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原稿種別: 表紙
2005 年 112 巻 p.
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発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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原稿種別: 付録等
2005 年 112 巻 p.
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発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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原稿種別: 付録等
2005 年 112 巻 p.
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発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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原稿種別: 目次
2005 年 112 巻 p.
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発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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原稿種別: 目次
2005 年 112 巻 p.
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発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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村田 信, 小林 弘明
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
1-11
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Generally speaking, more than 80% of the cause for accidents on ship operations is human error. However, there is no unified definition on the behavior of human error. Therefore, authors paid attention to the Human Insufficient Behavior that has been treated as human error, and defined it as human action based on the characteristic of human competency, which is not appropriate to the objective. And it was confirmed that Human Insufficient Behavior would occur when a quantity of required competency by navigational environment exceeds a quantity of attainable competency by mariner. In this paper, the mechanism of an occurrence of Human Insufficient Behavior was clarified by quantitative analysis. Consequently, the condition for an occurrence of Human Insufficient Behavior was formulated. And a necessary condition for the maintenance of safer ship operations was proposed based on the condition for an occurrence of Human Insufficient Behavior.
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Kenji SASA, Shinji MIZUI, Tadashi HIBINO
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
13-20
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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It is very important to provide daily maritime transportation services, especially, in island areas. However, navigation is sometimes cancelled because of heavy fog. Although this is well known among ship operators, the associated situations and problems are not fully understood. In this study, we focus on the difficulties of ship operations under conditions of restricted visibility. First, casualties that occur under conditions of restricted visibility are researched. Then, a nationwide questionnaire was distributed to ship operators to learn the details of the current situations and operational problems. These results were statistically analyzed to demonstrate their operational limits. Moreover, interviews were conducted with a local ferry company to obtain recent cancellation records of navigation. The weather parameters on the dates of cancellations were analyzed and compared in a few cases with the other findings from the questionnaire and the interview research.
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久宗 周二, 天下 井清, 木村 暢夫
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
21-28
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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There are a lot of human errors causing casualties at sea. We conducted ergonomic analysis of the casualty of Touya Maru, which is the worst fatal maritime casualty in Japan in 1945, the casualty of Yamato Maru in 1977, and two other cases. The accidents factor 4M (Man, Machine, Media, Management) was applied to analyze the accidents in the same methods as aircraft accidents investigation. We tried to extract some human factors by using "The human accidents investigation manual" of Japan Ergonomic society. From the result of this analysis, the Touya Maru accident occurred due to the captain's misjudgments, the delay of weather information and other factors, and the Yamato Maru case occurred due to the ambiguous operation rule in the typhoons, adding to the same factors of the Touya Maru case. If one of the accidents factors can be removed, the accidents might have been able to be prevented.
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稲石 正明, 近藤 逸人, 川口 明
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
29-34
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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This paper presents a study of the relationship between the emergence characteristics of a ship cluster and the size of information search space using an autonomous ship behavior cluster model. First, we tested four different decision-making functions, and chose one function that led to highest stability in terms of the ship cluster configuration. Then, using this function, we evaluated the relationship between the decision-making distance (i.e. information search space size), and the cluster characteristics. As the number of ships used for decision-making increased, the stability of the cluster configuration also increased. When the decision-making distance was relatively small (below 3 nautical miles), the cluster configuration became instable irrespective of the number of ships involved, and the feature of the ship cluster configuration in this range was clarified.
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山田 多津人, 田中 隆博, 山本 淳, 長澤 明
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
35-41
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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In order to utilize the AIS for vessel traffic evaluation, we have investigated the present condition and the characteristics of the AIS data from the actual observation and have reported that in our previous papers. We have also reported that the details of ship's behavior could be grasped from some of the AIS data. In this paper, from the viewpoint of using the AIS data for the vessel traffic survey, we examine the characteristics of the position error by the comparison of the Radar and AIS positioning results. The results are as follows. 1. The error in length is larger than that in width and shows periodic fluctuation. 2. A few ships have larger bias errors in length and it would be caused by the GPS antenna position around the bow. 3. The standard deviation with the error in length shows positive correlation to the average speed or the length of ship.
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木村 政文, 鈴木 三郎
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
43-48
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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As the Cooperated action has been provided in clause 3 of 17 article in the Law of preventing collision at sea, but there is no deeply argued and commented papers which relate to cooperated action and the Principle of confidence, in Japan and the world. It is essentially very important to find out that whether the Principle of confidence could be allowed to the Cooperated action or not at the Marine accident court, even though should not be applied at that court, because the Principle of confidence usually have to make to use in the Criminal court, except the matter of ship's collision at sea. If it is applied instead of Cooperated action at the Marine accident court, more Marine accidents will obviously happen and occur at sea. Nowadays, the ship has been built in high speed and large sized type, so she would be taken very long time and distance to stop completely, therefore the clause 2 of 17 article should have priority over the clause 3 of it.
