment boundaries were subdivided into district scales, and three small watersheds in and around Tamagawa Nogemachi Park, Setagaya Tokyo, were selected. The modeling results showed that stormwater runoff was reduced in all three watersheds. The cost of installing rainwater infiltration pipes in the entire Yazawa River and Maruko River watersheds was calculated to be about twice that of installing GI, indicating that GI can be installed at low cost.

In this study, we investigated roadside trees in Osaka City to clarify the status of remaining trees, changes in use and management 20 years after the previous study, and tree growth, and to examine whether the "preserved tree" system in Osaka City could be applied to roadside trees. As a result of the survey, trees were found to have disappeared in five sites, and several cases of abnormalities such as uprooting were confirmed. In addition, 17 of the 18 sites where trees remained met the criteria for designation as one of the preserved trees. Worship was confirmed at 15 of the sites with existing trees, and traditional events continued at all except the sites where trees had been removed. On the other hand, the burden of cleaning and other administrative tasks, as well as the aging of the organization and lack of successors, were cited as problems, suggesting that securing new leaders is an important issue.

In this study, we identified the functions that gateway facilities in urban parks should have as regional information functions, exhibition functions, and rest functions. Through a questionnaire survey of park and facility managers, we clarified the current status of gateway facilities and identified future issues. I searched for As a result, gateway facilities are developed to reflect the park's maintenance purpose, and many of the development purposes are "historical culture" and "natural environment," and some have multiple purposes in addition to the park's maintenance purpose. We were also able to confirm that there are some things that serve the purpose of "disaster prevention." Regarding the layout of facilities within the park, "central layout" and "integrated layout" are the main types of base facilities, and facility management is integrated with park management. Many are implementing programs to promote use in collaboration with volunteers. On the other hand, there are issues with local guidance and exhibitions, such as facilities being installed on the outer periphery of parks, information on local resources being limited to handouts, and promotion of collaborative efforts with the local community through gateway facilities. showed the challenges.

To clarify the current situation and social roles and to understand the characteristics and challenges of botanical gardens in Japan, a questionnaire survey was conducted on 175 botanical garden-related facilities in Japan and 71% responded. These were members of the Japan Association of Botanical Gardens, which is the only botanical garden organization in Japan. Many botanical garden-related facilities in Japan are small in terms of area and operating budget and the collection management system is insufficient. Additionally, multiple problems such as aging facilities and personnel and budget shortages are often encountered. The comparison of three types of facilities, such as private, public and school gardens, showed different roles. Education was the most common role in all three types, although school gardens also had a research role, public gardens had a recreational role, and private gardens had an exhibition and sightseeing role. In particular, there was a lot of support for horticultural and civic activities in public gardens. Diverse social roles of Japanese botanical garden-related facilities were identified, such as biodiversity conservation, environmental issues, and social inclusion. However, additional funds, strengthening cooperation and expansion of the network will be necessary for the future growth of botanical gardens in Japan.

In Korea, world heritage sites are also cultural properties and are protected by the domestic legal system. This study examined the process of establishing and regulating the buffer zones of world heritage sites in the cultural heritage protection legislation for 13 world heritage sites (50 component sites). The results showed that 1) the buffer zones of world heritage sites were most often coincident with the Historic and Cultural Environment Preservation Areas in the Cultural Heritage Protection Act, but in recent years, the Historic and Cultural Environment Preservation Areas and buffer zones have become increasingly inconsistent. 2) According to the Guidelines for Establishing Permissible Standards for Development Activities in Historic and Cultural Environment Preservation Areas, which regulate development activities in the buffer zone, the review criteria for landscape management have been elaborated, but there has been little change in terms of collecting residents' opinions. 3) The Permissible Standards promulgated for the Historic and Cultural Environment Preservation Areas of cultural properties listed as world heritage sites have diversified the scope of regulations, but they do not mention regulations that take into account the value of world heritage sites or the need for such regulations.

