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Article type: Cover
2005 Volume 113 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2005 Volume 113 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2005 Volume 113 Pages
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Article type: Index
2005 Volume 113 Pages
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Article type: Index
2005 Volume 113 Pages
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Yoshitaka FUKUO, Shinya Nakamura, Kinzo INOUE
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 113 Pages
1-7
Published: September 25, 2005
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This paper describes the validity of the navigation safety assessment for planning the appropriate main-span length for a bridge, using new evaluation index "Potential Collision Risk : PCR" of ship-handling simulation. PCR is the rate of unsafe situation during maneuvering. And unsafe situation is defined as a condition in which the risk becomes obvious in the near future by maintaining the present maneuvering condition unaltered. The main findings of this study are as follows, ・Validity was verified with PCR as a synthetic index in consideration of the maneuverability and other factors. ・PCR is the index that relative comparison is possible with the risk in existent waters. ・There is a correlation between "Potential Collision Risk" and the occurrence rate of accidents classified as sea disasters
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Fusayuki INUI, Tomohisa NISHIMURA, Hiroaki KOBAYASHI
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 113 Pages
9-15
Published: September 25, 2005
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Using the ship-handling simulator, mariners' communication among a bridge team and their behaviors when they handle a ship in good and poor visibility has been analyzed. Under the good visibility, they can recognize not only the existence of a target vessel but also her course and change of her course by the aspect. On the contrary, they can not recognize the course and the change until they acquire the target vessel by using RADAR/ARPA under the poor visibility. Moreover it has been verified that even if the vector of the target vessel is indicated on the RADAR/ARPA display, they do not recognize the change of her movement when they do not keep observation on her. That delays their recognition of the danger of the collision and shortens the time to avoid the collision. Under the poor visibility, they must get more information on the target vessel and analyze it to avoid the collision in the short time rather than present condition. That is the reason why ship-handling under the poor visibility is dangerous.
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Masaaki INAISHI, Hayato KONDO, Masaki KONDO, Akira KAWAGUCHI
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 113 Pages
17-23
Published: September 25, 2005
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This paper presents a simulation study of the characteristics of obstacle avoidance and passage navigation by multiple ships forming a group. To make this possible, we added two new forces, i.e. obstacles avoidance force and scrape avoidance force to the previous model that only had four independent forces, i.e., goal attainment, contracting, expanding, and cluster collision avoidance forces. In this new model, maneuvering decisions of ship agents are computed by combining the above-mentioned six independent forces. The weight for obstacle avoidance force was determined based on the behavior characteristics of a single ship case. The simulation results revealed that collisions occur immediately before ships reach, and immediately after they have avoided an obstacle in case of avoiding an obstacle. When navigating through a passage, collisions occur immediately before and after entering a passage, and shortly after ships have left a passage. Also discussed in this paper are the time change of the cluster's emergent characteristics (mean distance, cluster configuration keeping ratio, number of collisions, aspect ratio) in passage navigation, the effect of passage width on the cluster width, and the impact of way point location in entering a passage.
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Hideo USUI, Hongbin XIE, Kinzo INOUE, Young Soo PARK
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 113 Pages
25-30
Published: September 25, 2005
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Speed control of ships in a narrow waterway is a useful measure for improving safety of ships in narrow waterway. To ensure the effect of speed control, it is necessary to analyze the merit and the demerit of speed control from the viewpoint of objective assessment. However, there is no tool to establish a design method for speed control based on objective judgment. In this paper, a new marine traffic simulation program is developed. In this program, judgments for collision avoidance and movements of ships on a one-way passage are well considered to simulate actual situations in a narrow waterway. And, the Environmental Stress Model is introduced to evaluate difficulties of ship maneuvering of results of marine traffic simulation. Finally, the relationships among unacceptable ratios with speed control and the ratios without speed control are obtained. This design method will be a good solution for an administrator of a narrow waterway when he will consider that speed control should be set or not.