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水井 真治, 岩崎 寛希, 辻 啓介, 笹 健児
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
49-55
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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In this report, we conduct a questionnaire survey in which we try to find the problems that ship's crews have regarding the speed restrictions along the Bisan Seto East Channel in Seto Inland Sea and whether the speed restrictions are necessary or not. We also conduct prototype simulation within the speed-restricted area of the Bisan Seto East Channel. The survey leads the following findings. (1) It becomes clear that the speed restrictions generate dangerous traffic congestion at the channel and more than 70% of the ship's crews require the improvement. (2) We newly propose a prototype simulation using the Collision Judgement with Fuzzy Inference. (3) This simulation shows that the values of the accumulations of Collision Judgment per day by the Collision Judgement with Fuzzy Inference do not increase when all the ships in the restricted area increase the speed by several knots. Meanwhile, when only one ship increase the speed, the accumulations of Collision Judgement the both crews that picks up the speed and of surrounding ships feel would increase. This shows a contrastive result to the case where all the ships increase the speed.
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伊藤 博子, 松岡 猛, 岡田 光豊
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
57-62
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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This research applies discriminant analysis for ships-in-port classification as a new port state control (PSC) targetting system in order to promote the efficiency of PSC. Discriminant analysis generates classification functions for a sample of observations from pre-determined categories. We applied Fisher's linear discriminant function to historical inspection data to create a classification function that select ships with deficiencies worth detention out of object ships. Based on the developed function, a method to estimate the percentage of required inspection to cover a given rate of detention is determined. The result of comparison between proposed targetting system and 2003 revised targetting system shows that the former provides better capture rates in the range of 10-60% inspection rates.
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長畑 司
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
63-69
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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The present report shows that "casualty quantity" is obtained by the product of gross tonnage, rescue distance and the number of rescue boats, and that "salvage range" can be defined by the casualty quantity. This quantity consists of three factors : aided or rescued vessels, unaided vessels entering inward and vessels of total loss, according as the types of marine accidents requiring rescue, and the salvage range is determined by the threshold distances of dividing equally cumulative distribution values concerning the above three quantities. The graphs of casualty quantity according as time series and salvage ranges reflects the characteristics of the marine accidents in the latter half of the twentieth century in Japan. From a big point of view, three kinds of casualty quantity increased in proportion to the marine traffic reconstruction after the World War II, and locally, the quantity of aided or rescued vessels and that of total loss vessels was increasing with the decrease of the quantity of unaided vessels entering inward, in accordance with the basic correlation among three kinds of casualty quantity. The characteristics of salvage range in each half decadal period from 1958 to 2002 shows that the max. is at the 1988-92 period, and the min. is at the 1993-97 period, while the salvage operations has become closer to coasts because the lower threshold of the ranges has been decreasing since the 1978-82 period.
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村山 義夫
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
71-78
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Many studies on navigators' stress provide indexes to arrange marine traffic condition to maneuver vessel safely. Relations between the indexes are not clear because of their individuality. The fact encourages me to review the studies to progress future study on the same discipline. The studies consist of two types; studies on environment of marine traffic and on stress for marine traffic and maneuvering a vessel. The first group as environment provided provability of collision, traffic capacity, and tendency of maneuvering. The second group as stress studied dangerous zone and level arround vessels, through navigators' ship handling or subjective feelings to traffic conditions. These studies based on actual marine traffic and skilled navigators' judgment, which had large differences and changeability among conditions and/or individuals, and verified partial and rather difficult situation. Next step of the study on navigators' stress is to reveal causes and extent of the differences, which bring navigators' common recognition to dangerous situations. Other step is continuous field study on traffic condition and navigators' responses because they have to repeat many watch keeping safely on board.
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森田 幹, 山下 和雄, 渕 真輝, 鈴木 三郎
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
79-86
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Last year, the yacht named Falcon, capsized in a sudden gust of wind and sank in Lake Biwa during a bank holiday cruise on 15th September. The yacht reportedly left the harbor afternoon with 12 people on board. It was initially believed that 10-man capacity Falcon was overcrowded but the number of people was within the limit because a child is counted as half an adult. Police are also probing whether there were enough life jackets for all 12 people on board. Normally, Lake is easy to navigate compared to the sea but its western near coastal is tricky because of sudden gust known as the "Hiei Oroshi". A normally safe yacht could overturn if too many people are placed on one side of the vessel. So, we can rearrange the order of the people for its balance if a yacht leans toward one side but it's difficult to do when there are 12 people, including children. Therefore, we pay attention to the maximum capacity and studied its calculated process of the yacht which has a special skill and other leisure boats. As consequence, we realized some problems in the process and crew's psychological action was studied experimentally and obtained some characteristics.
