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原稿種別: 表紙
2003 年 108 巻 p.
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発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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原稿種別: 付録等
2003 年 108 巻 p.
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発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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原稿種別: 付録等
2003 年 108 巻 p.
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発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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原稿種別: 目次
2003 年 108 巻 p.
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発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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原稿種別: 目次
2003 年 108 巻 p.
Toc2-
発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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広野 康平
原稿種別: 本文
2003 年 108 巻 p.
1-9
発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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There are many situations on the ship operation. Navigators have their own style to do their tasks according to these situations. Therefore, it is hard to describe the detail of the way to execute the ship operation task in the SMS manual. It is important to capture the Navigator's behavior in the several situations as the first step of establishing rational Safety Management System. Because, the carrier will be able to classify navigator's behaviors, extract reasonable patterns of task processing, and revise the SMS manual. The author joined in developing the prototyped agent system and confirmed its function to judge on ship situation, remind and recommend navigator to do the task. As the agent system based on the current SMS manual, however, it seemed that agent's rules wont suit any situations in the actual use. The author developed new agent system that has the function to provide the navigator with the operational information as a utility system. And it records the fact that the navigator requires the information at the same time for the purpose of obtaining navigators behavior. This agent system was installed in "Fukae-Maru" that is the training ship belongs to Kobe University of Mercantile Marine. This paper presents principal specifications and. functions of this agent system and the result of field test during the "Fukae-Maru" voyage.
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井上 欣三, 馬 会, 広野 康平, 世良 亘
原稿種別: 本文
2003 年 108 巻 p.
11-20
発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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The measures based on IMO-conventions bring into play by the convention ratification as a result of the consensus of each nation. Therefore, the effect of the convention can be expected if more nations ratify it earlier. One of the measures to urge all nations cooperate actively toward the goal of the convention is to become able to predict quantitatively how much the decrease of marine casualty will be expected in the future by the implementation of the convention. If the effect can be predicted and can be announced it officially, the increase of nations to adopt the convention will be expected. Recently, the importance of the prior evaluation has been recognized, and the technique called Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) has been introduced in IMO. The basic concept of this technique is to guarantee the logical necessity to realize the concrete countermeasure based on the consensus among countries of the marine society. In the present paper, paying attention to correlation between promotion of convention and the casualty decrease, we tried to approach to the strategic designing of the ratification pace which leads to the goal of safety at sea before the new convention is carried out. The achievements in the present paper, which enable the future prediction of casualty decrease by the ratification of convention, have the prior evaluation based on FSA realize.
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久保 雅義, 小林 豪, 水井 真治, 笹 健児, 永井 紀彦, 白石 悟
原稿種別: 本文
2003 年 108 巻 p.
21-29
発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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In this study, it is necessary to find out some problems about the ship operation in harbours facing to open seas. At first, the hearing research is carried out for many harbours nationwide to know present operational situations and problems. Then, we research on the operation record of the maritime company in the harbour (H Port) facing to the Sea of Japan. Moreover, wave data are analyzed for one of the observation points of NOWPHAS (Nationwide Ocean Wave information network for Ports and HArbourS) near the harbour when ship operations become impossible in recent years. Some relations can be found between operational records and waves. Therefore, main conclusions are obtained as follows. (1) Operators feel so difficulties for ships on the safety of departing and entering harbours facing to open seas when sea conditions are serious. (2) It is cleared that waves are the most important factor to evaluate the safety of ship-handling in harbours facing to open seas. (3) The most dangerous situation is occurred for entering ships when they are altering course near harbours in following seas. (4) The operation becomes impossible in H Port when significant waves become more than 2.0m and 6s in winter season. (5) When the ship operation becomes difficult in H Port, wave heights grow about wave components in 5-8s at first. Then, wave heights tend to grow about wave components in 8-12s with 2-8hours of time lag in most cases. However, these wave heights grow at the same time in some cases. It is necessary to research on growth patterns of waves in detail when ships cannot operate in the future.
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井上 欣三, 胡 志武, 臼井 英夫, 広野 康平
原稿種別: 本文
2003 年 108 巻 p.