In recent times, there have been several discussions in Japan regarding the development of nature-based experience areas for children, within botanical gardens. However, currently, many botanical gardens only have permanent quiz boards which are not sufficient to create an environment that would optimally enrich children's experiences. We conducted a questionnaire-based survey of botanical gardens across Japan to understand their current situation, especially with regard to the presence or absence of experience areas for children and visitors’ satisfaction levels. Thereafter, we visited the botanical gardens that have such experience areas to obtain first-hand knowledge of their spatial characteristics, their constituent elements, and why they should be installed. We found out that, in terms of satisfaction with the environment and programs for children, satisfaction with physical aspects was half that of satisfaction with activity programs; 12 of the botanical gardens nationwide had such experience areas for children. Furthermore, these botanical gardens have areas where children can engage in creative play experiences, places for health promotion using the five senses, and places that encourage children's participation.

The Natural Parks Act has been revised, emphasizing the "virtuous cycle of protection and use." Understanding visitors' evaluation and attitude of national parks is fundamentally important. Recently, studies on understanding visitors’ evaluation using crowd-sourced data posted by visitors of SNS have been active. In this study, Google Maps reviews were used to reveal visitors’ evaluation of national parks. First, Google Maps, Tripadviser, and 4travel were compared, and confirmed that it was appropriate to select Google Maps as the analysis target. Second, star ratings and the number of reviews, letters, foreign language, likes for each national park were investigated. Then 34 parks were classified into six clusters. And finally, the content of the visitors’ evaluation was revealed by text-mining. As a result, it was revealed that Google Maps was frequently used by users and that reviews were accumulated. By clustering, Oze was unique because it had many reviews and letters, and it was conceivable that had enthusiastic fans. From the results of text-mining, it was revealed that the majority of the visitors gave positive evaluations. And visitors think “scenery” in National Parks is “wonderful” and “beautiful”. This study should provide a foundation for future research using online review of them as well as the planning and management of national parks in Japan.

This study focuses on Koiwai Farm in Iwate Prefecture. Focusing on the transportation and logistics routes that form the spatial characteristics of historical agricultural and livestock facilities, this study examines how the transformation process of the main transportation routes within Koiwai Farm and their relationship with the main facilities affect the spatial characteristics of the farm, and clarifies how these spatial characteristics were acquired. The transformation process of inter-base transportation routes is examined by dividing them into five periods based on the development of transportation technology and the process of road development. The spatial characteristics of the present Koiwai Farm were formed in the process of transformation of the layout of traffic routes, such as the retention of the original location of the three production base areas and the layout of major facilities, including important cultural properties, as actual spaces and their functions as business forms, the construction, extension, and removal of the horse-drawn railroad, and the transition of the main flow line within the farm from Amihari Road to Prefectural Road No. 219. The spatial characteristics of the present Koiwai Farm were formed in the process of transforming the layout of the flow line.

With growth of street trees, appropriate tree planting distance is needed in Japan. This study used viewpoint-field-mobile Virtual Reality (VR) to evaluate street trees landscape with different trees planting distance, tested the effectiveness of this method, and have identified appropriate tree planting distance from a landscape perspective. As the result, the following points were clarified. ①Viewpoint-field-mobile VR can evaluate landscape and tree distance based on a high sense of reality and immersion. There is room for improvement in reproducibility due to increased image accuracy, and also give a certain bias for feeling drunk and fatigued. ②To maintain the impression of the current streetscape as a row of trees, although the sense of security is diminished, it is desirable to update the tree distance at 15 meters or less.In the future, research on tree planting distance to improve attractiveness ratings and its relationship to optimizing management costs is desirable.

In this study, we performed GPS surveys, activity surveys, and questionnaire surveys of Kure Chuo Park in Kure City, Hiroshima Prefecture, to understand the actual user activities of the park and user evaluations. In addition, a social experiment was conducted to promote daily use of the park, and its effectiveness was clarified by comparing the results with those of normal conditions. The results showed that (1) while some blocks of the park showed a variety of activities, other blocks tended to have more activities for movement such as walking and passing through the park, and fewer activities that involved staying in the park, and (2) as a result of the social experiment assuming daily use, even small-scale installation of "objects" resulted in an increase in the number of visitors to the park compared to normal use, and new activities (painting, etc.) that were not seen in the normal situation were also observed, (3) Questionnaire surveys revealed that there is a high demand for "objects" in the park such as food and beverage services, table and chair sets, and Wi-Fi spots.