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Hongbin XIE, Kinzo INOUE, Hideo USUI, Wataru SERA
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 113 Pages
31-36
Published: September 25, 2005
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In a navigation system, which consists of linked relationships in a 'ship-human-environment', to assess the safety of marine traffic, it is needed to evaluate latent environmental stress, stress absorption value and residual environmental stress. By employing real time ship-handling simulator to evaluate residual environmental stress, due to the small sample size, the universality of the evaluation result is not so good. Therefore, in order to develop a methodology to estimate residual environmental stress from latent environmental stress, which can be easily evaluated, the authors have carried out a series of research on the relationship between the latent environmental stress and residual environmental stress. In the present paper, as the second report of this research, by employing marine traffic simulation technique, an investigation into the relationship between residual and latent environmental stress in crossing traffic is carried out. Based upon the result of the investigation, an estimation formula of stress absorption ratio is also given. In a given condition, by using the stress absorption ratio, the residual environmental stress can be estimated from latent environmental stress.
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Masaru YASUDA, Kinzo INOUE, Hideo USUI, Kouhei HIRONO
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 113 Pages
37-41
Published: September 25, 2005
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An Unsafe Ship-Handling Situation (US) is known as an index that is able to estimate of a potential risk of a marine accident. It is based on the principle of Heinrich, according to this principle, an US corresponds to the detection of some several thousand hidden unsafe situations behind one obvious case of an accident. An US can be determined, in each time section, in terms of whether or not the Time To Collision (TTC) exceeds the Short Stopping Time (SST) under the corresponding speed. The TTC is calculated as the time until the ship makes contact with the obstacle on the predicted path of ship. In this study, it has studied from viewpoint of occurrence position of an US and marine accidents at a narrow channel, Kurushima Strait. We researched relationship between collision positions of prediction wakes and an occurrence position of marine accidents. And we defined to Emergency Level (EL) that can express affordability of avoidance of serious situations and we attempted to weight to an US frequency by EL. As a result, it is able to estimate high frequency marine accidents area from occurrence positions of an US. And it will help to determine maintenance or improvement area.
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Ayuko NAKAJIMA, Ruri SHOJI, Masaki OSHIMA
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 113 Pages
43-51
Published: September 25, 2005
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This paper proposes a method to track ships automatically using B-scope RADAR images received from a remote RADAR station located on the coast of Tokyo Bay. The images are in time series, hence flow analysis can be applied for ship tracking. In this study, optical flow, which is distributions of moving vectors, was calculated to detect and track ships. Although there are many ways to compute optical flow, we chose the LUCAS-KANADE technique for processing since ships move slowly and steadily. The LUCAS-KANADE technique uses Gaussian Windows to predict the position of a ship in the next frame. The pyramid method was used in three steps to facilitate calculation. It is necessary to separate clutters from ship data because optical flow obtained through the processing contains both. This was achieved by using as the criteria migration length and the sum of the moving vectors of each ship. As a result of the processing, 75-85% of real ship were detected and tracked in normal condition and 60-70% under difficult circumstances. We also related the processing results to geographic and time information so that users could understand where and when ships passed.
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Kenji MASUDA, Kinzo INOUE, Hideo USUI, Kouhei HIRONO, Wataru SERA
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 113 Pages
53-58
Published: September 25, 2005
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A navigation officer makes a voyage plan before departing. Especially, he makes a passage plan for approaching and passing when the ship will pass through a channel or strait. Navigation route is made by a regulation for safety navigation in the congested sea area and the Maritime Traffic Safety Law sets up the Traffic Route in the main narrow channel. In recent years, the huge bridge has been built in strait, such as the Akashi strait, the Kurushima strait and the Bisan-seto strait. Although it had various discussions on the influence of the bridge pier in the narrow channel, the bridge pier has always been arranged out of the Traffic Route. In this research, we investigated by the questionnaire how the selection action consciousness of a navigation officer's planning route would change when obstacles, such as a bridge pier, had been arranged at the strait in which a vessel can navigate freely. The action of a navigation officer was modeled by the result and this model can be carried out the reappearance of the navigation routing in arbitrary strait width and bridge pier intervals. By combining this routing model and an evaluation index, it becomes possible to evaluate the influence of an arrangement of the bridge pier to marine traffic in a narrow channel.
