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原稿種別: 表紙
2004 年 111 巻 p.
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発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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原稿種別: 付録等
2004 年 111 巻 p.
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発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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原稿種別: 付録等
2004 年 111 巻 p.
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発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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原稿種別: 目次
2004 年 111 巻 p.
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発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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原稿種別: 目次
2004 年 111 巻 p.
Toc2-
発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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丹羽 隆子
原稿種別: 本文
2004 年 111 巻 p.
1-9
発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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In the Piraeus naval inventories the "hypozomata" are the first listed and hence they are considered to be the most important hanging-gear of the triremes. A decree lays down the minimum number of men to be employed in fitting them to a ship and that the ship fitted with them are regarded as being in commission. Four is the regulation number carried and their total weight 462.8kg. But we have no further prescription in the inventories and relevant passages in the literature whatsoever about the way and place of the exact application of the "hypozomata". Classical scholars had scrutinized the literature and iconographical representations and their expertise had speculated that the "hypozomata" were passed round the outside of the hull. However, in 1987-90, the modern science and technology of marine engineering fulfilled the reconstruction of the Athenian trireme Olympias and found that they were to be fitted inside the hull. This paper is to verify if the way the reconstruction project discovered is the definitive one of applying the "hypozomata".
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黒部 雄三
原稿種別: 本文
2004 年 111 巻 p.
11-16
発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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This paper presents two types of rudder, the rudder with flat after body cross section (the flat rudder) and the rudder with flap (the flap rudder). Their two-dimensional cross section pressures were calculated to estimate the rudder's performance. The model tests were carried out in the circulating water channel. The results are as follows. (1) The flap rudder shows the higher maximum lift coefficient than that of the shilling rudder. (2) Re-suction pressure on a cross section pressure distribution of rudder would improve a stall characteristics.
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高山 久明, 清水 健一, 山脇 信博, 合田 政次
原稿種別: 本文
2004 年 111 巻 p.
17-23
発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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In this paper, we report that we made analyses of propelling efficiency in addition to ten times tests, including those taken by two veteran scullers, of working a Ro fitted in a wooden "Wasen", a traditional Japanese boat, and obtained following results; (1) We reconfirmed that both veteran scullers applied less load to Hayao and the fluctuation margin of average boat speed was small when they sculled a boat. Meanwhile inexperienced scullers gave much tension to Hayao in comparison with veteran scullers and also the fluctuation margin of average boat speed was large. When a large figure of average Ro-blade force didn't lead to an increase of boat's speed, there were large variation in rolling and pitching of the boat, and consequently the loss arose in propelling power. (2) From the total resistance based on the results of resistance test besides average Ro-blade force, the propelling efficiency was 13 to 23% in the veteran scullers.
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境 善行, 李 成壽, 定兼 廣行
原稿種別: 本文
2004 年 111 巻 p.
25-32
発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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At present, there are few data on the characteristics of tow force and push force of tugboat in regular waves. In order to carry out the berthing maneuver correctly and safely, it is important to obtain the above data. In this paper, the characteristics of tow force and push force of tug boat in regular waves, relating to the change of wave length/ship length ratio, wave height, propeller thrust and so on, was studied through model experiments using a twin Azimuth-circle Drive Propeller (A. D. P.) tugboat model. Main results are as follows; (1) Mean tow force and mean push force in waves hardly changed comparing with each force in still water. (2) Fluctuating component of tow force and push force increased in approximate proportion to wave height. (3) The above fluctuating forces decreased inverse proportion to output of A. D. P
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李 成壽, 境 善行, 定兼 廣行
原稿種別: 本文
2004 年 111 巻 p.
33-40
発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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The tow force of tugboat is brought through the bollard pull test that is executed under the condition of still water and no forward speed. This is only information relating to towing works, which is offered to tugboat operator and pilot. However, since tugboat always works in waves and with forward speed, it is needed to know practical the tow force in waves. But the characteristics of tow force in waves have not been studied in series. In our studies, the characteristics of the tow force in regular head waves are examined by water tank experiment using ship model. To make clear the above characteristics, we divide the directly measured tow force into two components, namely the mean tow force Tm and the fluctuating tow force amplitude Ta. And influences of such as the elevation of towline, wavelength, wave height, forward speed on the above analyzed Tm and Ta are revealed.
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福谷 恒男
原稿種別: 本文
2004 年 111 巻 p.