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広野 康平, 井上 欣三, 臼井 英夫
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
87-93
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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There are many menus for Bridge Resource Management (BRM) training provided several facilities in Japan. And there are some instructors to execute those menus. It is depended on instructor's individual performance and skills that the training will be effective or not. It is very important to make trainee obtain mind to be aware the error chain development. Thus, it is needed that the instructor should be aware these situations, primarily. In this paper, authors propose the way to provide information to ease to recognize BRM training situation by using the Environmental Stress (ES) values. The ES values indicate difficulty of decision making for ship handling. When an instructor may have predicted ES values as warning for future situation, he (she) is able to watch trainee's activities with precaution. And he (she) is easy to explain points of BRM training at debriefing with numeric index, also. This paper shows an example of predicted ES values applied to the actual BRM training scenario.
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謝 洪彬, 井上 欣三, Cemil Yurtoren
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
95-100
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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In a navigation system, which consists of linked relationships in a 'ship-human-environment', the concept of Latent Environmental Stress is defined as the latent stress value imposed to the mariner by the navigation environment where own ship navigates following a standardized and fixed procedure and takes no collision avoidance actions even if she collides with other ships. The concept of Residual Environmental Stress is defined as the residual stress value imposed to the mariner by the navigation environment after own ship takes appropriate collision avoidance actions. Currently, by employing real time ship-handling simulator to evaluate residual environmental stress, due to the small sample size, the universality of the evaluation result is not so good. In the present paper, based upon the presupposition that marine traffic simulation can simulate the average collision avoidance actions of mariners, an investigation into the relationship between residual and latent environmental stress in straight waterway is carried out by employing the simulation technique. The result of the investigation shows that there is a certain quantitative relationship exists between residual and latent environmental stress under the given conditions of simulation. Therefore, on the basis of this outcome, it will be possible to estimate residual environmental stress from latent environmental stress in a given condition.
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若林 伸和, 藤井 迪生
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
101-108
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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At present, the task of making navigation schedules, and the inputting of schedule data into modern navigational systems, such as ECDIS, is a time consuming business. So, we propose in this paper a method to make a supporting system for the generation of course lines and, which can be used during the sea passage. We believe that this method has the advantage of flexibility and efficiency over the usual method of the retrieval of the recorded course lines. This system can automatically generate course line data via the input of departure and arrival information. By the constructing of the course line parts, those which have been divided beforehand into smaller sections of the course line, and by the automatic generation of on-line data of course lines, our system can save substantial time.
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宋 寧而, 井上 欣三
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
109-115
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Maritime education, as the base industry in maritime society, shall be studied inside the maritime society as to make clear its future. So study was done this time not only on the change of curriculum in Kobe University of Mercantile Maritime according to the proportion of maritime subjects and nautical subjects, but also on the change of maritime action taken by the maritime society. In addition, the relation between maritime education and maritime society was inspected in the way of contrasting the change of both.
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有村 信夫, 福戸 淳司, 田中 邦彦, 岡崎 忠胤
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
117-123
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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In this paper, we studied supporting effects of a system which presents avoidance width information necessary for avoiding areas with risks of collision, as supporting information for judgment of evasive maneuvers of an ARPA. In the observations, we conducted experiments of evasive maneuvers based on avoidance width indicating information, by using an ARPA simulator, and studied safety at the closest distance after avoidance. The following points became clear as a result of the observations : Avoidance width information enables to grasp areas with risks of collision and the effects of evasive maneuvers instantly. Moreover, this information is useful as supporting information, because it enables to make safety navigation a way from any area with a risk of collision, by making an evasive navigation through an area indicated by the avoidance width information.
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榊原 繁樹, 久保 雅義, 小林 英一, 越村 俊一
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
125-132
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Recently, it has been announced as a warning that the Tokai, Nankai and Tounankai earthquakes will be anticipated to surely occur within next 30 years. These earthquakes involve large scaled tsunami. When the tsunami attacks ships moored inside harbor basin, the motions might attain large movements that exceed the safe mooring conditions due to the surface elevation, the currents and a resonance effect with natural periods of sway or surge of the moored ships. In this paper, we propose a numerical simulation procedure of moored ship motions due to tsunami and investigate the effects on ship motions induced by the initial attack of the large scaled tsunami.
