Landscape Research Japan Online
Online ISSN : 1883-261X
ISSN-L : 1883-261X
Volume 7
Displaying 1-23 of 23 articles from this issue
Research Paper
  • Keita YAMAGUCHI, Izumi SHIGETA, Masashi KAWASAKI
    2014 Volume 7 Pages 1-8
    Published: 2014
    Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2014
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    “Yamanobe-no-michi” is known as one of oldest routes in Japan and a popular hiking route, which is rich in nature and cultural assets. This paper aims to clarify a development process of scenic evaluations and landscape conservation in the area of Yamanobe-no-michi, and to examine current ideas of conserving the landscape. The route Yamanobe-no-michi, which was rediscovered and indicated in 1941 for the first time, had come to stay as a hiking route, and lots of scenic representation had been made in the area along the route. The area has been conserved since 1960s, and the route of Yamanobe-no-michi has been ranked as a symbol and a nucleus. When the area was designated as a Historic Landscape Preservation District, a historical landscape council attached great importance to “mental landscape” composed of images formed by ancient literature. The area was designated as a quasi-national park, and a trail was established as a part of Tokai Nature Trail. This paper showed a rediscovery and indication of the ancient route afforded an opportunity to develop its peculiar area image and to conserve landscapes of its surrounding area. The route has become a substantial ancient route in the end.
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  • Takashi KOSUGE, Katsunori FURUYA
    2014 Volume 7 Pages 9-16
    Published: 2014
    Released on J-STAGE: March 05, 2014
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In Shiretoko, nature conservation measures are in progress, and on the other hand economic effects of the world heritage on the region are expected. It is important to implement proper measures for both nature conservation and tourism in order to prevent the problems of not only an increase in dissatisfaction among tourists but also a decrease in the number of tourists. This study was intended to clarify the gap between the ‘actual consciousness of tourists to Shiretoko’ and their ‘consciousness assumed by tourism operators in Shiretoko’ by first comprehending the former and then comparing it to the latter. The result showed that in terms of expectation tourists’ consciousness is not so high but that in terms of satisfaction their consciousness is higher than tourism operators imagine. Therefore, their satisfaction is considered to exceed their expectation. Consequently, it is deemed very important to continue to maintain the value of Shiretoko’s nature from now on. Furthermore, it is also important to determine a method for utilizing users’ evaluation for the purpose of preserving the value of attractive nature and eco-tour experience in Shiretoko for a long period in the future.
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  • Moeko UEDA, Tamotsu HATTORI, Akiharu KAMIHOGI
    2014 Volume 7 Pages 20-27
    Published: 2014
    Released on J-STAGE: March 26, 2014
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In this study, we investigated the relationship between species composition of halophyte communities and its hinterland forest and topography indicated by altitude and distance from the shoreline or conservation activities on Narugashima, located in Awaji Island, Western Japan. As a result, two forest communities and five grassland communities were recognized: Pittosporo‐Quercetum phillyraeoidis, Hibiscetum hamabo with four lower units, Suaedetum maritimae, Limonietum tetragoni with two lower units, Phaceluretum latifolii, Caricetum scabrifoliae, and Asteretum tripolium. It became clear that the arrangement of those communities is affected by tens of centimeters vertical interval and distance from the shoreline. It is suggested that marine litter measures such as cleaning activities and periodical mowing are contributing to the maintenance of grassland communities and one of the lower units of Hibiscetum hamabo.