41-46
発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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The propulsive performance of the propeller affected by different types of rudders were investigated by the circulating water tank using propeller open test apparatus and self-propelled model ship. The types of rudders were NACA0022 and Reaction rudder with or without parallel auxiliary foils attached near the trailing edges of main rudders. The obtained data were analyzed into three self-propulsion factors, namely, thrust deduction coefficient, wake coefficient and relative rotative efficiency. The result showed us that the reaction rudder with auxiliary foils is most effective against relative rotative efficiency among other types of rudders.
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内野 明子, 小林 弘明
原稿種別: 本文
2004 年 111 巻 p.
47-54
発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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The success of maneuvering at sea does not only heavily depend on an environment but also human navigators, especially in extraordinary situations. That is, unsafe maneuvering occurs in the situations where navigators have not fulfilled their tasks sufficiently. In this paper, we studied human behaviour leading up to specific situations, where rudder trouble makes human navigators lose their maneuvering ability in the fairway; this fairway has some traffic consisting of other ships. The situation disturbs the ability of the navigators to navigate successfully and causes a potential for unsafe situations to develop. We analyzed some factors consisting of human navigators' behaviour and various situations by using the data of 26 Bridge Team Management raining teams. Then we obtained some correlations between some factors and human behaviour on maneuvering before and after the trouble, and clarified structure of the changing maneuvering process using Fault Tree Analysis. As a result, we obtained the primary factors of human behaviour in extraordinary situations and countermeasures based on it.
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西村 知久, 石橋 篤, 小林 弘明
原稿種別: 本文
2004 年 111 巻 p.
55-62
発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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In this paper, a rudder control law for unstable ships has been developed and ship handling characteristics toward position control of unstable ships have been discussed. Like practical ship handling, the control law has two elements. One of them controls a rudder angle to correct turning speed, lateral deviation and heading deviation from a planned course. The other decides timing of an altering course. Each of the control constants which are contained in the control law has been estimated from ship handling experiments by licensed mariners. The control law has enabled us to estimate results of ship handling in narrow waterways by humans and it has furthermore led to the result that when ship's length is three hundred meters or more, a rudder angle to check turning speed increases sharply with increasing spiral loop width.
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瀬田 広明, 井上 欣三, 臼井 英夫
原稿種別: 本文
2004 年 111 巻 p.
63-69
発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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It is very difficult for mariners to do ship handling in restricted waterways, and we can see a striking difference of ship handling techniques between experienced officers and inexperienced officers. In this paper, we analyze about the design of supporting information for safe ship handling based on the concept of potential area of water, it is expected that the inexperienced officers will be able to safe ship handling. This supporting information for safe ship handling that is showed on the screen means the potential area of all operations, at any time. Moreover, we had availability supply a series of supporting information for ship handling on each ship situation for all kinds of restricted waterways. And we had experiment and tested about the achievement of safe ship handling if there is depending on supporting information for ship handling by using ship handling simulator.
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Kenji SASA, Masayoshi KUBO, Toshihiko NAGAI, Haruo YONEYAMA
原稿種別: 本文
2004 年 111 巻 p.
71-80
発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Safety is very important as ships enter and depart from harbours. Ship motions were successfully observed in swells in a previous study, and difficulties were shown to occur during the berthing operation inside the harbour as well as at the harbour entrance. In this study, numerical simulations of ship motions in swells during entrance and departure are recreated for the first time. The accuracy was sufficient for modeling observed ship motions." Moreover, it will be necessary to define the evaluation parameters of the berthing operation. It is constructed and as the "Difficulty of Berthing Function" for ships. The function can be used to quantitatively evaluate the operational difficulty, which should be considered when evaluating harbour tranquility.
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国枝 佳明, 矢吹 英雄, 竹本 孝弘, 田尾 茂郎
原稿種別: 本文
2004 年 111 巻 p.
81-88
発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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This paper describes the results of an experiment onboard a training ship that aimed at assessing effectiveness of onboard Ship Maneuvering Simulator (SMS) training. And, based on the results of the experiment, authors propose the optimal combination of onboard SMS training with actual training on a training ship. In the experiment, cadets were divided into group A and B, and practiced the anchoring practice according to the same scenario both by onboard SMS and by actual ship. Cadets practiced the training in a team that consist of 3 cadets who played the role of Captain, 1st officer and 3rd officer. The group A cadets went through the SMS training first and then the real onboard training, and the opposite was the case for the group B cadets. In the real anchoring practice using the test ship, ship-handling skill of cadets were scored by experienced instructors. In general, the figure of ability rank of group A was higher than that of group B in all elemental techniques, we considered that effective training on a training ship is possible by combining the onboard SMS training and actual training. On the application of proposed training method, it is important to choose a proper training item after consider the advantage of the onboard SMS training. As training replay function is one of the unique points of simulator, the use of onboard SMS is effective for the debriefing to cadets after real training.