This article examines exhibition content for visitors at the four constituent sites of, and at four amenities related to, the Tomioka Silk Mill and Related Industrial Heritage. The exhibition content was compared with a focus on the criteria for registration on the UNESCO World Heritage List and on features that did not meet these criteria at the time of registration. The content was then grouped into content common to all the constituent sites and into constituent site-specific content. The analysis revealed issues related to exhibition content in the constituent sites and related amenities. The importance of harmonizing exhibition content across constituent sites of, and amenities related to, World Heritage Sites, is discussed.

This study was based on an overall assessment of the landscape of Midori City, including satisfaction, desire to improve landscape elements, interest in and participation in future landscape urban planning initiatives, and various demographic characteristics. Regression analysis was conducted with overall satisfaction with Midori City as the dependent variable and various landscape resources as independent variables. The results showed that 'satisfaction with institutional landscapes' had the greatest impact, exceeding the standard regression coefficients for 'satisfaction with landscapes' and 'satisfaction with natural landscapes'. Furthermore, the generational characteristics were classified into three categories: 18-40 years, 50-60 years, and over 70 years. Similarly, Midori City was divided into three districts: the towns of Kasagake, Omama, and Azuma. Quantification Theory III revealed intergenerational and inter-district characteristics of perceptions of landscape urban planning. This analysis is considered to provide valuable knowledge for shaping the future vision of landscape town planning in Midori City, taking into account the diverse age groups and local preferences and attitudes.

In Mishima, subterranean water from Mt. Fuji flows through the urban area as spring-fed rivers. Therefore, diverse relationships with the river space can be observed. The purpose of this study is to clarify the spatial composition and citizen relationships for five spring-fed rivers in Mishima. Based on the spatial analysis of boundary forms and riverfront sites, and the survey of community activities, occupational forms, lifestyle behaviors, spatial actions, and reflections of resident awareness, the characteristics of the five rivers were considered from the public, common, and private perspectives. In Genbe River, which has public characteristics, river improvements were the most advanced, and theme community-led activities and participation of people outside the local community were identified. In Sakura River and Hasunuma River, which have common characteristics, landscape-conscious displays and regular local activities were observed. In Goten River, which has private characteristics, private equipment was found at the boundaries of the river. Based on the actual conditions, characteristics, and problems of the five rivers, we considered the relationship between rivers and citizens for sustainability and regeneration of diverse relationships.

This study aims to identify the process of engaging in agricultural diversification using cases of new entrants to the combined business of viticulture and winery in the Tokyo metropolitan area. The study used three step procedures. First, we have conducted semi-structured interviews for the entrants who have agreed with the survey. Second, we have analyzed the interview data using the grounded theory approach and structured their processes of engaging in the combined business, especially focusing on their motivations, how they have acquired agricultural land, and how they have obtained the license as a wine brewer. There are three expected processes of engaging in the business; the process-1 is that a grape farmer gets into winery business, the process-2 is that business of viticulture and winery are aimed for at the same time, and the process-3 is that a winery gets into viticulture. The results show that, among 13 subjects, 10 corresponded to the process-2 and 3 corresponded to the process-3, while no one corresponded to the process-1, which is only supported by the Japanese law promoting agricultural diversification. Therefore, entrants via process-2 and 3 should also be supported by laws and policies to enhance the diversification of agriculture in the future.

In Tokyo Park System, Kanagawa Prefecture had its own Keienchi park plan and conducted its own scenic zone developments. Keienchi parks were planned as scenic zones for recreation, especially the Tsukui-Keienchi park in Kanagawa Prefecture, which was planned to save the region from recession. The purpose of this study is to clarify the actual situation and background of the scenic zone developments there. Specifically, this study aims to clarify the actual situation of the developments conducted or planned in Tsukui-Keienchi park, and the thinking of the people who led the projects to give economic meaning to scenic zones. For the actual situation, we investigated records using newspaper articles of the time, thus clarifying the specifics of the scenic zone developments, such as the renovation of mountain trails and the planting of plum trees. As for the idea of giving economic meaning to scenic zones, by analyzing the discourse of Kenkichi Ohta and Teizo Niwa, who were central figures in the planning process, it became clear that Kanagawa Prefecture had the objective of creating a park that would combine primary industry and tourism, and that behind this was the idea that the unique scenic zones of each region would be created by primary industry, which is specific to each region.