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  • Akiko IIDA, Satoshi OSAWA, Mikiko ISHIKAWA
    2014 Volume 7 Pages 28-31
    Published: 2014
    Released on J-STAGE: March 14, 2014
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The Republic of Palau has a unique culture of medicinal herbs use. In particular, in the first birth ceremony, they care mother’s body with various kinds of herbs and celebrate the first birth with family and community. This study clarifies the kinds of medicinal herbs for the ceremony and determines important landscape elements for collecting the medicinal herbs by a behavior survey using a GPS in a village. The following points are clarified. In the ceremony, 24 kinds of herbs were used. Among those, 11 herbs were collected in the agroforestry inside of the village and 13 herbs were from the surrounding environments such as grasslands and limestone forests. Given the recent conversion of grasslands to urban settlements, it is essential to conserve various landscape elements in total as well as preserve the knowledge of herbs in order to inherit the cultural activities. The behavior survey using the GPS would be an effective method to show the places visually, which has important cultural meaning like the medicinal herbs use in the ritual.
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  • Katsutoshi NONAKA
    2014 Volume 7 Pages 32-40
    Published: 2014
    Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2014
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This study clarifies changes in land ownership and land usage at the site of Odawara castle in modern times and considers corresponding thoughts regarding scenic preservation. The castle buildings were demolished when Odawara castle was under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of War. Wood and stones were carted off for use as building materials, and no thought was given to scenic preservation. In 1890 the site was purchased by the Okubo family, descendants of the former feudal lord. Two Shinto shrines were constructed. In 1899 the site came under the jurisdiction of the Imperial Household Department, which intended it for use as an Imperial villa, and this ensured the scenic preservation of the site. The Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923 caused extensive damage. Odawara town government purchased a portion of the site in order to build two schools. In addition, Odawara town government partially reconstructed the stone walls that had collapsed in the earthquake and built a public park. Later, the remainder of the site was sold to Kanagawa prefectural government, but no full-scale effort at quake-proofing or parkbuilding was mounted. Nevertheless, the site was designated as a scenic district, ensuring its protection.
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  • Yozo MITARAI, Tetsuya AIKOH, Yasuhiko KOIKE
    2014 Volume 7 Pages 41-47
    Published: 2014
    Released on J-STAGE: April 02, 2014
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Citizens living in urban areas are increasingly interested in participating in their community activities. As a part of their community activities, there are a lot of citizen groups engaged in horticultural volunteer activities in their neighborhoods. In this study, we conducted a questionnaire survey with participants of 18 citizen group which taking care of flowers in Sapporo city to examine their attitudes, especially their motivations and problems. As the result, it seemed that participants engaged in their activities with four motivations; one is to make their life worth living, the second is to contribute to their neighborhoods, the third is to communicate with other members and the forth is to growing flowers. Furthermore, participants could be divided into four clusters based on these four motivations, and each four clusters contained participants who belonged to several kinds of volunteer groups which have different purpose. On conclusion, it appeared that volunteer groups own several participants who have several kinds of motivations for the horticultural volunteer activities. In order to promote these activities, it is necessary to understand each participant’s consideration and offer practical support to them.
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  • Nao HAMAMOTO, Junko MORIMOTO, Ryo KOMINAMI, Yukihiro MORIMOTO
    2014 Volume 7 Pages 52-57
    Published: April 07, 2014
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2014
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Large colonies of native rhododendrons are usually well maintained on Naoshima Island in Western Japan. Human disturbances such as logging for fuel in salt manufacturing before the 1960s and frequent accidental fires after the 1960s have maintained these colonies. To determine how to preserve the colonies in the future, we compared effects of cutting and burning followed by planting on native rhododendrons. Plant biomass, except that of native rhododendrons, decreased in both treatments, and the light environment under the canopy of native rhododendrons became brighter. We also found that the flower bud ratio of Rhododendron kaempferi increased, and the flowering position of Rhododendron reticulatum and R. kaempferi expanded toward the ground in both treatments. However, treatment differences were observed in soil the nitrogen ratio, amount of sprouting, and cover of flowering colonies. Cutting caused these values to increase to a larger extent compared to burning followed by planting. Based on these results, we propose that cutting is more effective than burning followed by planting when attempting to extend the flowering landscape. In addition, cutting is the effective treatment for improving the landscape during the season when only R. reticulatum blooms.