31-37
発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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The significant feature of one-way through port is that turning manoeuvre is unnecessary either entering or leaving port. This can lead to the effective use of waters, the reduction of the number of tugboats and ship-handling difficulty. The harbour design in Japan has entered a stage of creating artificial features by the reclamation. The berth arrangement of harbours is changing from jetty-type to straight-line type. From such a standpoint, the authors have suggested the conversion of idea from the usual dead-end port to one-way through port. In the previous report, a series of ship-handling simulator experiments were conducted, and the advantage of one-way through port was verified from the viewpoint of reduction of manoeuvring difficulty. In the present paper, we took up the problem of the route crossing between navigation ships in passage routes and the entering/leaving ships, and conducted marine traffic simulation to examine the desirable entering way in one-way through port from the viewpoint of reduction of Environmental Stress for ship (ESs). The Environmental Stress Model was applied to evaluate the manoeuvring difficulties arising from various encounters with other ships in the process of entering/leaving port. For designing, managing and using one-way through port concretely, the conclusions obtained through this research gave us a guideline for the design of layout of route and berth in one-way through port, the settlement of design ship entering/leaving by one-way, and the management of the traffic density of passage routes.
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間島 隆博, 山口 勝治, 山之内 博, 蒲生 昌志
原稿種別: 本文
2003 年 108 巻 p.
39-46
発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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IMO (International Maritime Organization) recognized that chronic exposure to benzene vapor in air may cause leukemia even if the concentration is very low, such as a few parts per million. Chemical tankers in Japan, however, transport various kinds of chemicals over 15 (MT/year). Not only benzene but also another chemical transported by marine vessels have adverse effects to the human health condition. In this paper, firstly the exposure concentration levels of tanker crews engaged in benzene (human carcinogen) and acrylonitrile (probable human carcinogen) transport operations are clarified by results of field measurements. Using these exposure levels, the health conditions of tanker crews are evaluated by a method with LLE (Loss of Life Expectancy). Chemicals transported by tanker in Japan contain both carcinogen and non-carcinogen. The advantage using LLE is that we can compare the degree of the adverse effects induced from exposure to carcinogens and non-carcinogens. Furthermore, taking into account of the dependency of cancer risk on the start age and the duration of the exposure, we represent a simple equation for carcinogens to yield the LLE.
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久保 雅義, 榊原 繁樹, 大竹 祐一郎
原稿種別: 本文
2003 年 108 巻 p.
47-57
発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Recently, many studies on long-period waves and long-period moored ship motions have been done around the world. Also the problems on excessive motions of moored ships induced by the long-period waves in harbor basins have been revealed in many harbors. It is well-known that the problems are caused by a resonance of both the natural period of surge and the waves. There are several numerical simulation methods on harbor oscillations such as Lee's method and Ijima's method. The Lee's method is an effective and high accuracy boundary element method in practical use. However this method assumes the water depth as constant at the whole analytical region because the method let the 3-dimensional problem arrive at 2-dimensional one. In the actual harbor basin, the water depth is variable at some harbor regions such as sea routes and ship turning basins. Then in order to evaluate the harbor oscillations seriously, the method makes some troubles due to the assumption on water depth as constant. On the other hand, the Ijima's method is a 3-dimensional boundary element method which uses a Green function of Laplace equation, G=1/r. Then this method can calculate and evaluate the harbor oscillations at an arbitrary topography of harbor. In this study, by using the Ijima's method, we have conducted numerical simulations on harbor oscillations for model harbors which have variable water depths. Then in processing of making the program of Ijima's method, we find out some topics on a convergence of integral on each element and a singularity integral on each element (i=j) by an approximate integral method and analytical one. And it is found that the pattern of harbor oscillations is influenced by variable water depth.
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李 允石, 戸田 保幸, 定兼 廣行
原稿種別: 本文
2003 年 108 巻 p.
59-66
発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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In order to know the hydrodynamic forces acting on a ship hull undergoing lateral berthing maneuver, it is necessary to develop a reliable estimation method of hydrodynamic force for accurate time-domain simulation of berthing process. In our previous reports, we have demonstrated the feasibility and validations of CFD technique for time-domain simulation of transient flows induced by lateral ship motion. And we have been also proposed the simplified formulas for the added mass coefficients based on the potential flow theory. This paper deals with the influence of water depth on the hydrodynamic forces in shallow water. The CFD computation was made to investigate the hydrodynamic forces acting on a Wigley model moving laterally in the water depth/draft ratio H/d 2.0 and 1.5 respectively. The numerical solutions successfully captured not only the characteristics of hydrodynamic force but also some interesting features of transient flow for the shallow water. Also, these numerical results were in good agreement with experimental results by water tank model test.
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矢吹 英雄, 山下 勝博, 斎藤 重信
原稿種別: 本文
2003 年 108 巻 p.