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Tran Viet HUNG, Hideki HAGIWARA, Hitoi TAMARU, Ruri SHOJI
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 113 Pages
59-67
Published: September 25, 2005
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After AIS (Automatic Identification System) was introduced into marine traffic, there are many researches to make it useful for marine traffic management and safe navigation. However, navigators do not usually use all functions of AIS because of its inconvenient display and complicated data inputting. In order to improve the safety and efficiency of ship operations, PTMS (Port Traffic Management System) has been developed from 2001. In this study, the optimal route is calculated based on the information of planned routes and speeds of target ships transmitted by AIS using Dynamic Programming. As the results of simulations, it was found that in a congested waters with dangerous crossing encounters, if only altering course of own ship is not sufficient for safe and efficient navigation, reducing speed of own ship is effective to shorten passage time and also navigate safely. Furthermore, in order to confirm the effectiveness of the optimal route, data of vessel traffic obtained from radar observation of Tokyo Bay and AIS actual data received from AIS of training ship "Shioji Maru" were used to carry out some simulations. From the results, it was found that in the congested waters such as the north of Naka-no-Se Traffic Route and the south of Uraga Suido Traffic Route, it is very beneficial to decide a safe and fast route if own ship knows other ships' planned routes and speed information.
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Shun LIU, Hideki HAGIWARA, Ruri SHOJI, Hitoi TAMARU
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 113 Pages
69-76
Published: September 25, 2005
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Utilization of Radar Network System for traffic flow observation in Tokyo Bay has been mentioned in former paper. However, radar echoes from vessels which are inside island shade, behind bridge or being covered by the lager ship are not reflected to radar screen. Besides, two ships can't be recognized when they are in close proximity. With integrating AIS (static and dynamic data) into radar observation and analysis, the above problems have been resolved by using AIS information. Simultaneously, by comparing the radar information with AIS data, the new methods of analyzing and estimating traffic flow have been found. In other words, AIS position can be utilized to automatically track the center of ship image on radar screen; the ship's length by AIS data can be used to improve accuracy of regression formula for estimating ship's length from the size of ship image on radar screen.
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Tadashi OKANO, Hideki HAGIWARA, Hitoi TAMARU, Ruri SHOJI
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 113 Pages
77-84
Published: September 25, 2005
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In marine traffic engineering, tracking of ships' positions on the radar images is very important work for analyzing vessel traffic. However, this tracking procedure imposes heavy work load on the persons working for tracking and needs a long time because those persons have to track manually ships' positions. In this paper, new tracking methods using full-automatic, semi-automatic and manual modes are proposed. These new methods can reduce many burdens of tracking by introducing automatic process. Three kinds of tracking methods enabled us to produce much more tracking data in short term. Many vessel traffic phenomena will be clarified by analyzing these huge tracking data.
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Takahiro TAKEMOTO, Yoshiharu SAKAMOTO, Masao FURUSHO, Hiroyuki SHIMADA
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 113 Pages
85-91
Published: September 25, 2005
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It is said that marine accident caused by human error of ship's navigator in terms of mistake to look out, unusual maneuver is account for about 80% of the total accident. As the process of error caused accident is diverse, we have to research how navigator makes an error, as the result of that, how its error cause marine collision accidents to build an effective prevent measure against accidents. The authors established the classification model of human error on marine collision accidents to clear the dangerous factor behind an error based on the analysis of human error occurred in marine collision accident being included the book judging marine accidents. The authors made clear the relation among factors on the error rising process by making use of the accident analysis using the classification model which the authors established and reported. This time, the authors conducted the error analysis using Quantification Method which is one of the measures for Multivariate Analysis. At the same time the authors researched the clue of making guideline which is needed to conduct safety navigation for vessels by trying to grasp both each compositions of factor and total image of error.
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Shoji FUJIMOTO
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 113 Pages
93-98
Published: September 25, 2005
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Many problems have occurred in the sea in contemporary Japan. However, the systems and laws for these solutions or prevention are not problem solving. Moreover, each systems and laws are not in cooperation. Those systems and laws are not synthetic solution. The main subject examined the laws and systems which carry out order of the marine functional management for the purpose of marine use and environmental preservation.