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  • Hanae ABE
    2014 Volume 7 Pages 58-66
    Published: May 01, 2014
    Released on J-STAGE: May 08, 2014
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    One of the functions of urban green is providing a better environment for the citizens. However, this is often not the case in places with bad management caused by rapid urbanization. A good way to manage urban green is by involving the residents. This study’s aim was to find out the conditions of residents’ participation in the management of urban green. It clarified urban green’s actual utilization by people as well as their awareness of the conditions under which they use urban greenery at five parks in Dushanbe, the capital of the Republic of Tajikistan. The data was collected by interviews, Cramer’s coefficient of association and correspondence analysis. We concluded that the reasons for the residents’ participation in the management were (1) green space became a better and more suitable place for recreation and relaxation, (2) the number of trees and flowers increased, (3) men also got involved in taking care of the landscape, and (4) women began gardening in the neighborhood. In addition, more subjects related to nature conservation should be introduced to early education. Furthermore, trees' contributions have to be related to those utilization and role. Finally, the resident’s activities have to be in line with residents’ concerns.
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  • Tomoo MIZUTANI
    2014 Volume 7 Pages 67-74
    Published: May 09, 2014
    Released on J-STAGE: May 14, 2014
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The first 12 national parks in Japan were designated from 1934 to 1936; however, the designation process actually began in 1921, with a survey of 16 proposed sites. From these original 16 sites, 11 were selected, and the selection process of 16 proposed sites illuminates the first stage of national park designation in Japan. First, this study details the selection process of 16 proposed sites, which has not been discussed in previous research. Second, it discusses the views on national parks of Tamura Tsuyoshi, who was charged by the Central Sanitary Bureau, Home Office with a central role in selecting national parks. The research method used in this study depends on the discovery and analysis of coetaneous, previously unknown material, including books, magazine reports, press reports, and Imperial Diet minutes during the Taisho era and the beginning of the Showa era. It seems that the 16 sites were chosen based on adjustment with regional requests and a criteria determined by Tamura.
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  • Ama Tong, Katsunori FURUYA, Zhu XIAN
    2014 Volume 7 Pages 75-80
    Published: May 14, 2014
    Released on J-STAGE: July 12, 2014
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Development in Qinghai Provence of China has been progressing with the China Western Development that started in 2000. Xining City contains the largest population in Qinghai Provence and is home to multiple ethnic groups. The objective of this study is focused on the cities of Qinghai Provence. First, conduct attitude surveys(n=316) with Xining City residents on the state of nature experiences and second, compare and discuss the location and contents of the nature experience. Finally, changes in nature experiences between pre-China Western Development and present were compared. On the whole, perception of the nature experience of residents has reduced. Commonly, residents engaged in farming and pasturing moved to cities due to the China Western Development policy. Because of this, the residents who moved strongly felt differences in the nature experience. On the other hand, nearby nature experiences have been enriched due to the higher living standard and development of city parks for the Han, an ethnic group that traditionally resides in cities. In the future, in order to develop environmental education, it is important not only to focus on children’s play activities but also to equip the space for nature experience.
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  • Tomoo MIZUTANI
    2014 Volume 7 Pages 81-88
    Published: 2014
    Released on J-STAGE: July 23, 2014
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    From 1934 to 1936, Japan designated its first 12 national parks. Since the national park system was established as a zoning system that could designate park areas regardless of land ownership, these 12 parks encompassed various types of land ownership. In fact, a high ratio of private land characterizes the Yoshino-Kumano National Park; during this park’s designation process, much discussion and compromise with large-scale private forest owners was required for its Yoshino region. As a result of the compromises, restrictions on forest management were very limited even though the large-scale owners’ forests were, to some extent, included in the Yoshino-Kumano National Park. Consequently, the Yoshino region’s compromise affected forest management restrictions in other national parks. This study details the history of compromise between the Home Office and forest owners, a topic not discussed in previous research. The research method depended on discovery and analysis of coetaneous material, including documents and maps that the Home Office collected in connection with the Yoshino-Kumano National Park’s designation, magazine reports, and press reports during the early Showa era..