67-73
発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Full-scale experiments in stormy weather are performed to investigate eight-figure horsing movement (horsing) of a ship at single anchor, cable tension caused by the horsing, the movement of the ship at dragging anchor and the effect of secondary short-scope anchor to reduce horsing. Test ships are 5,800 G.T. Training Ships. And based on the results of these experiments, we propose the Standards for safe anchoring and the new monitoring system for anchoring utilizing PC, DGPS and anemometer. The main results of experiments are as follows. (1) A ship at single anchor starts horsing at wind velocity 10m/s and the shock load caused by horsing act her cable. Ship sheer violently back and forth across the wind over 16m/s (wind velocity) and the shock load increase remarkably. (2) The secondary short-scope anchor is very effective to reduce horsing in stormy weather. (3) For the prevention of disaster caused by dragging anchor, it is important to establish the Standards of anchoring and anchor watch and keep anchor watch strictly according to the Standards. (4) Proposed method to establish the Standards of anchoring and anchor watch is effective to prevent the accidents by dragging anchor. (5) Proposed monitoring system is useful and effective to support the anchor watch for the prevention of dragging anchor.
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阿部島 直哉, 天下井 清, 木村 暢夫, 上田 裕章, 小玉 茂義
原稿種別: 本文
2003 年 108 巻 p.
75-83
発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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At many ports throughout Japan, long-period oscillation of the sea level can cause serious problems. This phenomenon can cause cutting of mooring ropes, damage to mooring posts, and workers to fall overboard from ships. Unfortunately, it is difficult to predict such phenomenon using numerical simulation because the standard spectrum of wind waves commonly used, such as the B_M type spectrum, lack a long-period component. This research was conducted to analyze the characteristics of waves around ports in Hokkaido, and to clarify the regional characteristics of long-period component of gravity waves. Finally, we propose a standard spectrum of long-period gravity waves based on these results. Our results are shown as follows ; (1) Long-period component of gravity waves can become amplified due to resonance with the natural frequency of each port. (2) The energy share of long-period gravity waves (E_L) is about 1% and varies regionally. Considering these results, by using a survey spectrum when there is an observation value and the standard spectrum for long-period gravity waves with E_L as the parameter when there is no value, numerical simulation with high accuracy becomes possible.
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奥村 継一, 二村 彰, 岩坂 直人, 大塚 清敏
原稿種別: 本文
2003 年 108 巻 p.
85-96
発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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We investigated interannual variations of sea ice cover over the Sea of Okhotsk and the Bering Sea based upon the sea ice data compiled by the National Ice Center, U.S.A. for 1972-1994. We found that, for the entire analysis period, there was no significant correlation between the interannual variation of accumulated sea ice area in the Sea of Okhotsk and that in the Bering Sea although similar variations were seen in both of them in late 1980s and early 1990s and out-of-phase variations were observed during 1970s. Decreasing trends were appeared in the sea ice area over the whole sea ice regions of the Northern Hemisphere and that in the Sea of Okhotsk. Year to year change of seasonal variations of the sea ice area in the both seas were analyzed. The seasonal variation during a particular year was categorized into two types, i.e., the typical growth and the slowly growth years. In the slowly growth year, maximum sea ice area in the Sea of Okhotsk is smaller than that in the typical growth year. The Aleutian low in the slowly growth year shifts to the east of its position in the typical growth year and relative high covers over the Sea of Okhotsk, resulting in weakened northwesterly winds that may cause retreat of sea ice extent in the slowly growth year. On the other hand, maximum sea ice area in the Bering Sea in the slowly growth year is larger than that in the typical growth year. In the slowly growth year, the Aleutian low located far to the east of its climatological position and is more intense, resulting in anomalous northerly winds over the Bering Sea that may extend the sea ice area.
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寺田 大介, 井関 俊夫
原稿種別: 本文
2003 年 108 巻 p.
97-104
発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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The ship motions in waves are regarded as a nonstationary random process because of the ship maneuvers, such as changes of the course and the speed, even on the assumption that the seaway can be considered as stationary stochastic process. In this paper, the recursive type of Bayesian modeling procedure is proposed and applied to online estimation of directional wave spectra based on ship motion data, which are pitch angle, roll angle and vertical acceleration. In the proposed method, the convergence of the estimates is not achieved every time step, but gradually achieved with time steps by using the ship motion cross spectra. To cope with the nonstationarity included in the time history data, instantaneous cross spectrum analysis based on T-VVAR (Time Varying Coefficient Vector Auto Regressive) modeling procedure is adopted. The T-VVAR model is transformed into the state space model and the time varying coefficients can be evaluated by using the Kalman Filter algorithm. Using the estimated time varying coefficients, the instantaneous ship motion cross spectra can be calculated every moment. Moreover, in order to estimate the directional wave spectra stably, a new constraint condition, which is based on the observed significant wave height data, is introduced into the Bayesian modeling procedure. To examine the reliability of the proposed procedure, onboard tests were carried out on nonstationary conditions. It is shown that the statistical values derived by integration of the estimated directional wave spectra agree well with the observed one.