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津金 正典
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
133-140
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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A ship's drifting due to engine trouble was reported. In case that a ship's drifting due to engine trouble happens in shallow water and the ship drifts toward shore side, there is a possibility to cause a grounding accident. Especially the strong wind and high wave in rough sea produce the high drifting velocity. The high drifting velocity is pointed out in the report of the actual ship's drifting. The studies on ship's drifting before have been mainly conducted in deep water case with wind effect. For example since the accident of Nhodoka in the Japan Sea the studies on ship's drifting in deep sea under rough sea in the field of naval architects have been reported. On this study the author focused on the effect of wave drifting force against a ship's drifting in the shallow water besides wind effect.
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Hisaaki TAKAYAMA, Ken-ichi SHIMIZU, Masaji GODA
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
141-148
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Small fishing boats less than 20 GT, which account for over 99% of fishing vessel in Japan, are constructed in accordance with several safety regulations. However, there are many capsizing accidents of Japanese fishing boats every year. In order to decrease capsizing accidents, fishermen should know the safety margin of their own boats. It is actually difficult to perceive quantitatively the safety margin of a small fishing boat, mainly because such boat's condition differs significantly from day to day. A fisherman should know GM (transverse metacentric height) of his boat as a most basic thing to grasp the boat safety. It is possible to work out GM from the boat's rolling period, if the radius of gyration of the boat is known already. We performed rolling tests for the small fishing boats, belonging to the Aba fisheries cooperative association in Nagasaki City and engaged in ribbonfish trolling, and studied the safety by applying the small fishing vessel safety regulation (hereinafter, SFV-reg.) to the test boats. We also conducted questionnaires to fishermen, to get an idea about safe operation. As a result, every test boat implemented the SFV-reg., although there were differences of conditions among the test boats. It, however, was found that the rolling periods or GMs of the test boats changed significantly because the conditions of the boats varied according to the amount of fuel loaded. Toward the safe navigation and operation in the future, a ribbonfish trolling boat is required to load enough fuel and to make sufficient pre sailing check including measurement of rolling period to estimate GM.
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河村 義顕, 庄司 邦昭, 南 清和, 宮崎 恵子
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
149-154
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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The work tools, which give the vibration locally to human body, made his blood, flow worse and made his body temperature low; it sometimes caused an industrial accident. The effect given to human body by locally vibration was investigated on medically knowledge very well. On a ship or a very large floating structure, it was needed to consider about the effect of oscillation that the vibration gave to whole body on long period. Authors are investigating to estimate the effect of oscillation to the working result; the experiment was carried out and considered about the decrement rate of work efficient by oscillation. The work efficient of all subjects was decrease in oscillating condition about a work to require a sensitive motion and a brain functioning. About a physical motion, not only the effect of oscillation, but a factor that the subject kept balance without thinking was needed to consider also. Authors carried out the experiment about an effect to walking posture in irregular and regular oscillating condition to verify the motion, which subject expected oscillation.
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榊原 繁樹, 大竹 祐一郎, 久保 雅義
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
155-161
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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There are many reports on mooring problems of moored ships inside harbor basins due to long-period waves. Countermeasures are discussed among many researchers. However it is concluded that the effective and/or economical method has not been established because there are many difficulties on the knowledge of the long-period waves and of analysis on moored ship motions, simultaneously. In order to solve the difficulties, we propose an evaluation method for property of long-period moored ships using a standard long-period wave spectrum and demonstrate an example of the usage for evaluating the berth operation efficiency.
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久保 雅義, 趙 翼順, 平山 克也
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
163-170
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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After a questionnaire surveys was performed, we found that navigators generally grasped wave groups through experiences and decided entering timing by observing such phenomenon. Thus, we studied the detailed operational situations by field observation, and it is clarified to be important to predict wave group above all. In this paper, we apply wave transformation model based on the Boussinesq wave equations, which accounts for the nonlinear transformation of wave characteristics as well as shoaling, refraction, diffraction and reflection, near a harbor entrance with shallow water regions in order to predict the wave groups. If it is possible to predict wave groups, we believe that navigators can reduce the danger by passing the most dangerous point near the harbor entrance at the small wave groups.
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池本 義範
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
171-177
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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In recent years, the practical use range of satellite images has spread focusing on the civil engineering and urban planning field. We expect that the satellite images will be utilized also for a maritime field in the near future. For example, it is expected that satellite images are utilized for analysis of marine traffic capacity or density or investigation of the maritime accidents. Therefore, we should know features of each ship image to find and distinguish specified ships from others. For this purpose, we distinguish various ships from the high-resolution images of the IKONOS satellite, and examine the appearances of the ships in the satellite images. High-resolution images of the vessel in a satellite photograph are classified for several kinds of ship and some examples of ship image feature are shown in this paper.