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  • Tomoo MIZUTANI
    2014 Volume 7 Pages 89-97
    Published: 2014
    Released on J-STAGE: August 09, 2014
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The first 12 national parks in Japan were created from 1934 to 1936, and many of them were designated as mountainous landscape areas. In the beginning, the Yoshino-Kumano National Park was considered as a mountainous park,“ Mt. Odaigahara and Mt. Omine,” and afterward, the proposed area was greatly extended to include the Kumano area (Kitayama river area and the Kumano seashore area). As a consequence, the Yoshino-Kumano National Park was designated as a unique park that includes a mountainous area, valley area, and seashore area. The proposal to enlarge it to the Kumano area was prepared by the local governments of Nara and Wakayama prefectures. In response to the background of that local preparation, members of the National Park Committee of the Home Office agreed to the enlargement, resulting in the final designation. In addition to the local request, landscape photographic images by a local photo studio played an important role in determining what should be seen in the Kumano area. Landscape of the national park were selected according to local landscape recognition created by the photo images. Tamura Tsuyoshi, who was charged by the Bureau of Public Health, Home Office with a central role in selecting the areas for national parks, did not intend to select Kumano. However, the local request and local landscape recognition led to its inclusion in the national park.
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  • Yinchun HE, Nobu KURODA
    2014 Volume 7 Pages 98-105
    Published: July 20, 2014
    Released on J-STAGE: September 04, 2014
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The number of designated World Cultural Heritage Sites concerning Minority in China has increase by years. Dong village is such a subject and appealing to more and more research both in China and Japan pay close attention to it. In this paper, we consider a traditional Dong village named Zengchong as a case study and, reviewed the procedure of the traditional inhabitants and government maintaining and managing, discussed the role of the traditional custom named ‘Kuan’ and the function of governments at all levels refer. With regard to the collaboration and gaming between local inhabitants and governments, we make clear how they work collaboratively to maintain and manage the Dong village.
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  • Makoto OSHIMA, Masakazu SUZUKI
    2014 Volume 7 Pages 106-115
    Published: 2014
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2014
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The purpose of this study is to clarify historical process of reclamation work and land use transition developed the surrounding region in the middle and south of Fukushima Prefecture include Iwase Farm to retain land use from the establishment of the Imperial estate in 1880 to the present. Classify reclamation work developed Iwase Farm and the surrounding region in the middle and south of Fukushima Prefecture by three periods. And elucidate the transition of the land use from the historical records owned by Iwase Farm, the administrative report on reclamation work, map data. Rice fields increased over the land original river system by the irrigation project after the war. The original wild nature disappeared, and the agricultural landscape of the surrounding region in the middle and south of Fukushima Prefecture was homogenized. Iwase Farm and the surrounding region in the middle and south of Fukushima Prefecture is the multi-layered space where the change of land use since the Meiji. And it appears as agricultural landscape, including the historical significance and framework of landscape.
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  • Yasuhiro HASEGAWA, Kiichiro HAYASHI
    2014 Volume 7 Pages 116-125
    Published: August 19, 2014
    Released on J-STAGE: October 17, 2014
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In biodiversity conservation policy, there are practical needs for quantitative information on ecosystem services and/or development of its evaluation techniques. It appears to be important to understand evaluation structure of subjective importance degree on cultural ecosystem service (CES) in the context of efficient conservation planning. Thus the purpose of this study is to understand the characteristic of subjective importance degree of CES and to acquire the fundamental information on the evaluation structure of the subjective importance degree. We conducted a questionnaire survey provided from foresters in Toyota City, Aichi Prefecture, Japan. As a result, it was shown that an administrative district and visit experience have influence on importance evaluation. Moreover, the results clearly indicated that contributing factors of the subjective importance evaluation were strongly correlated with their forest favorability, experiences, intentionality, interest, and knowledge, rather than their sex, age, and occupation. Especially, it was suggested that the variables of “forest favorability” are main common variables of importance evaluation of CESs.