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岩崎 寛希, 井上 欣三
原稿種別: 本文
2003 年 108 巻 p.
105-113
発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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This is a study of the nautical simulators of training a vessel. They can be divided into three types : Desktop, Visual, and Pseudo type. The first is the training system of operating one's vessel picture on the CRT in the third person by using a mouse and a keyboard. The second is that of operating the ship picture under first person 3D view circumstances, which consist of the views shead of the ship's stem and landforms around her. The feature of the training can give students the feelings of being on a real steerage. The third is the training system of practically operating the 220GT ship in the waters, of which control performance is almost equivalent to vessel of large capacity. We would like to focus on 'a ship operating for parallel movement' in order to verify how much the skills were developed in the simulation. This is tested in a series of operating movement where they steer to the right, move on for a while, steer to the left, and finally take the same course again in order to avoid obstacles on the course. Next we provide for instructor model which is made of the fuzzy model which an instructor demonstrates in the exercise. This model fits students to be a skillful pilot, so that we have shown the process of these training are very efficient and effective.
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臼井 英夫, 馬 蓉, 井上 欣三, 広野 康平
原稿種別: 本文
2003 年 108 巻 p.
115-120
発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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The fundamental knowledge and understanding about ship handling are indispensable for students of navigation course. Especially in steering, different movement such as kick, turn, heel, will arise simultaneously for a short time in a transition stage until it goes into steady turning motion immediately after taking rudder. In order to realize more effective education about steering, we developed a simulation system as an educational teaching material, which enables display of many phenomena in accordance with turning motion. In this integrated simulation system (ISS) of steering, output data obtained from a shiphandling simulator were processed and displayed on the animation, which is easy to understand visually. Five sub-windows are displayed on the main screen of the ISS of steering : hull movement and vector ; locus of hull ; position of pivoting point ; heeling ; time series data such as ship's speed, turn rate, heel angle, drift angle and transition of pivoting point. Concerning with the educational effect of this steering simulation system, the experiment was conducted and the effectiveness was verified by the test and the questionnaire. It can be said that the group, which received the lecture using the ISS of steering was able to understand the simultaneity more correctly about the phenomenon simultaneously generated in the initial stage of turning motion comparing with the group, which received the lecture in classroom without using this simulation system.
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矢吹 英雄, 田尾 茂郎, 石黒 剛
原稿種別: 本文
2003 年 108 巻 p.
121-127
発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Compact type Ship Maneuvering Simulator has been equipped onboard training ship Seiun Maru (5, 884 G. T.). The function of the simulator is almost the same as of full-sized ship maneuvering simulator. The precious hydrodynamic mathematical model of Seiun Maru and the sea area database where Seiun Maru operates onboard training are installed in this simulator as well. The training according to the same training program are performed both by onboard simulator and by training ship in order to survey the possibility and effect of training for cadets combined onboard simulator training and onboard training. From the result of the questionnaire to cadets and the scoring of ship handling technique of cadets by instructors, following conclusions are obtained. (1) The training method combined onboard simulator training and onboard training is effective to improve ship handling technique of cadets. (2) Onboard Ship Maneuvering Simulator is useful for cadets to practice planning, positioning, maneuvering, communication and management technique. Therefore, in training ship, it is recommended to use Ship Maneuvering Simulator for the advance verification of maneuvering plan and the advance practice of onboard training.
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宮崎 恵子, 勝原 光治郎, 松倉 洋史, 桐谷 伸夫
原稿種別: 本文
2003 年 108 巻 p.
129-138
発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Disabled people including wheelchair users have been going out into a society more actively. Then TRAIL (Transportation and Accessibility Law) came into effect in May 2000. Barrier-free passenger ships are going on increasing by those activities. Barrier-free passenger ships must maintain highly evacuation safety on board. One of items for evacuation safety on board is that wheelchair users and pedestrian passengers can move together to assembly spaces smoothly. We did experiments that a wheelchair user and 30 walkers escaped together through passenger ship corridor mock-up which length was 15m. The width of the corridor was 2m and 3m. We did 4 cases for doorways which width were 2m and 3m within the corridor which width was 5m. A video camera that was set 30m above the corridor recorded the behavior of the wheelchair user and the walkers. The wheelchair user and the 30walkers were able to move through the corridor without a decline in the evacuation speed with all conditions of the experiments. But conditions of both the wheelchair user and walkers influenced each other to their behavior. A kind mental state of the walkers had the wheelchair user feel at ease. The cases with the doorways which width of 2m showed a decline in the flow (persons/sec.) and its value was one to two persons/sec.
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松倉 洋史, 勝原 光治郎, 宮崎 恵子, 桐谷 伸夫
原稿種別: 本文
2003 年 108 巻 p.