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桐谷 伸夫
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
179-187
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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In recent years, it has become a common practice to use the high resolution satellite imagery. For example, the IKONOS has an image with 1-meter resolution by the panchromatic image sensor. Such an image is great useful for the mapping, the geographic information system and so on. The present paper shows the automatic detection and recognition technique of the moored small vessel by using the high resolution image data of IKONOS. In this study, the template matching is applied as an image processing technique for the target detection. This technique is made effective and widely use in the field of the pattern recognition. According to the result of the matching processing for an actual area of sea, it appears that the ratio of the matching on the target detection is about 85[%]. And, it became clear that this technique was very useful method on the detection and the recognition for a target like a moored small vessel in an inland waterway.
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和田 雅昭, 畑中 勝守, 木村 暢夫, 天下井 清
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
189-198
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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The number of fisherman in Japan is declining. As people currently involved in the fishery industry grow old and retire fewer and fewer young people come into the industry to replace them and it is said that Japan may face a fisheries crisis within a few decades. Under these circumstances, it is important that the efficiency of coastal resource management be increased in order to conserve the present catch. This can be done with the help of Information Technology. Scientific information about the spatial and temporary dynamic nature of marine habitats is especially important in coastal resource management and Geographic Information System (GIS) is a tool that can be used to assess and manage this kind of marine information. In order to get marine information for GIS effectively and efficiently the authors have developed a general-purpose real-time sensor platform called "MovaCom (Movable Computer)". In this paper, experimental data for a 3-D topographic map of a seabed obtained by MovaCom combined with fishing echo sounder is reported to show the effectiveness of using MovaCom. The experimental data is in good agreement with measurements of multi-beam echo sounder and it is accurate to within approximately 1m.
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横山 尚志, 朝倉 道弘, 田嶋 裕久, 中田 和一
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
199-204
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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The CategoryIII ILS operation is less dependent on visibility and weather conditions, and allows smooth operation at the airport. It has been in service at Kushiro, Kumamoto and Narita Airport. The present problem for extending the capability of Aomori airport to CATIII conditions is that Aomori Airport has the heaviest snowfall in Japan. The snowfall affects the reflection coefficient at the reflection plane in front of Glide Path (GP) antenna. Under JAXA's cooperation, we conducted flight tests with snowfall to find a basic prediction accuracy of GP observation system and snow removing regulation for CATIII on GP reflection plane. This paper discusses basic prediction accuracy of the GP observation system in comparison to the flight test data, and makes clear the effects of three dimensional surface configuration and the multiple snow layers on the GP reflection plane.
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冨永 敏明, 鈴木 治, 添田 忍, 安田 明生
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
205-211
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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It is necessary for onboard time management that Marine clock is adjusted to UTC at all times and various equipments are corrected to local time when standard meridian is changed. But these affairs are inconvenience to mariners, because each equipment is practically set by hand. The authors designed and tested the marine master clock with PPS (Pulse Per Second) signal and the Local Time Information (LTI) software on Windows OS. The PPS signal is outputted by hi-precision control clock, such as GPS, Radio controlled clock etc. The marine master clock is available to drive some ordinary marine slave clocks. The LTI software consist a master and many clients, use some transfer mode TCP and UDP (also broadcast mode). The results are as follows. 1) Proposed marine clock synchronized to UTC automatically, and the slave clocks are derived certainly. The synchronous precision is 13ms in standard deviation. 2) Local time of navigational GPS is set all computers by the Auto-time correction program via shipboard LAN.
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吉田 将司, 北條 晴正, 樊 春明, 安田 明生
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
213-218
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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The position communication system to rescue a drifting diver in marine has been studied. The practical equipment, however, has not developed, as there still exist several subjects to be solved. There are some restrictions posed to the equipment to be used in marine, such as the size, reliability of the position, and communication distance of low power radio regulated by the law. We adopted a low power radio transceiver to avoid the regulation and a spread-spectrum system in order to extend the communication distance. We are trying to adjust the PN code is generated at both transmitter and receiver to obtain further extension of the communication distance by using the PPS signal by a GPS receiver. At the transmission side, the data and the PN code are triggered by PPS signal every second. They are multiplied each other. At the receiver side, down conversion and A/D conversion are performed in the RF section of a receiver, and digitized signal was introduced into FPGA. The signal is despread by the PN code synchronously generated with the PPS signal and the data are obtained. The preliminary experiment shows a possibility of 5 to 10 times longer distance communication than the conventional low power radio transceiver.