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  • Ting Li, Tsubasa KAWASAKI, Yasuhiko SHIMOMURA, Hiroyuki KAGA, Noboru M ...
    2014 Volume 7 Pages 126-130
    Published: August 21, 2014
    Released on J-STAGE: September 04, 2014
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In this study, we investigated the greenery management of prefectural regional parks all over Japan in 2012, 8years after the introduction of a designated administration system, to understand how greenery of prefectural regional parks should be effectively managed under this system. Questionnaires were sent to 173 regional parks, and valid responses were obtained from 84 regional parks. According to the result, the followings were clarified. (1) The designated administrators including landscape/gardening experts occupied 69.0% and those not including landscape/gardening experts occupied 31.0%. (2) The designated administrators including landscape/gardening experts gave a better promotion for collaboration with resident by using flowers management and collaboration in planning and conducting nature and environmental learning programs than those not including landscape/gardening experts. (3) According to greenery maintenance, it was revealed that the designated administrators including landscape/gardening experts were highly likely to make a mid- or long-term program, including landscape formation, and accumulated technical know-how on green maintenance.
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  • Yasushi SHIMOMURA
    2014 Volume 7 Pages 131-140
    Published: August 23, 2014
    Released on J-STAGE: October 08, 2014
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In Kyoto city readjustment areas in 1930’s adopted street conscious method in“ machi” layout. One“ machi” was settled on both sides of a street. A street was the axis of a “machi”. This structure is similar to the traditional “machi” layout in historical Kyoto city. This way of“ machi” layout had gradually been given up in 1940’s. In this paper we show some variation of technical guidelines about “machi” layout and compare them each other. Firstly we show the difference in naming concept of streets and “machi” between 1931’s guideline and 1935’s one, and the common idea about street conscious “machi” layout, and show the historical and traditional character of this concept. Secondly we show the character of 1935’s guideline as not for all over the city but for northern area. Thirdly we show the clear difference between 1974’s guideline and former ones. It have remarkable modern character.
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  • Shinya TSUKADA, Tetsuo MORITA, Takashi HASHIMOTO, Akira YUZAWA
    2014 Volume 7 Pages 141-147
    Published: September 02, 2014
    Released on J-STAGE: October 09, 2014
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Irrigation canals have multilateral functions and the connection with an area which has developed in the long history of water utilization. However, they were lost by urbanization or the change of social structure. In recent years, there is a trend which re-evaluates the environment of historic canal in community developed, but it is not utilized so much, because it has special problems like water rights or management. The purpose of this study is to clarify the value that historic channel is placed now, and to consider the method for preservation and utilization of historic channel in community development by the case study, focusing on its characteristics. The results are as follows: (1) Older generations highly evaluated the cultural values of canals. (2) It seems that man have a will to pay higher for environmental preservation of canals than woman by analysis by price sensitivity measurement method. People living in Soja more than 30 years have also a will to pay higher for that than people living in there under 30 years. (3) Difference in evaluation of the history and the local community suggest relating to the amount of money of payment for environmental preservation of canals.
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  • Akio SHIINO, Tetsuya AIKOH
    2014 Volume 7 Pages 148-154
    Published: September 03, 2014
    Released on J-STAGE: November 18, 2014
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This paper aimed at clarifying the current circumstances and seasonal differences of children’s outdoor plays, and analyzing the factors that affect their behaviors in snow cold district. As a result of questionnaire survey, 1,390 children responded effective answers, and following points were made clear: 1. Frequency and travel time from their own home to children’s outdoor playground both felled-off in winter period, 2. Open spaces located close to children’s own home were more frequently used as their playground in winter, 3. Parents’ opinions about their children’s outdoor play in winter affected the frequency of children’s outdoor plays, 4. Changing patterns of children’s urban park uses between summer and winter were not changed in a single uniform way, but changed into three typical types, such as Type I: use decreased in winter period, Type II: continually used through a whole year, and Type III: use increased in winter period.