139-147
発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Transportation and. Accessibility Law came into operation in Japan May 2000, which regulated barrier-free technical standard for ships as well as other transportation facilities. It is expected that more and more wheelchair users will make use of sea voyage because of the increase of barrier-free ships. But the influence of mixture of foot pedestrians and wheelchair users on evacuation safety has not yet been studied well and its investigation is a pressing need. This paper describes walk model of foot pedestrian group who is not into a panic and overtakes a wheelchair on passage. The model is designed based on the experiment that simulates evacuation of foot pedestrian group and a wheelchair user on straight passageway of ship. A Simulation program is developed faithfully based on the walking human model and the validity of the model is investigated by comparison of experimental results and simulated one. This model is expected to be a base case for more complicated and more influential environment on evacuation safety on ships, like stairs, doors and differences. Many conventional walking human models in escape analysis are designed by using physical phenomenon, such as potential energy and electromagnetic field, and so on. This model uses simple cognitive cycle which includes prediction and modification, and uses simple behavior rules according to a distance to a wheelchair. Despite of its simplicity and ease of description it realizes group action and it shows satisfactory performance.
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宮野 智行, 石島 義之, 安田 明生
原稿種別: 本文
2003 年 108 巻 p.
149-156
発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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This paper presents the results of the investigation for the receiving antennas with directional gain in order to receive the GPS signals in the geostationary orbit. For the use GPS in geostationary orbit the receiver has to process signals that come from the other side of the earth. It is desired to receive two frequency of GPS signals (L1 : 1575.42MHz/L2 : 1227.6MHz) in order to correct the Ionospheric delay. The radiation analysis is performed in order to examine the gain pattern and the directional characteristics of the helical antenna. The computed gains at L1 and L2 of the helix antenna is +15.9 dBi and +13.6 dBi respectively with beamwidth of 25 degrees after this analysis. The computed voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), gain pattern and axial ratio characteristics agreed well with the measured data of the prototype quadrifilar helical antenna.
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樊 春明, 浪江 宏宗, 古澤 昌彦, 本多 由希子, 安田 明生
原稿種別: 本文
2003 年 108 巻 p.
157-163
発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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GPS has an ability to fix a position with the accuracy of meter order. It is also possible to provide an accurate time. The authors tried to evaluate the accuracy of the time of 1PPS signals by outputting from 2 general GPS receivers of which antennas are set at the positions separated 20m from each other. The data were acquired for 24hours on the roof of a building at Tokyo University of Fisheries. The result shows that the time difference between two 1 PPS signals is 150ns in average, and 50ns in standard deviation, except for the instance when the enough number of the satellites is not available due to the blocking by surrounding tall buildings. Another experiment is tried that one antenna is set close to the wall to see the influence of the reduction of the number of satellites. The result proves that the time difference and its standard deviation are comparable to those for 24hours data as long as the number of satellites is more than three. Next, we estimated the influence of measurements in underwater to be only 0.075mm on the range difference and less than 0.001m/s on the speed by the measured standard deviation of time difference of 50ns and the underwater speed of sound of 1, 500m/s.
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鈴木 治, 浪江 宏宗, 添田 忍, 金居 康文, 安田 明生
原稿種別: 本文
2003 年 108 巻 p.
165-171
発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Recently, the network of MF marine radio beacon stations covering the whole coast of Japanese Archipelago has been completed for DGPS positioning. The DGPS receiver is widely used on the ocean, by navigators, ship handling examiners and so on. The DGPS positioning needs the correction data continuously. However the reception condition on the ocean hitherto has been rarely reported. This paper describes the result of observing the reception rate of DGPS data onboard. GPS receivers were used that received the beacon signal for DGPS positioning. The receivers indicate the data reception rate and electric field reception level averaged for five seconds besides indicating the position. The data were acquired on the voyage of a training ship Hokuto-Maru (Length 125m, 5877 gross tonnage) from Tokyo to Mikawa-wan (middle part of Japan) for 18hours. The received electric field level depend on the distance from station and the data reception rate decreased clearly when the distance exceeds 200km that is the nominal service area of MF beacon stations. The data reception rate was high when the received electric field level was more than 30dBμV. The DGPS data receivers select the station only by field strength, even though the station is getting farther and the other station closer. They begin to search the other station when the field strength of the station under reception become below the threshold. So the authors proposed a method to select the station according to data reception rate and the distance from the station besides the field strength and proved that the method improve the data reception rate by the offline simulation using the data acquired onboard. The method is also effective to obtain the information of oceanic conditions on Type 16 format disseminated by MF radio beacon.
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Falin WU, Nobuaki KUBO, Akio YASUDA
原稿種別: 本文
2003 年 108 巻 p.