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井関 俊夫
原稿種別: 本文
2004 年 111 巻 p.
89-95
発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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There are some cases in which marine traffic lanes are modified with the construction of bridges or other marine structures. And, as the need arises, assessments of marine traffic environment are carried out using ship handling simulator. In these cases, it is important to investigate the difficulty of operations of a ship along the modified passage and ship operator's stresses and strains. Moreover, it is also significant to collect data as much as possible to make a fair judgment. However, the trial, which is carried out in cooperation with a selected mariner, usually takes much time and sufficient data is not always collected. Therefore, it is needed to develop cost-effective tools for maritime assessment. The author proposed a Radar/ARPA simulator based on the internet in the previous report. The simulator is a PC-based application program and the code is written in Microsoft Visual C++ and DirectPlay. DirectPlay is a low-level application programming interface (API) for creating multiplayer games and other network applications. The details of the proposed Radar/ARPA simulator were shown and problems encountered on developing were also reported. In this paper, improved parts of the simulation algorithm are described. Special attention was paid to synchronized time steps of computers. To validate the improvements, feasibility tests are carried out based on a wireless LAN. The discrepancies of trajectories between computers are investigated with/without installation of the network time protocol (NTP) and large time lag of system clocks. It was shown that trajectories of the improved algorithm satisfy the suitably provided permissible level.
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増田 憲司, 井上 欣三, 臼井 英夫, 広野 康平, 世良 亘
原稿種別: 本文
2004 年 111 巻 p.
97-102
発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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In the congested strait, Traffic route is set up by the Marine Safety Law and other regulations. As for the vessel traffic way, rectification is done by this law. But, the navigation route is restricted. In this area, very large bridge was built. And various arguments had been done about the influence of the pier in the strait by now. As a result, it was arranged outside of Traffic route. And not obstructing the navigation of the vessel is being considered with the pier. On the other hand, bridge construction is planned in the future program for land development by a strait such as Tomogashima channel, Bungo channel, too. In those area is no regulation by the route. Therefore, the existence of the pier becomes an obstacle in navigation because a very large bridge is built in the channel which a vessel navigated freely now. In this research, questionnaire investigation was done for pilots and captain. And research of the behavior consciousness about the route select by the navigation officer in the strait which a pier exists in. It is tried to modeling that how routing by officer though the analysis of the questionnaire
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有村 信夫, 沼野 正義, 福戸 淳司, 田中 邦彦
原稿種別: 本文
2004 年 111 巻 p.
103-111
発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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This paper discusses the method of displaying information on evasive course width for the sake of improvement of evasive maneuvering judgment support functions of the collision avoidance assistance apparatus. Display properties of the evasive course width information is investigated through simulations based on ARPA data collected in actual sea area. As a result of discussions, it is considered that evasive course width information can be used effectively as an attention attracting information regarding the forecasted close point of approach or support information for judgment of a margin between evasive dangerous area and own course.
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臼井 英夫, 井上 欣三, 津金 正典, 広野 康平, 世良 亘
原稿種別: 本文
2004 年 111 巻 p.
113-118
発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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When VTS (Vessel Traffic Service) is applied in a narrow and congested water area of Japan, VTS operators are in charge of recognizing, using RADAR and ARPA, the motions of ships in the covered area and of giving safety information to officers on board. At present, they cannot actively order ships in the area how to maneuver to avoid collision or grounding. In the near future, we believe that VTS operators will be able to judge the possibility of collision or grounding, and to instruct officers on board to take concrete actions. At that time, it will be necessary to harmonize a sense of safety between ships' officers and VTS operators. In this paper, a 3-dimensional viewing system to show the situation of a ship in a water area is proposed to share the situation of awareness between ships' officers and VTS operators. The effectiveness of this system is verified by the experiment using the training ship "Fukae-maru".
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石出 明
原稿種別: 本文
2004 年 111 巻 p.