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  • Ryusuke ARAI, Kumiko OKUBO
    2014 Volume 7 Pages 155-160
    Published: November 06, 2014
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2014
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    To assess the effective vegetation management focusing on the conservation of Phengaris teleius habitats in Iwate Prefecture, we monitored plots adjacent to stands of P. teleius habitat since 2010. All of the plants in half of the all plots were mowed in June 2011. In same plots, all of the plants except Sanguisorba tenuifolia, a food plant of P. teleius, were mowed in June 2012 (experimental plots). The remaining half of the plots was not mowed (control plots). Plots were also established in P. teleius habitat; these plots had been mowed every November since 2006 (conservation plots). We surveyed the vegetation and environmental conditions in the experimental, control, and conservation plots. The results showed that photon densities of inside of plant communities in experimental plots were higher than in control and conservation plots. In addition, the incidence of shading the food plant was lower in experimental plots than in control and conservation plots. Mowing all plants in June of the last year and while leaving the food plant in June of this year considered to be an effective vegetation management approach, as this treatment improved photoenvironment and reduced competition.
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  • Takashi KOSUGE, Katsunori FURUYA
    2014 Volume 7 Pages 161-168
    Published: November 21, 2014
    Released on J-STAGE: December 04, 2014
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The purpose of this research is to summarize the information provided by Australian ecotourism operators to tourists and clarify the characteristics of the information. In this research, the following three investigations were conducted: 1) an attitude survey of the operators for understanding the details and frequency of the information provided and received (n=39), 2) investigation of search procedures used by the operators to collect opinions of users, based on the questionnaires carried out by them (n=49), and 3) investigation of contents of transmitted information based on the information provided in the websites and social networks established by the operators (n=377). The research results showed that many of the operators are utilizing not only the conventional websites but also Facebooks and buzz marketing sites as the advertising methods. The results also revealed that some of the operators are still using direct communications and questionnaires as the principal methods of collecting opinions of tourists. Some of the operators did not advertise their authenticated products in the contents of transmitted information. In many of their advertisements, they introduced their approach and contribution to the protection of nature.
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Short paper
  • Terumasa TAKAHASHI, Daichi KANBARA, Masashi ISHII, Junji OGINO, Hideki ...
    2014 Volume 7 Pages 17-19
    Published: 2014
    Released on J-STAGE: March 05, 2014
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In order to estimate the amount of carbon dioxide emission from pruning materials which were spread over the soil surface, we investigated the characteristics of carbon mineralization in pruning materials. We continuously measured carbon dioxide evolution from the powdery pruning materials mixed with soil as source of microbe under optimum conditions for microbial growth for fifty one days, and estimated C mineralization potential in pruning materials using kinetics modeling. It is estimated that 17 - 19% of carbon contained in pruning materials was mineralized over the fifty one-day period. From the result and previous studies, the estimated percentages of residue, humified and mineralized carbon originally contained in the pruning materials were approximately 50%, 30% and 20% respectively.
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  • Akio SHIINO
    2014 Volume 7 Pages 48-51
    Published: 2014
    Released on J-STAGE: March 26, 2014
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This paper aimed at clarifying the current circumstances of a nature kindergarten in Hokkaido and evaluating its additional effects to parents, as a case study. As a result, following points were made clear: 1. Outdoor activities of nature kindergarten showed seasonal differences according to the climate of snow cold district, such as catching insects in summer and playing in the snow in winter, 2. Changing children’s interest toward nature resources, such as insects and eatable plants, promoted their parents’ free time outdoor activities, 3. Activities of children in the nature kindergarten not only encouraged children’s sound growth but also promoted their parents’ progress of child-raising skills.
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