During the Edo period, feudal domains suffered from financial difficulty because of the reformations carried out by Tokugawa shogunate and the severe famines. Such domains were encouraged to promote new industries. Hirado domain in Nagasaki, which had once flourished as the gateway of trade with Europe, was one of those domains. Matsura Hiromu, the tenth lord of Hirado domain, emphasized solving the financial problems; 2km south from his residential Kameoka-jo Castle, he constructed Umegayatsu Kairakuen, where his intention of boosting new industry was reflected. Nobori-gama (a climbing kiln) and potteries that were used as a border for flowerbed or other garden structures (which still remains), which shows that this garden has the distinctive feature. It is clear that the garden functioned as a testing place for an industrial promotion.

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This study aims to clear the characteristics of visitors’ evaluation activities in their walking at Akazawa national recreational forest. For this, we attempt to investigate courses which visitor had walked by questionnaire firstly. And then we investigate the walked courses of visitors and analyze the distribution of evaluation activities by tracking survey. Finally, we analyzed the relationship between distribution of landscape factors evaluated by visitors and the structure of corresponding course. As a result visitors’ walking pathway might be divided into two types: one is short way along by stream, the other is long way or the combination of more than three courses. Secondly visitors’ evaluation activities indicated that visitors are attracted by the factors such as peculiar plant, giant tree when they are walking. Thirdly, most of visitors had done some evaluation activities on the bridges linked walking courses to streams in the park. It is also found that the evaluations decrease with walking time, but it may increase in the course with high landscape diversity.

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Forest leaf litter collections and composting have been carried out as maintenance activities in Satoyama, Japan. The purpose of this study is to clarify the degree of trampled forest leaf litter and changing of chemical characteristic and microbial activity differences between trampled and not trampled forest leaf litter in Satoyama. Microbial activity (Absorbance at 490nm = A490) of composting forest leaf litter rose to below the composting after one year regardless trampled and not trampled. Trampled forest leaf litter had no effect on the changing of the chemical and biological characteristics of composting beyond a limit of period (about 6 month). In the composting first stage, forest litter collections have been compressed because of trampling, resulting in confirming an increase of content weight and microbial activity. The carbon mineralization and huminification was promoted by means of trampling forest leaf litter. Hence, trampled forest leaf litter was an effective contribution toward composting during the first stage.

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The National Park System in Japan, which was established in 1931, has since given certain purposes and functions to National Parks according to the needs of the times. Similarly, the landscapes of designated National Parks have also changed with the times. The 12 National Parks designated in 1930s, a prewar era, were selected by a committee of specialists. This paper shows the selection process, using the documents of the Health and Medical Bureau of the Interior Department and certain minutes of related committees. The documents show us the evaluation of each candidate site on the basis of “the Selection Policy of National Parks” of the Department. Tsuyoshi Tamura, a key figure of the Bureau, evaluated landscapes from the viewpoint of natural science and looked upon what is spectacularly representative in terms of geomorphology and geology as the very landscapes suitable for National Parks. As a result, spectacular mountainous landscapes have since been mainly selected as National Parks in Japan.

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“Yamanobe-no-michi” is known as the ancient road and a hiking route running along the east edge of the Nara Basin. This paper discusses the formation process of this route and its social background. Yamanobe-no-michi was clearly described for the first time on two guidebooks published in 1941 by Kansai Express Railway Co.,Ltd. Till then this route was an obscure route to visit the Imperial mausoleums and to hike, and was barely known to the public. Since building up people’s physical strength and visiting historical sites were encouraged, tourists increased and this route became important for tourism. Osaka Electric Railway Co.,Ltd, which is the origin of Kansai Express Railway, and its executives regarded Nara as a sacred place of an origin of the country of Japan and exhorted people to learn a primitive spirit of building the country by means of seeing the historical landscapes. Osaka Electric Railway and company’s editors encouraged tourism and identified this route as the ancient route called Yamanobe-no-michi and promoted it in their guidebooks. These guidebooks decided people’s recognition of regarding a hiking route as the ancient route of Yamanobe-no-michi. Moreover these guidebooks contributed to link landscapes to history and legend, and brought about new landscape representations.

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