119-126
発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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An α-β tracker will be applied to the tracking of aircraft using Automatic Dependent Surveillance (ADS). On-board GPS receivers will be used to acquire aircraft position data for ADS. We analyzed the errors of the extrapolated positions obtained by applying α-β tracking to the ADS position samples derived theoretically and from GPS-derived positions. We clarified the tracking characteristics in both straight and curved flight courses. We also clarified the effect of meandering in flight and positioning accuracy on tracking errors.
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天井 治
原稿種別: 本文
2004 年 111 巻 p.
127-134
発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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The safety of the North Pacific route system has been evaluated using a collision risk model. Passing frequency is one of the important parameters of the model. The passing frequency is the twice of expected frequency of overlapping event in the longitudinal direction. It depends on the route structure, the number of flight and so on. In this paper, monthly lateral and vertical passing frequency values for the North Pacific route are calculated using flight plan data of about eight years and long-term transition of the passing frequency values are investigated. One result obtained shows that the passing frequency values under the implementation of a reduced vertical separation minimum do neither increase nor decrease remarkably.
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長岡 栄
原稿種別: 本文
2004 年 111 巻 p.
135-141
発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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The RNP-RNAV is a tool to facilitate the development of routes of airspace where the required navigation performance (RNP) is required It provides the navigation performance assurance in addition to the 95% navigation performance specifications as that for RNP. This paper first describes the modeling of the probability distribution of lateral deviations for RNP-RNAV aircraft using the nominal specifications. Then, the equations for calculating the lateral overlap probability are derived for two models, i.e., the double-exponential tail model and uniform tail model. Finally, the results of calculation are shown and indicated that the uniform tail model gives one of the most conservative estimates of the lateral overlap probability.
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吉村 和昭, 安田 明生
原稿種別: 本文
2004 年 111 巻 p.
143-148
発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Two JJY stations are disseminating time and frequency signals prepared by NICT (National Institute of Information and Communications Technology) with low frequencies of 40kHz and 60kHz. One of the stations, placed on Mt. Otakadoya, has been operational since 10th of June 1999 with a frequency of 40kHz. A set of time codes modulates the amplitude of LF radio wave by the amplitude shift keying (ASK) so that the time of the radio-controlled clock can be adjusted automatically. The time-codes of JJY signal are very low rate of 1 bps using pulse width modulation. The authors measured the delay of the decoded time-code, sent from the JJY station on Mt. Otakadoya and received by a radio-controlled clock. The PPS (pulse per second) signal from GPS receiver with an accuracy of 1×10^<-6> and Rubidium frequency standard with a stability of 5×10^<-11>/month are used for the time standard and the delay measurement counter respectively. The clock will be adjusted accurately enough in the daily life as the delay is up to around 100ms, though depending on the distance from the station, with the standard deviation of less than 1ms.
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冨永 敏明, 添田 忍, 鈴木 治, 安田 明生
原稿種別: 本文
2004 年 111 巻 p.
149-155
発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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It is important to synchronize the real time clock with standard time in computer network. The clock of the computer on land can be adjusted through the Internet to the time server for reliable network. Shipboard LAN or Internet via IMMARSAT is set up quickly onboard. But, some troubles are found in the file maintenance and e-mail exchange onboard, because the clock can not be adjusted to the standard time. It is impossible to connect the clock of the shipboard computer to Internet from the ship on the ocean. Thus, the authors propose the time adjustment method is for onboard computer with NTP (Network time protocol) and GPS receiver. We improve the 'daytime' protocol to be reinforced with the basis local time and difference from UTC. Then we acquired the data by our system on land and ocean. The results are as follows. 1) Time synchronous GPS receiver is best time source among GPS, public NTP through PHS, and Radio clock with low frequency. The accuracy for setting NTP sever is 10ms and it is 50ms for ocean going vessel. 2) NTP server supported by GPS serves to offer the time standard instead of the UTC time signal by short wave broadcasting. 3) OS of MS Windows XP can set local time information (LTI) with the aid of the enhanced daytime protocol via shipboard LAN. 4) Radio clock by low frequency (JJY-40kHz) is good time source and the synchronous precision for NTP sever is 14ms. But it is not useful for ocean going ships, as the service area is limited to around Japanese archipelago. 5) The proposed time adjustment method with the precision of 50ms is useful for time adjustment onboard.