Sericulture/filature was a leading industry to contribute to Japanese economy in early twentieth century. Silk mills have a key role for yarn reeling process and produce high quality silk from cocoon. Most of the mills were closed during World War II, but after the war over 300 mills quickly recovered with domestic market demands. Katakura and Gunze were two major silk yarn manufacturers. Due to business recession, their silk mills shut down year by year and they were replaced by other factories or shopping moles. The objectives of this research are to clarify changes or business transition of the site utilization while comparing the two manufacturers. Katakura shifts from silk yarn reeling to commercial developer business by use of their sites having enough land space where mostly located close to major railway stations. Shopping moles are managed by Katakura at the sites as their real-estate asset. Gunze shifts to innerwear manufacturer in earlier stage. They took a position of major player as apparel business by use of silk mills site where mostly being unsuitable to commercial zone. Gunze increases diversification of their business to commercial developer and medical materials depending on each site location.

Former Hiroshima Army Clothing Depot was one of the most important military facilities for former military city Hiroshima. The existing four warehouses are the oldest reinforced concrete buildings in Japan, three of which are owned by the prefecture and will be reused in the future as the largest bombed buildings. The history of the atomic-bombing of this building has been noted, however, its history of reuse in post-war period has not received much attention, nor been researched. It has been converted as classrooms or dormitories for university or local high schools, warehouse for private companies, and has contributed to reconstruction and significant revival of Hiroshima as well. This study manifested detailed adoptive reuse of former Hiroshima Army Clothing Depot in postwar period collecting information based on literature surveys and interviews with former dormitory students and local residents, and relations with surrounding area.

In urban areas, many nursery schools go for walks to open spaces in their neighborhoods due to the lack of school yards. This study aims 1) to grasp the outside activities including walking by identifying the destinations and routes of daily walks taken by nursery schools and the environmental elements expected of the destinations, and 2) to consider the role of urban open spaces such as parks and green spaces. A questionnaire survey was conducted at nursery schools in Bunkyo-ward, Tokyo, to determine the frequency of walks, the number and ages of children, the number of caregivers, the time from departure to return, and the departure time, as well as the destinations and routes and the environmental elements that were the reasons for these choices. As a result, most of the destinations for walks were urban parks and green spaces owned by local governments such as neighborhood parks, block parks and children's playgrounds, but private lands such as university campuses, temples and shrines were also used. This confirms the diversity in the destinations for walks. It was also thought that parks were selected because of their ample space and the appeal of interacting with nature, while children's playgrounds were selected because of safety-related elements.

In Japan, there has been many efforts to utilize road space with reference to the cases of Sidewalk Café and Parklet in the U.S. In recent years, road space utilization programs in Japan have been changing due to COVID-19, and this trend can be seen in the United States as well. Therefore, understanding how the programs for utilization of road space has changed after COVID-19 in the United States can be important findings for considering the road space utilization program of Japan. This study aims at examining the changes of road space utilization program before and after COVID-19 in Washington D.C. U.S.A by conducting a literature review on the programs and interview surveys to DDOT, which create and implement road utilization programs such as Sidewalk Café, Parklet and Streatery. As a result, it was found that the main purpose of Streatery program is to support the reopening of restaurants with the prevention of the spread of COVID-19 by promoting the utilization of outdoor space such as parking zones and has benefited many restaurants. However, there are several issues with the current Streatery program, and DDOT is currently working on a new program to resolve them.

The town of Karuizawa, a representative resort in Japan, is not only a tourist destination with 8 million annual visitors, but also stands out as one of the premier summer houses areas in Japan. Using Karuizawa as a case study, the objectives of this study were (1) to clarify the location of summer houses and tourist recreation facilities at different times of the year using maps showing the areas, and (2) to summarise the spatial changes in Karuizawa after discussing the information value of maps showing them. The research methods used were a literature survey and a field survey, mainly based on maps. While in the Meiji period the center of construction of summer houses was on the area close to the Karuizawa-juku, post town, before and during the Showa period, the area expanded to other areas not facing the Karuizawa main road, and changed to a wider areas. Tourist and recreation facilities were located within or adjacent to the summer houses area south of the Karuizawa-juku, post town in the Meiji period, but disappeared with the expansion of the summer houses area and the construction of new areas.