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Yasuto SUMIYA, Akira ISHIDE
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 113 Pages
99-106
Published: September 25, 2005
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In the surveillance of aircraft using Automatic Dependent Surveillance (ADS), the extrapolated positions need to be estimated from the position data received from each aircraft and to be shown on a display. The extrapolation errors affect surveillance accuracy. The author has evaluated the extrapolation errors in α-βtracking for ADS and clarified the characteristics of extrapolation errors when the aircraft position data are used to estimate most likely positions so far. In ADS, the velocity and track angle of aircraft can also be transmitted together with positions at need. This paper describes the extrapolation errors in α-β tracking using velocity and track angles as well as aircraft positions. We confirmed through simulations and theoretical analysis that the use of velocity and track angles improves the extrapolation accuracy for all values of α and that the improvement is more remarkable as α decreases. For example, while the extrapolation error in conventional α-β tracking is about 1.3km for α=0.5 for a turn angle of 90°, it reduces to about 0.1km by using velocity and track angles (velocity is between 150kt and 200kt, ADS reporting interval is 10 seconds).
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Nobuo KIRIYA, Junji FUKUTO
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 113 Pages
107-113
Published: September 25, 2005
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In the field of the remote sensing and the image processing, the recognition technique of the moving object is recognized as an important technological factor. Because the problem of the security is being watched in the recent years, this recognition technique has become increasingly valued in the real-time processing of the video image data. The existing condition on the maritime technology field, however, have never reached a level at which it can be put into practical use. The factor of the ship movement on the sea is one of the causes for this embryonic stage. Therefore, the development of the recognition technique of the moving object on the sea is necessary for the safety at the sea. This paper shows a technique for the recognition of the moving objets by the interframe differential method for the video image data. The interframe differential is a well-known technique in the image processing. And, this computational algorithm is a very simple and suitable way for the real-time processing of the video image data. The special note is the apply of the template matching for the image positioning in this paper. As a result, the geometrical corrected images based on the positioning made the recognition of moving targets possible on the real-time. This algorithm is introduced for the navigational obstacle detection system by NMRI and useful in the recognition of the other ships in passage.
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Masatoshi SHIMPO, Masato HIRASAWA, Masaki OSHIMA
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 113 Pages
115-126
Published: September 25, 2005
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This paper proposes detection and tracking method of moving ships through navigational image sequence. We proposed a detection method of moving ships through navigational image sequence taken by cameras installed at ship's bridge. Since the image is influenced by roll and pitch, the general image processing technique, such as Background Difference method cannot be used. So we proposed a novel technique to eliminate the influence of roll, pitch and sea waves in the images. Moreover, we propose a tracking technique of moving ships through navigational image sequence. We verified the advantageous of our proposed technique by several experiments at Tokyo Bay. The small ships that could not be detected by AIS and radar would be able to detected and tracked. For future work, we consider developing of new navigation system by connecting above image processing technique with AIS, and radar system.
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Takahiko FUJISAKA, Hayama IMAZU
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 113 Pages
127-133
Published: September 25, 2005
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In this paper, the resolution of the ISAR images was estimated through the rotational and translational motion data collected in the Tokyo Bay, on board the training ship Shioji Maru during July, 2004. As result, it was shown that the identification of one vessel was possible using the ISAR image. First, was clarified the relationship between the cross-range resolution of the ISAR image and the change of the pitch angle of the vessel. Then, was acquired the rotational motion data by pitching and rolling movements. Analyzing the change of pitch angle occurred each minute, it was possible shown that the change of pitch angle is 0.5 degrees and the resolution of an ISAR image was set to 1.8m.
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Takeyasu SAKAI, Keisuke MATSUNAGA, Kazuaki HOSHINOO
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 113 Pages
135-142
Published: September 25, 2005
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The current WAAS/MSAS ionospheric correction procedure is based on the algorithm called as 'planar fit.' The availability of ionospheric corrections for MSAS is, so far, predicted as relatively low due to insufficient measurements for performing planar fit. The storm monitor often trips even for non-storm ionosphere conditions. The authors are introducing zeroth order fit to improve availability of ionospheric corrections. It will be used only when the standard planar fit cannot be applied due to trip of the storm monitor or insufficient number of observations. Additionally, quadratic fit is also introduced to improve the performance of estimation process. It needs good geometry of the distribution of observations being used for fit, so the authors have tested three candidate metrics to determine if quadratic fit can be applied or not. It will be shown that HDOP and condition number metrics are functional for this purpose. With performing zeroth fit, 5-6% of IGPs were saved from the unavailable states for a severe storm condition observed in October 2003. Quadratic fit reduced about 12% of residual error in sense of RMS for 70% of IGPs.