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高橋 靖宏, 今江 理人, 後藤 忠広, 中川 史丸, 藤枝 美穂, 野田 浩幸, 佐野 和彦
原稿種別: 本文
2004 年 111 巻 p.
157-163
発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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A precise time and frequency transfer between the satellite-onboard atomic clocks and the ground reference clocks has been planned for the Engineering Test Satellite-VIII (ETS-VIII) under the collaboration between the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). ETS-VIII is a Japanese Geostationary Satellite, which will be launched in 2005. It has missions for mobile communication experiments and for precision timing experiments using Cesium atomic clocks in space. The NICT developed the Time Comparison Equipment (TCE) for ETS-VIII. This paper describes about the precise time transfer system between the ground reference clock and the on board clock. It is designed to make the time transfer by around 10 pico second of the precision carefully.
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和田 雅昭, 天下 井清, 木村 暢夫, 岩森 利弘
原稿種別: 本文
2004 年 111 巻 p.
165-172
発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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According to the statistics by Japan Coast Guard, half of dead or missing at man-overboard accidents are not related to the perils of the sea. In such case, even the victim immediately give notice anyone of the accident, the survival rate would be improved. In this paper, we propose a local area rescue system using low-power transmitter. Technically, the mobile device and the receiver have newly designed. A flexible antenna was adopted to put the mobile device in a safety jacket and GPS was installed into the mobile device to locate the victim. When the receiver catches an emergency signal, it calculates the relative position and displays the data to support a rescue operation. It has been found experimentally that the emergency signal with the position information from the mobile device at intervals of 700m was received correctly. The proposed rescue system is characterized with high practical applicability due to the coverage of the rescue system is sufficient to man-overboard accidents and the weight of the mobile device is only 0.07kgf.
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浦上 美佐子, 松野 浩嗣, 岩崎 寛希
原稿種別: 本文
2004 年 111 巻 p.
173-180
発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Recently, due to an increase of sea accidents, it becomes more important to strengthen measures to ensuring the safe navigation of small craft. Generally speaking, a captain of small craft does not have much experience in safe navigation procedures. If such small crafts have the equipment to communicate with base stations on land or with other crafts sailing near them, it will be of great help for a captain of the small craft, compensating for their lack of experience in safe navigation. This paper proposes the use of a wireless LAN system on the sea to help captain of small craft to navigate safely. We carried out experiments of some wireless communications on the ad-hoc network constructed in Seto Inland Sea. From the experimental results, we found that wireless communication qualities on the sea are effected by changes in weather conditions and by the passing of large ships. In order to resolve these problems, this paper proposes a plan to use mobile agents which allow small craft to communicate with other stations even in severe wireless communication environments.
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新保 雅俊, 平澤 雅人, 大島 正毅
原稿種別: 本文
2004 年 111 巻 p.
181-191
発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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The main cause of the collision between ships is the insufficient lookout. Therefore, the monitoring system that supports the lookout has been required. This paper proposes the technique that extracts ships and obstructions from the navigational image sequence taken at the bridge. It has been difficult to separate the ship from the complicated background by the conventional technique. In the proposed technique the image sequence is converted into Hue, Saturation and Value. Then, it is divided into regions from the value of each pixel. The moving vector is calculated by the collation between images of the region. The ship is extracted by the classification of the property of this moving vector. By this technique, it becomes possible that only the ship can be robustly detected from the image with the complicated background such as channels, waterways, ports, etc. The effectiveness is verified using the image taken in Tokyo Bay.
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Falin WU, Nobuaki KUBO, Akio YASUDA, Harumasa HOJO
原稿種別: 本文
2004 年 111 巻 p.
193-200
発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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In this paper we develop a prototype software GPS receiver. The receiver consists of a RF front-end, an ADC, and a software GPS program that runs on PC. The RF front-end down-converts the signal from RF to IF, and the ADC samples the IF signal. All the other processing including signal acquisition, tracking, data decoding, and solving position are all implemented in software using signal processing techniques. The local C/A codes and carrier replica signal are pre-generated, stored in memory, and used repetitively during signal acquisition and tracking. The concepts of the prototype software GPS receiver can be applied to next generation GNSS and SBAS receivers design.
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坂井 丈泰
原稿種別: 本文
2004 年 111 巻 p.