173-180
発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Precise positioning using GPS carrier phase measurement has been widely used in static applications. However, it can also been applied to precise positioning of a moving platform if ambiguities contained in the GPS carrier phase measurement are resolved during the motion. Precise positioning of a ship is especially difficult due to the high dynamics of the antenna and the high reflectivity of the water. However, marine application can use altitude aiding to help significantly in resolving the ambiguities. In this paper, a new approach for ambiguity resolution method using altitude aiding and wide-lane search before stepping to L1 ambiguity search technique in the marine environment is investigated. The algorithm has been tested in Tokyo Bay. The ambiguity fixed percentages are 95.3% without altitude aiding and 97.5% with altitude aiding. The time to fix is almost single epoch with altitude aiding.
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和田 雅昭, 天下井 清, 木村 暢夫, 岩森 利弘
原稿種別: 本文
2003 年 108 巻 p.
181-187
発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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This study was conducted to help reduce the number of fatalities that occur when people fall overboard from fishing boats. The survival rate for people who fall overboard is extremely low. There are two reasons. First, there is generally a time lag between when someone falls overboard and when it is recognized by others that this has happened. Second, once it is recognized that someone has fallen overboard, it can be difficult to locate the victim. To solve these problems, a system is proposed using a portable device combining GPS and a communication unit. When someone falls overboard, the device generates a rescue-request signal. The system transmits data via satellite, so it can be used worldwide. Experiments have shown that the system functions properly, but several problems have yet to be resolved, such as miniaturization of the device.
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永岩 健一郎, 鶴田 三郎, 黒川 久幸, 苦瀬 博仁
原稿種別: 本文
2003 年 108 巻 p.
189-199
発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Short-range route liners ply between two harbors or make the round of several harbors. In such routes demand stays low and so does profitability. Therefore, some liner routes are given financial support by national or local governments to keep their service on. Operators of liners on the routes of this kind are to make network design to keep operation cost lower, while their customers demand higher convenience in the service. A shuttle service between a mainland and an island harbors raises its convenience to a higher extent. But when a liner operator has more than two destinations in his charge, the shuttle service usually brings about heavier load on his side. Instead of the shuttle service, a network route service calling at several ports shortens the operation time without reducing the number of trips. However, it can cause the customers of the route to detour and it takes them more time to get to their destination. The optimization of operation time for operators and that of traffic time for customers are, so to say, ambivalent factors. In such cases, the decision maker finally chooses a satisfying solution as pareto optima among all feasible service levels. We propose in this paper an operation planning problem with two objectives : one is minimization of operation time (nearly equal to operation cost) and the other that of time required for traffic. This paper also proposes an operation planning method designated to make short range remote island network route without reducing the number of services in consideration of customers' needs. We formulate it as an integer planning problem, and a solution algorithm is proposed. The validity of this operation planning method is shown in this paper.
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鎌田 功一, 南 清和, 庄司 邦昭, 塩谷 茂明
原稿種別: 本文
2003 年 108 巻 p.
201-210
発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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This thesis reports some results of simulation about the 2-dimension ballast tank's fluid motion included volume less situation in time step domain. Discharged ballast water makes potentially of some problems for the sea environment. In charged ballast water, much kind of spices were included and these are transformed from one port to other. Breed spices, in discharge sea or water, may probe ecological harmful include expulsion of native organisms. Consequently human society has some bad inference from these matters. Therefore, on the ship, charged ballast water is exchanged at the deep open sea in major navigation root. Ballast water management might become more strictly on new international convention about ballast water under examination by IMO. Ballast water exchange is performing as one of the practicable method at ballast water management actually. However, it is not enough that various verification for ballast water exchange. Especially, for sediments which are one of the priority management targets, it is important that knowledge of sediments motion in ballast water exchange. In this purpose, the particular analysis of ballast tank fluid motion in ballast water exchange situation is necessary. This thesis shows that the result of numerical simulation about two-dimensional tanks fluid motion assume discharge situation as the first experiment for preceding matters. For the verification of simulation result, we performed the experiment two-dimensional rectangular tank and compared simulation results. On the result, we obtained same value between simulation results and experiment one.
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定兼 廣行, 李 成壽
原稿種別: 本文
2003 年 108 巻 p.
211-217
発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Concerning the towing problems with tug-towed ships system, some factors such as the towline length, the towing speed, waves, the location of towing point should be considered. However, these important factors have been left to the knowledge and the experience of towing operators up to the present time. In order to ensure the safety of tow ships, it is desirable to develop the optimum method of towing system from the viewpoint of tow operators. In this paper, we carried out water tank experiments using a barge model ship in calm water and regular waves respectively. The characteristics of towing resistance coefficient were examined according to four elements, namely the towline length, the towing speed, the waves length/ship length ratio (λ/L), and the ship draft. In the experiment, it was observed the appearance of impulsive towline tension due to surging motion and encounter waves.