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Sakae NAGAOKA
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 113 Pages
143-147
Published: September 25, 2005
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Recently, reliability requirements, e.g. accuracy and integrity have been used for describing the required navigation performance (RNP) necessary for aircraft operation in a specified airspace. Collision risk models have been used for the safety assessment of separation minima applied to the RNP certified aircraft. Lateral overlap probability is an important parameter of the models and depends on the lateral path-keeping error distribution of aircraft. In the previous study, a mixture of Gaussian core and double exponential (DE) tail distribution has been proposed as a model of the distribution. This paper deals with the characteristics of the lateral overlap probability based on an extended DE tail model for lateral path-keeping error distribution.
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Osamu AMAI, Sakae NAGAOKA
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 113 Pages
149-156
Published: September 25, 2005
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For efficient aircraft operation, the implementation of reduced vertical separation minimum (RVSM) is planed for the domestic airspace in Japan. Prior to the implementation, safety assessment was carried out using the collision risk model. The vertical collision risk of aircraft pairs flying on the crossing routes, N_<az>(cross), was estimated under several assumptions. Occupancies estimated in the current 2,000 ft separation environment were assumed to be retained in the RVSM environment. The height keeping performance of all aircraft is assumed to meet the vertical overlap probability of 1.7×10^<-8>. Occupancy values for crossing routes E_z^<cross>(θ) were calculated based on flight plan data obtained from January 2003 through March 2005. Horizontal overlap probability P_h(θ) and horizontal average relative speed h(θ) were also calculated. Using these values together with known values, the collision risk N_<az>(cross) was estimated monthly. The results obtained are as follows. (1) The highest value of monthly collision risk is 1.32×10^<-10>[accidents/flight hour] of November 2003. (2) This value is equivalent to about eleven percent of the collision risk for the same and opposite direction traffic N_<az>(s+o).
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Hitoi TAMARU, Hideki HAGIWARA, Hideki YOSHIDA, Tetsuo TASAKI, Hiroaki ...
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 113 Pages
157-164
Published: September 25, 2005
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The Kanmon Kaikyo Traffic Route is important as an international route, and main route to connect main economic blocks of Japan. In the Kanmon Kaikyo, there is a problem that a route is being buried by sand and clay because of extremely strong tidal current. Therefore, the continuous dredging is needed to keep the route navigable. Kaisho Maru that is an oil recovery ship and a dredger is also dredging the Kanmon Kaikyo with the round-the-clock-system. Then an automatic mooring system was installed on the berth for Kaisho Maru. The automatic mooring system has two movable suckers and fenders to catch the bow and stern side. A hull of Kaisho Maru is absorbed with these suckers, and moored firmly. In order to use this system effectively, Kaisho Maru has to be guided to the positions of suckers correctly. Thus, automatic control system for Kaisho Maru has been developed. Kaisho Maru is controlled by the automatic berthing system with specified point guidance control method. The system guides a reference point on the ship to the specified point on the planned route. In this study, actual berthing data of Kaisho Maru was analyzed and effectiveness of automatic berthing system was evaluated.
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Shigeaki SHIOTANI, Koichi KAMATA, Kiyokazu MINAMI, Kuniaki SHOJI
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 113 Pages
165-170
Published: September 25, 2005
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This paper deals with the numerical calculation of flow in the Hydraulic model tank of ballast water exchange by pumping-through method. It is demanded by the IMO that ballast tank water from the ships should be exchanged using Pumping -Through method until 2016. By this method, it is assumed that 95% of the ballast water exchange in the tank is possible if seawater of 3 times of ballast water discharge using this method. In our previous work, the hydraulic model experiment of ballast water exchange by pumping-through method was carried out. The ballast water tank was 2-dimensional profile. The experimental results showed that pumping-through method can dilute about 95% of ballast water if water volume of 3 times of the model tank was overflowed. The numerical calculation of flow in the hydraulics model tank of ballast water exchange by pumping-through method was carried out by the differential method. The calculated result was compared with the experimental result. The both results was very agreement.
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Haibo XIA, Shigeaki SHIOTANI, Eiichi KOBAYASHI, Nobukazu WAKABAYASHI
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 113 Pages
171-177
Published: September 25, 2005
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The final objects of this research are the construction of the weather routing system for a relatively small ship sailing in the coastal sea area and the assessment of this system for effects of safety and economic navigation. At the first step of these objects, this paper deals with the estimation method of the ship position considering the ship maneuverability. The simulation results of a sailing ship in the wind were compared with the field's experimental results using an actual small ship. Comparing the simulated rhumb lines of a ship with the experimental ones, Both results showed reasonably good agreement.