201-207
発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Satellite navigation systems, such as GPS (global positioning system), fundamentally compute user location using radio signals transmitted from satellites to user receiver, which would be delayed during passing ionosphere at 250-400km above the ground. This effect is a major error source for positioning user location, so it is neccessary to investigate the spatial and/or temporal distribution of ionospheric delay over Japan for improving the performance of satellite navigation systems, including GPS and its any augmentation systems. The authors analyzed the distribution of ionospheric delay during quiet and stormy geomagnetic conditions using GEONET and IGS observation network, and evaluated the positioning performance degradation of GPS in standalone and differential mode due to ionosphere over Japan. Based on spatial correlation characteristics of ionospheric delay, the geomagnetic storm possibly cause the large user positioning error even in differential mode.
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田丸 人意, 萩原 秀樹, 庄司 るり, 大津 皓平
原稿種別: 本文
2004 年 111 巻 p.
209-217
発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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A software of Port Traffic Management System (PTMS) was developed in 2001, and preparatory onboard experiments were carried out using the training ship "Shioji Maru" of the Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology. Then onboard experiments using small training ships of the same university equipped with actual AIS were performed. From the result of these experiments, the usefulness of PTMS was confirmed. In addition to those onboard experiments, the effectiveness of PTMS was confirmed by comprehensive simulator experiments. In the simulator experiments, captains/pilot maneuvered a training ship/container ship in congested waters using PTMS. It was assumed that every ship has PTMS and transmits her planned route each other. After the simulator experiments, captains/pilot suggested that it is very beneficial if the optimal route of own ship is calculated automatically. In this paper, the method to calculate the optimal route using Dynamic Programming was developed. This software calculates the minimum time route from present position to the destination keeping the danger of collision against other ships under predetermined level. From the results of calculations for multi-encounter situations, it was confirmed that developed software can provide the safe and time-saving route.
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田中 隆博, 長澤 明, 山田 多津人, 山本 淳
原稿種別: 本文
2004 年 111 巻 p.
219-224
発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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The SOLAS AIS will completely put into effect in July 2008 and it is expected that the AIS system will contribute to the marine traffic safety by the mutual cooperation with the current VTS. Various application researches about the system are proceeding in the development of new collision prevention device, vessel operation system and so on. As an experiment of the AIS application, the marine traffic evaluation using the AIS is described in this paper. The actual traffic observation of the AIS equipped ships was executed around the Kurushima strait in December 2003. The present condition and the characteristics of the AIS data are investigated using the data obtained from the observation. The remarkable result is that the details of ship's behavior can be grasped in real time by the history of SOG (Speed Over Ground) and COG (Course Over Ground) data from the AIS data. Thus, the SOG and COG data would be one of precious information for the vessel traffic evaluation and the vessel traffic control.
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劉 順, 岡野 匡, 萩原 秀樹, 庄司 るり, 田丸 人意, 大津 皓平
原稿種別: 本文
2004 年 111 巻 p.
225-233
発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Since 2000, the authors have been developing remote radar network system to observe the vessel traffic in Tokyo Bay. In December 2002, the first operational remote radar station was set at the National Defense Academy in Yokosuka, and vessel traffic observation was started. However, it was impossible to perform accurate observation in the northern part of Tokyo Bay by this Yokosuka radar station only. In September 2003, the second remote radar station and AIS receiving station were installed at Higashi Ogishima in Kawasaki. This second radar enabled us to carry out accurate observation in that area. Both radars can be remotely controlled from the monitoring sation in Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology. On September 30 and October 1, 2003, the vessel traffic observation was carried out using both radars. Combining radar images observed by both radars, the ship tracks were taken and the dangerous ships were extracted by using SJ value and bumper model. The time changes of dangerous ship density in some areas in Tokyo Bay and utilization ratio of the traffic routes were also investigated. In addition, analyzing the AIS date received at Kawasaki station, the tracks of the ships equipped with AIS were shown.
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広野 康平, 井上 欣三, 臼井 英夫
原稿種別: 本文
2004 年 111 巻 p.