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世良 亘, 井上 欣三, 本村 紘治郎, 松田 秋彦
原稿種別: 本文
2003 年 108 巻 p.
219-224
発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Controllable Pitch Propeller (CPP) is very useful for avoiding collisions in a restricted area like harbour. Because the changing time of propeller pitch is shorter than changing time of engine motion, the ship with CPP can stop in quite short distance. So, full-scale experiments have been performed to investigate how to move the ships equipped with CPP under the Reverse Stopping on turning rate. The obtained results are summarized as follows : (1) The direction of moving is decided by the initial turning rate. (2) Head reach shows the maximum value near 0 degree of rudder angle and reduces when rudder angle increases. (3) The value and distribution of side reach are various about each ship.
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榧野 純, 大津 皓平, 田崎 哲夫, 正司 公一
原稿種別: 本文
2003 年 108 巻 p.
225-230
発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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One of the authors has already published some papers about an optimal maneuvering method applying the continuous quadratic linear variable gain control theory by Bryson-Ho. The main purpose here is the extension to a discrete version of the method proposed in the former ones. The largest merits in the discrete models are augmentation of flexibility in the ship's model to be selected and that the model can be built without a tank test. In this paper, the authors adopt an auto regressive model in order to represent the ship's maneuvering motion, because of the easiness in model fitting technique and effectiveness of the fitted model. The ship's maneuvering motions is adaptively identified using a recursive fitting motion of the auto regressive model and the optimal variable gains under the quadratic evaluation index are calculated at every control time. In this paper, the optimal tracking problem to the various given tracks and course changing problems using a rudder. All of the proposed methods are tested in the actual on-board experiments using the small training ship, Shioji Maru.
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西村 浩二, 平山 次清
原稿種別: 本文
2003 年 108 巻 p.
231-238
発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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In the case where a ship runs in regular waves with turning manoeuvre, the rolling oscillation becomes apparently unsteady state due to the changes of the frequencies and angle of the encounter waves and can grow into large amplitude. In comparison with the case where a ship runs straight, it is so difficult for the operator of the ship to predict the heavy amplitude rolling that occurs in the condition that the encounter angle of wave changes in heavy sea condition. Therefore operators, especially of small boats, should manoeuvre the ships taking into account of this phenomenon to avoid the dangerous situation, but this theme has not been studied adequately in the past. In this study, we investigate the rolling motions that occurs on a fishing boat (180t) including consideration of turning manoeuvre by using numerical simulation assuming that the boat runs in regular wave. The result of this study shows some basic characters of rolling motion that occurs in turning manoeuvre, and some conditions for receiving the influences of the timing of rudder controlling. Additionally we consider the ways of manoeuvre to reduce the maximum amplitude of rolling motion and find some effective ways.
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福戸 淳司, 沼野 正義, 田中 邦彦, 原口 富博
原稿種別: 本文
2003 年 108 巻 p.
239-245
発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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The appearance of the ships with remarkably bad maneuverability became a problem in the late 1980's. To eliminate the bad maneuverability ships, IMO adopted interim maneuverability standard A751 (18) which prescribed for minimum maneuverability performances in 1993. The review work of the interim standard was carried out in 2001. As a part of the review work, a simulator study concerning the ship handling difficulty with four different performance ships carried out to examine the course keeping performance, and to examine the rationality of the standard. The simulator study was performed in the west route of the Kurushima Strait and experienced pilots evaluated the ship handling difficulty of each ship. The recorded simulator data was also analysed to examine indices, which express the relation between ship maneuverability performance and subjective ratings of ship handling difficulty. A high correlation was found in the relationship between the subjective ratings concerning the ship handling difficulty and the spiral loop width and the rate of counter rudder operated time. It could be confirmed that the bigger the spiral loop width and the rate of counter rudder operated time are, the bigger the ship handling difficulty is. From the subjective evaluation, we concluded that the ship with bad course keeping ability worse than the B type ship, in other words with spiral loop width bigger than 6.1 degrees should make it outside of the standard.
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金湖 富士夫
原稿種別: 本文
2003 年 108 巻 p.