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張 雲, 久保 信明, 安田 明生
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
219-227
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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As part of the modernization of GPS (Global positioning system), a third civil frequency at 1176.45MHz will be added to the GPS system. The carrier-phase differential user will be a prime beneficiary. From the results of ambiguity success rate (ASR) using data from triple frequencies signal simulation, the benefits from the triple frequency in ambiguity resolution (AR) can be confirmed. It can be found that in the triple frequencies, AR will be improved under short and medium baseline (about less than 30km) by using widelane method. But the longer distance user of carrier-phase differential measurement will see limited gains from the new frequency because of ionosphere error. If the geometry-free method is used, AR will become independent on the baseline influence, and can be improved by only reducing carrier phase signal noise.
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長岡 栄
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
229-234
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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An oceanic air traffic control system based on Automatic Dependent Surveillance(ADS) displays interpolated aircraft positions using the information on the down-linked present position and predicted future position of aircraft. The interpolation errors increase with the elapsed time from the latest reported time. The longitudinal overlap probability is one of the key parameters of a longitudinal collision risk model. It depends upon the distribution shape of the position estimation errors. When considering the longitudinal collision risk for aircraft pairs, in general, we deal with the case where the effects of the interpolation errors on the relative position estimation errors become maximal. In this case, it is believed that the case of simultaneous reporting is the most conservative. However, it may not be true for the case that the interpolation error distribution has a non-zero bias. This paper examines the validity of the assumption of simultaneous reporting from the viewpoint of longitudinal overlap probability using a double exponential distribution model with a bias. The results of the analyses indicated that the assumption was not necessarily valid for the case.
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佐藤 正昭, 松本 匡史, 津村 幸子
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
235-240
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Japan depends on imports for most of agricultural products, which includes not only luxury foods but also essential ones such as wheat and soybeans. The cargo-container transportation plays an important role for the importation, but the sweat damages that occur during rapid cooling processes has been a serious problem. We made the mechanism of occurrence of the sweat damages clear by means of experiments and simulation on the containers loaded soybean, and suggested the use of the chemical or physical adsorption type silica gels, the desiccant, for a prevention of the sweat damages. However, the usage of the large amount of silica gel would be unfavorable in the cost, considered in the viewpoint of the practicality. In this paper, we investigated the reduction of the need of silica gel by partially covering the cargos with a sheet of aluminum. Only covering 55% of the cargo surface with a sheet of aluminum reduced the need of silica gel to one-tenth of the amount without covering. This result indicate that the cost for use of a silica gel and an aluminum sheet would be comparable to that for the commercial tool,
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中川 幸臣
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
241-246
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Recently, Corrugated Fiberboard Cushion is well used as package cushion instead of Expanded Plastic Material for environmental issue. But as Corrugated Fiberboard is made of paper, it is influenced by moisture around its atmosphere. Especially we need confirmation of safety for the package which uses paper material in long distance transport by ship. In this report, I researched the property data of Corrugated Fiberboard Cushion on different moisture and developed the method of design for Corrugated Fiberboard Cushion by using these results.
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斎藤 勝彦, 浅岡 正人
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
247-253
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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The pallet load composed of carton boxes takes various stabilizers on distribution. The vibration tests can be taken as the way of evaluating the effect of the pallet load stabilizers. However, no confirming test protocols of the load stabilizing efficiency have been existed, because non-determinative motions are happened on the each box even if in the sinusoidal vibrating condition. First of all, the new reliability rate of the pallet load stability is proposed. The indoor falling down vibration tests of the pallet load strapped by the reusable belts are carried out to identify stabilizing effect. And the mathematical model by the distinct element method is produced to calculate the movement of the pallet load falling down in vibration. Some basic vibration tests using the stacking blocks are also carried out to confirm the mathematical model.
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金子 仁, 城戸 八郎, 今井 昭夫, 西村 悦子
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
255-263
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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The failure of cargo handling equipments could cause ship's delay. This not only makes low quality of service for shipping companies and consignors but also brings economic damage to the terminal operating company. In addition, there are efforts among concerned organizations including the government bodies, harbor transportation companies, container operation companies and so on, to enhance competitiveness of Japanese ports. One of methods to strengthen the competitiveness is to open terminals 24 hours. It could leads to using gantry cranes harder and longer as result. So important the crane's reliability, with no or less failure, and maintainability, with less repairing time. This time, to study the maintenance system to prevent ship's delay due to crane's failure, firstly we started collecting maintenance data to analyze. It took two and half years to obtain. Now we have figured out the reliability and maintainability. And we have considered the availability factor for the gantry crane.