235-242
発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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It has been just started that vessel broadcast own navigational information using with AIS and listeners on land can use them (e.g. Vessel Traffic Information Service Center : VTIS is able to use them for controlling vessel stream). However, 80% of Japanese vessel does not have duty to carry that device, for example. We are not able to gather the all information via AIS. This is not a problem of Japan, but the problem in the world. Therefore, the radar observation is still required for those who are going to grasp vessel traffic onboard and onshore. Especially, it is useful for judgment of the vessel's encountering situation on land (e.g. VTIS Center) that the neighboring traffic information is transmitted from that vessel to the land and it improves the shore-based radar observation in accuracy. For the purpose of using vessel traffic information on land, this paper presents a way to identify traffic information based on vessel's radar images, to transmit it to the land, and to visualize it for a VTIS operator. A radar installed on the training ship "Fukae-Maru" belongs to "Kobe University, Faculty of Maritime Science" is connected with the control box onboard that adjusts and receives radar scanning signal independently of the original operation, namely, measuring or tracing echo targets on the console by the Officer Of Watch. And that control box creates echo image file. The authors developed the application software to identify other vessel movements using that image files, to transmit the results to the laboratory room via satellite communication system. The length of vessel is estimated from the number of pixels in the image. And the information is visualized as "Bird's eye view" with background scene created by viewing 3-D data diverted form the ship handling simulator. The viewing eye position and direction are able to be full controlled by the land operator. The viewing model of vessel is determined by estimated its length.
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稲石 正明, 近藤 逸人, 川口 明
原稿種別: 本文
2004 年 111 巻 p.
243-249
発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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This paper presents an analysis of ship-group navigation simulations based on an autonomous ship behavior cluster model. In this model, maneuvering decisions of a ship agent are computed by combining four independent forces : goal attainment force, contracting force, expanding force, and cluster collision avoidance force. The magnitude of each force is determined by a sigmoid function which takes distance to a relevant point/vessel as input. Although fairly simple, the sigmoid function led to flexible decision-making. The characteristic of group behavior was compared using two kinds of agents, the estimation type agent which can estimate risk of collision, and the non-estimation type agent which lacks this function. The estimation type agents exhibited better performance in terms of tracks, the distance of CPA and the total amount of course altered.
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Cemil YURTOREN, 井上 欣三
原稿種別: 本文
2004 年 111 巻 p.
251-257
発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Passage through the Strait of Istanbul becomes dangerous due to heavy traffic at the south entrance of the strait with an average of 2100 daily crossing by ferries, small passenger boats, sea buses etc. that are transporting the citizens' back and forth between Europe and Asia side of the Istanbul City. This crossing heavy traffic, especially in the southern part of the strait, causes high risks of collision for the transit vessels. The necessary measure to achieve a safe navigation is to consider the whole marine traffic including local ferry in this congested area. In order to achieve this, in this study, the control criteria are introduced to improve the new VTS (Vessel Traffic System) efficiency. The marine traffic simulation has been employed to determine the capability of encountering and one-way passage for large-size ships that pass through the congested area of the strait. And this simulation has been worked out within four categories, 100% (Rush-hour), 75%, 50%, and 25% crossing traffic density levels. This paper provides the control criteria that permit to navigate safely passing through for large-size ships based on the results of the simulation study by application of the environmental stress model. It is expected that this traffic control criteria will effect to maximize the importance of the new traffic system in the strait.
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高嶋 恭子, 萩原 秀樹, 庄司 るり
原稿種別: 本文
2004 年 111 巻 p.
259-266
発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Since fuel cost occupies very large part in total ship operation cost, it is crucial to save the fuel consumption during the voyage. In this paper, actual voyage data of the container ship were analyzed and empirical formulae to predict ship's speed and engine power in waves were derived. Then specifying the passage time, two methods of calculating minimum fuel route were proposed, i.e. isochrone method controlling only ship's heading and dynamic programming controlling both ship's heading and the number of propeller revolutions. Using actual wave data of the North Pacific, simulations of minimum fuel routing based on the isochrone method were carried out and the effectiveness of weather routing by this method was fully demonstrated. In addition, minimum fuel routes computed by dynamic programming were compared with those computed by isochrone method, and it was clarified that the control of ship's heading (i.e. route selection) is much more effective than the control of the number of propeller revolutions to save the fuel.
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鎌田 功一, 南 清和, 庄司 邦昭, 塩谷 茂明
原稿種別: 本文
2004 年 111 巻 p.