247-257
発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Failure probability of collision avoidance in Uraga route was calculated from the estimated number of occurrences of the dangerous encounter in Uraga route by the estimation theory of the number of dangerous encounter and the number of collision accidents in Uraga route picked up from the statistical reports. Failure probability before the separation scheme was came into force was also estimated by the same method. Furthermore, a decrease in number of collisions when a speed control would be added to the present separation scheme was predicted. The estimated failure probability of collision avoidance without separation scheme is 2.03×10^<-4> and that with separation scheme is 8.525×10^<-5>. These values are harmonized with the values based on field measurements by some researchers. The decreasing ratio of collision probability by introduction of the separation scheme in Uraga route is considered to be well explained by the method. This method can be well applied to development of effective navigational management or introduction of separation scheme to the other sea area.
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今津 隼馬, 藤坂 貴彦, 庄司 るり, 大竹 祐一郎
原稿種別: 本文
2003 年 108 巻 p.
259-265
発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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The Obstacle Zone by Target (OZT) is the evaluation method of collision risk between own ship and a target, considered the estimated error of ship's speed. We tried to improve the calculation method and the expression method of OZT to use it in congested water of ship traffic. We tested the use of OZT method for collision avoidance through experiment of ship handling simulator. As a result of the test, we could improve the calculation and expression method of OZT, as shown in Fig. 1. The figure shows targets as bar, length of the bar will be changed according to distance of the target and color of the bar will be changed according to course difference between own ship and the target, and OZT as several circle on a vector of the target, radius of the circle is same to a minimum distance for collision avoidance. Then, we studied to catch some maneuvering characteristic for crossing the flow of ships navigating opposite direction by using OZT. As a result, we could report the value of the space of OZT for securing safety at crossing condition, taking by the stager navigator. And this method shows that we can obtain a domain for collision avoidance like as evasive area (see Fig.5(c)).
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遠藤 真
原稿種別: 本文
2003 年 108 巻 p.
267-274
発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Remote operation support system for small vessels had been tried to develop by the author. In this paper, the passage planning system, which should be installed into the above remote operation support system, for small inland vessels is proposed. In order to design and develop the passage planning system, first of all, the standard paradigms and standard maneuvers of expert mariners on passage planning were investigated by questionnaire surveys, simulations and simulator studies. Through the investigation, not only the standard paradigms on passage planning but also the standard maneuvering patterns for small inland vessels became clear. The standard paradigms of passage planning and the standard maneuvering patterns for small inland vessels are discussed. Based on the above-mentioned standard paradigms and the standard maneuvering patterns, the passage planning system was designed. In order to reproduce the passage plan by the expert mariners in the system, concepts of elemental passages and elemental maneuvers were applied into the system. According to the concepts, the passage planning system consists of following four phases ; 1) Finding a shortest path under geographical, legal and other restrictions, 2) Planning a chain of Go areas along the shortest path, 3) Planning a chain of elemental passages and 4) Planning a chain of elemental maneuvers. Simulations along the planned passage by the system show the good results. For verification of the algorithm of the passage planning system, simulator experiments by skillful operators have been executed.
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長岡 栄, 住谷 美登里, 天井 治
原稿種別: 本文
2003 年 108 巻 p.
275-281
発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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The distribution of longitudinal distance separation between successive aircraft flying on the same track and flight level is essential for calculating the longitudinal collision risk of the airspace where the longitudinal separation minimum was reduced. This distribution depends on the separation minimum. However, the actual data on the distribution do not exist in the stage of airspace planning. To generate the distribution under the reduced separation minimum, a computer simulation was carried out on the basis of the flight plan data of one year. A distribution model that fits to the empirical distribution created by the simulation was proposed. This paper first describes the results of analysis of the flight plan data, then, the method of simulation, and finally, the method and results of fitting by a shifted-truncated exponential distribution to the simulated distribution.
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浅井 露明, 今津 隼馬
原稿種別: 本文
2003 年 108 巻 p.
283-289
発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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For collision avoidance, information about incoming targets can be obtained from a radar system as well as through visual and/or auditory cues. Many distresses had occurred that were caused by insufficient information for avoiding accidents, especially targets information for collision avoidance. But it is not easy to keep a sharp lookout by officer of the watch (OOW). Though there are some researches at how to extract visual information through the image of a vessel at sea. Here we examined the traditional method and developed a more efficient alternative method in order to obtain the information of target ship. In this research, it put a specific property that the image histogram consisted by sea or sky changed with the horizon as the boundary, to use for extracting the target ship figure accurately from the image. The result shows that this method will be able to extract the target ship hull more clearly.
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原稿種別: 付録等
2003 年 108 巻 p.
App3-
発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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原稿種別: 付録等
2003 年 108 巻 p.
App4-
発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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原稿種別: 付録等
2003 年 108 巻 p.
App5-
発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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原稿種別: 付録等
2003 年 108 巻 p.
App6-
発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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原稿種別: 表紙
2003 年 108 巻 p.
Cover2-
発行日: 2003/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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