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柳澤 寿士, 鶴田 三郎, 黒川 久幸
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
265-274
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Comparative analysis on the competitive power of the shipping alliance before and after the formation of shipping alliance changed have been carried out in order to examine the future image of alliance. There was a big change of the formation in 1998. So we have carried out the quantity analysis on 1997 and 1998, and considered the alliance formation factors. The summary of the results is : a) Individuality have been found in the directivity of reorganization of each alliance. b) The feature of the management strategy and the directivity of each alliance have been clarified. These results are effective to presume future alliance changes, and also make it possible for each ship company to carry out operation planning and resource management.
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佐原 寛二
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
275-281
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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The electronic negotiable Bill of Lading was discussed from the year 1983 in the academic party of CMI(Comite Maritime International). After then, EU tried pilot project twice in the name of Bolero from 1994 to 1995. The company Bolero was established in 1998. Now, the member companies of Bolero enjoy the cross border transactions of electronic Bill of Lading. The SWIFT, worldwide financial information service institution, is a shareholder of Bolero, is beginning new TSU(Trade Service Utility) service from 2005. TSU is supposed to provide electronic matching service for cross border transactions. Japanese non members companies to Bolero should start web-based electronic documentation for the future applies to TSU as soon as possible.
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江原 美穂, 村松 園江, 佐野 裕司, 武田 誠一, 久宗 周二
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
283-288
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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The aim of this paper is to clarify the actual condition of diseases among seamen working on trading vessels, and to help them improve their health. Over nineteen thousand cases of diseases that were reported in accordance to the law to the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport from 1986 to 2000 were analyzed. Using Statistical Report on Seaman, author examined the disease rate by age, line of work, and type of ship. The seamen's disease rate gradually decreased, it was 1.7% in 2000. But it was still higher comparing that of all male adults in Japan, 1.1% in 2001. In all diseases, the most was a disorder in the digestive system (approximately 30%), the second was the musculoskeletal system (10-20%), continuing the circulatory system (approximately 10%) in seamen riding on trading vessels. Officers, were higher than rating in the circulatory system, rating were higher than officers in the musculoskeletal system. It is necessary to take some measures which are suited to the labor working in ships against seamen's diseases.
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岩本 才次, 織田 博行
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
289-294
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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In the control of ships, it is important that the system not only be able to perform the tracking control, but that it also be able to compensate for disturbances. Both actions must be factored into any control system. In the previous papers, the authors tried to design an automatic control system to satisfy our specifications for control system design, with decoupling. It was confirmed that the designed control system shows good tracking and disturbance control abilities in computer simulation and is effective and beneficial during the approach and berthing maneuvers. However, then, the desired values and the disturbances were given as step inputs. The frequency characteristics of the system must be required examination, because the inputs generally fluctuate with time. In this paper, these are analyzed by using the Bode plot.
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三好 晋太郎, 織田 博行, 堀江 俊輔, 小河原 寛行
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
295-300
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Up to the present, maneuvering control systems have been developed applying to several control actuators such as thruster, propeller and rudder to control them for hours in the cases of maneuvering in the ports and berthing as well as special maneuvering for marine and fishery investigations. Such former maneuvering control systems have been performed by joysticks and dial control complexly to control thruster, propeller and rudder. This paper presents a new type of maneuvering control system controlling pump jet, rudder and CPP. The pump jet is more effective actuator compared with bow thruster in the case of ship motion and in low speed maneuvering. It was cleared by simulations and actual experiments that this control system is more useful under maneuvering in low speed.
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井関 俊夫
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
301-306
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Time-varying coefficient autoregressive (TVAR) modeling is applied to the spectral analysis of non-stationary ship motion data. Based on the ship's maneuvers, such as course and speed changes, the ship motions in waves are regarded as non-stationary random processes, although the seaway can be considered as a stationary stochastic process. Generally, TVAR models are transformed into state space models, and the time-varying coefficients can be evaluated by using the Kalman filter algorithm. Using the estimated time-varying coefficients, the instantaneous power spectra of ship motions can be calculated at every moment. On the assumption that variance of observation noise to be a constant, total amount of numerical calculation can be effectively reduced. For this, the trend and time-varying variance models are introduced to normalize the non-stationary time series. Reliability of the TVAR modeling was examined using the data of on-board tests. Optimum order of the model and Akaike's information criterion were also examined for several changes of parameters. Under stationary conditions, at a constant speed and course, the TVAR modeling shows good agreement with Stationary autoregressive (SAR) modeling analysis. Moreover, it is confirmed that the TVAR modeling can estimate the instantaneous power spectra of ship motions even under non-stationary conditions, showing that TVAR modeling is a powerful tool for real-time analysis of non-stationary ship motion data.