267-272
発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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In this paper authors present results of experiments and numerical calculation of the ballast water exchange with a 2-Dimension tank model using pumping-through method. In recent years discharged ballast water from the ships has been identified as a potential threat to the marine environment. Many kinds of species are included in discharged ballast water and these are transferred from one port to others. Breed species have some potential that cause severe adverse impact on ecology including expulsion of native organisms. It probably affects the human society as well. In view of this problem the IMO adopted "Regulations for the Control and Management of Ship's Ballast Water and Sediments" in 2004. It is mandatory that all the ships should comply with "Ballast Water Performance Standard" by 2016. It is required that ballast water should be exchanged using Pumping-Through method until 2016. By using this method, it is assumed that 95% of the ballast water exchange is possible if seawater of 3 times of ballast tank capacity is overflowed. However there are only few studies on the verification of the volume of ballast water discharge using this method. Thus it is necessary to check the efficiency of this procedure. The experiments results show that pumping-through method can dilute about 95% of ballast water if volume of 3 times the capacity of the tank model is overflowed.
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新谷 浩一, 今井 昭夫, 西村 悦子
原稿種別: 本文
2004 年 111 巻 p.
273-284
発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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For recent years, container traffic has been growing, especially in East and Southeast Asia. However, most liner shipping companies make an effort to select calling ports, in particular taking into account effective plans of an efficient repositioning of equipment in use based on a prediction of when and where imbalance in equipment quantities will occur. Therefore, the decision maker of a container liner company should maximize the company's profit with considering the above issue. In this paper, we propose a design method of containership routing networks as the shuttle type of the location routing problem on the set partitioning problem basis. The proposed method gives the solution as a set of calling ports, shipping routes, the number ships by ship's speed and size. An application of the problem to container transportation in Southeast Asia is presented. By numerical simulation studies, we evaluated routing alternatives of several ship sizes and examined the effect of consideration of equipment imbalance in composing the shipping routes.
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土井 義夫, 鶴田 三郎, 黒川 久幸, 風間 富一
原稿種別: 本文
2004 年 111 巻 p.
285-293
発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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In Japan sea transportation is very important to secure the living of Japanese. An enterprise of a freight service in a port takes this kind of job on itself. The enterprise also has to make a profit to survive. Operating revenue of the enterprise depends on the port characteristics that the business obtains a license to operate. The revenue is decided by the handling volume and the handling items. In this paper we proposed the methods to estimate the handling volume and the revenue in order to consider the port characteristics from the viewpoint of a freight service in a port. And we also classify the ports in Japan into 4 categories by the characteristics.
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森田 幹, 鈴木 三郎, 早川 克己
原稿種別: 本文
2004 年 111 巻 p.
295-301
発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Essentially, flag states must have responsibilities to observe international convention prescribed ships structure, equipment and required qualification of seaman. However, the number of flag of convenience (FOC) and developing maritime nations which have insufficient ship management system has increased rapidly. This is the main reason why global coastal area has threatened even now. Port state control (PSC) inspection has been enhanced annually to eliminate these sub-standard vessels. We started questionnaire survey to Japan pilot association for seizing actual condition of ocean going vessels into Japan ports in 1997 when PSC officers were first attached in Japan. This survey aims to realize safety of ocean-going vessels and find detailed problems from point of operator side. The survey has 7years already and this is final report. Some effective trends were cleared as consequence.
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藤原 紗衣子, 鈴木 三郎, 藤本 昌志, 渕 真輝
原稿種別: 本文
2004 年 111 巻 p.
303-310
発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Japanese port regulations law is the special law which has priorities to The Regulation for Preventing Collision at Sea in same cases. Especially, Article. 18 "the rule of the miscellaneous vessels" in the port regulation bring to effect in any ship type and visibility. This rule has never amended for 77 years since enforcement despite the surrounding in port has much changed. Therefore, This paper would be help to think over that "The rule of miscellaneous vessels" will suite the present ports.
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鈴木 三郎, 宋 寧而
原稿種別: 本文
2004 年 111 巻 p.
311-316
発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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The paper of "Study on Chinese Seafarers' Education System" on the journal No. 109 of Japan Institute of Navigation had given an outline of the Chinese maritime education today, so study and comparison has been continued this time on all hands of the seafarers' education at the beginning time of both China and Japan, concluding by making clear the seafarers' images and the influence given by the system in these two countries.
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原稿種別: 付録等
2004 年 111 巻 p.
App3-
発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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原稿種別: 付録等
2004 年 111 巻 p.
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発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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原稿種別: 付録等
2004 年 111 巻 p.
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発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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原稿種別: 付録等
2004 年 111 巻 p.
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発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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原稿種別: 付録等
2004 年 111 巻 p.
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発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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原稿種別: 表紙
2004 年 111 巻 p.
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発行日: 2004/09/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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