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西村 浩二, 平山 次清, 高山 武彦, 平川 嘉昭, ノミヤマ デニス アミルトン
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
307-314
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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In the case where a ship runs in waves with turning maneuver, the rolling oscillation becomes apparently unsteady state due to the changes of the frequencies and angle of the encounter waves and can grow into large amplitude. Especially in severe sea condition, operators are demanded to predict the large waves that faces during and after turning maneuver to avoid the serious impact for stability. It is, however, very difficult in practice. In the 1st report, the authors studied the characteristics of unsteady rolling during turn in regular waves and consequently showed some parameters that effect to maximum heel angle. Since the 1st report, we have tried to develop a practical system to predict the encounter waves and ship motion to assist the wave-avoidance-maneuver and accomplished the most part of it. Our latest system consists of wave radar and numerical motion simulation technique. So, this reports shows the outline of this system and some results of motion prediction. Additionally, the results of field tests are shown for validation of this system.
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矢吹 英雄, 石黒 剛, 上野 道雄, 芳村 康男
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
315-322
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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The effect of wind increases remarkably during the ship-handling at slow speed (e.g. docking and anchoring). For ship-handlers, it is important to know the stopping motion of a ship under windy condition and the ranges of wind direction and force under which tug assistance is necessary. Based on the results of a simulation study to investigate the effect of wind on stopping motion by a single-CPP and single-rudder ship, a method is proposed to estimate the critical range of stopping maneuver without tug assistance and effective stopping maneuver for docking and anchoring under windy condition. Under beam or quarter wind conditions, ships with large lateral area above waterline such as PCCs and ships in the ballast condition are forced to drift leeward greatly. Therefore it is recommended to set the approaching course toward the berth into the wind or before the wind. If wind direction changes to the opposite side during a stopping maneuver in the tail wind, the ship turns her head windward significantly. The size of this turning movement, however, can be sufficiently reduced by applying a little higher propeller reversing than the normal stopping maneuver.
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若林 伸和, 矢野 吉治, 川端 利依
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
323-329
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Nowadays, progress is remarkable in the field of nautical instruments, such as GPS and others, and which can be utilized to acquire the precise ship position. We are developing a monitoring system for riding at anchor, and the data is taken from the modern electronic instruments aboard T.S. FUKAE MARU. At Kobe University we operated this monitoring system for more than 2 years, and during actual voyage conditions. It was used for the prediction and warning of-anchor dragging. When we observed on monitoring screens, the ship's motion in terms of the anchoring, our new system found not only the regular swinging of the ship, but also some irregular swinging. In order to help the officer of the watch to judge the anchoring status, we analyzed the ship's motion during 47 anchorings of T.S. FUKAE MARU. As a result, we can classify three patterns of swinging; 'Regular swinging', 'Circular movement focused on the bow' and 'Bulbous = Irregular concentrated movement'. The details of this research, with some discussion included, are given in this paper.
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川路 勉, 雨宮 伊作, 矢吹 英雄
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
331-337
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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An additional yaw moment is exerted under propeller pitch zero operation during coasting maneuver of CPP ships, which introduces a significant reduction in maneuverability. In order to improve the maneuverability of CPP ships at coasting, the authors propose the use of Minimum Ahead Pitch (MHP) of CPP. MHP is the smallest blade angle of CPP at forward pitch which ensures adequate steerage. Using a 5, 884 G.T. training ship with a single CPP, single flap rudder and bow thruster, full-scale experiments were conducted to confirm the effectiveness of MHP operation in coasting maneuver and to investigate its optimal application for anchoring and undocking. The results led to the following conclusions : (1) CPP ships under coasting using MHP are controllable by steering, making it possible to keep the planned course. (2) Transverse moving maneuver for undocking becomes possible by the use of MHP with a high-lift rudder and bow thruster. (3) For ships with a single-CPP and single-rudder, MHP operation improves the maneuverability in coasting, anchoring and undocking.
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山口 繁, 武田 誠一, 上野 公彦, 王 莉莉
原稿種別: 本文
2005 年 112 巻 p.
339-344
発行日: 2005/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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More than 90% of fishing boats are small fishing boats smaller than 20 tons in Japan. Therefore, even significant wave heights around 1.0[m] are dangerous for small fishing boats. This paper introduces a new formula to predict significant wave height by using wind velocity and fetch and the prediction results of significant wave height around 1.0[m] in Tokyo Bay. Double amplitude of the highest one third of ship roll angle was predicted by using the relationship between significant wave height and double amplitude of the highest one third of ship roll angle. The water surface elevation was measured by the micro Doppler radar equipped on the research vessel, "Hiyodori", of Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology from 1997 to 2003. Our proposed formula showed high accuracy and practical usage compared with the conventional formulas. Moreover the significant roll angle was predicted with high accuracy using the prediction results of the significant wave height. Our proposed formula is effective for the safety operation of small fishing boats in Tokyo Bay.
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