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Takahiro MAJIMA, Osamu MIYATA, Kouichi UEDA, Hiroshi YAMANOUCHI
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 113 Pages
179-184
Published: September 25, 2005
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IMO (International Maritime Organization) recognized that chronic exposure to benzene vapor in air may cause leukemia even if the concentration is very low, such as a few parts per million. Tankers in Japan, however, transport various kinds of chemicals over 15 (MT/year). Not only benzene but also other chemicals transported by marine vessels have adverse effects to the human health condition. Considering this background, we conducted field measurements of benzene, xylene, toluene, styrene and acrylonitrile to grasp the pollution level on the chemical tankers. The measurement clarified both the working environmental concentration and the exposure concentration of tanker crew.
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Takahiro MAJIMA, Katsuji YAMAGUCHI, Masashi GAMO
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 113 Pages
185-191
Published: September 25, 2005
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IMO (International Maritime Organization) recognized that chronic exposure to benzene vapor in air may cause leukemia even if the concentration is very low, such as a few parts per million. Chemical tankers in Japan, however, transport various kinds of chemicals over 15 (MT/year). Not only benzene but also another chemical transported by marine vessels have adverse effects to the human health condition. In the previous paper, we analyzed the risk levels for tanker crews caused from transporting carcinogens (benzene and acrylonitrile) and non-carcinogen (xylene), with LLE (Loss of Life Expectancy). The advantage using LLE is that we can compare the degree of the adverse effects induced from exposure to carcinogens and non-carcinogens. This paper targets seven chemical substances that are major cargo transported by chemical tankers in Japan. The risk levels of each substance are calculated with tanking into account transportation quantity, toxicological data, occupational exposure concentration and so on. The result of computed risk levels is summarized as a form of risk ranking.
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Kenichi SHIMIZU, Yuka IKEMIZU, Hisaaki TAKAYAMA
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 113 Pages
193-199
Published: September 25, 2005
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This study, in our time of advanced technology, surveyed the current state of the lore of sea condition, fishing and weather, which has been succeeded from generation to generation for a long time among fishermen. Does it work effectively today? Is there any possibility that it is passed on to the future generation? How will it influence the fishing operation in the future? In the result, we could find some knowledge in relation to the trend of fishermen's consciousness about the lore as wells as their way of using the lore. That is; (1) From the result of questionnaire, it was perceived that the succession of the lore was insufficient. The younger fishermen's level of acknowledgement of the lore was low, although most of fishermen recognized the existence of the lore. Most of the lore which had been succeeded was related to the fish catch as well as the stormy sea and the unfavorable weather. (2) Many fishermen said the lore regarding the weather or the stormy sea would be useful even in the future. There were a lot of examples that the lore was actually used. However, some fishermen said they could perform fishing without depending on the lore in our time of advanced technology. Currently, many marine accidents have happened due to the lack of attention to the weather and the sea condition. Accordingly, it is conceivable that it contributes to the prevention of marine accidents if the lore is effectively used.
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Songyan CHEN, Akio IMAI
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 113 Pages
201-208
Published: September 25, 2005
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How to decide the optimal routes through which corresponding cargoes from suppliers to logistics centers as well as from logistics centers to customers can be smoothly transported is constantly a big issue in logistics chains. This paper is concerned with constructing the optimal distribution chain (or network) comprised of supply points, logistics centers and customer sites, which is called the Multi-Supplier Multi-Depot Vehicle Routing Problem (MSDVRP). The MSDVRP locates logistics centers, assign vehicles to centers where they station and construct sequences of delivery routes for the vehicles so as to minimize the total relevant cost. The Simulated Annealing (SA) based method to obtain a good approximate solution is developed. The performance of the proposed solving method is analyzed by comparing solutions for small sample problems by SA with exact solutions by a commercial optimal solver, LINGO. Also, the potential adaptability of the SA method is evaluated by some case studies with relatively large scale of problem settings. As a result, it was found that the SA is practically useful for relatively large problems.
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Songyan CHEN, Akio IMAI, Bai ZHAO
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 113 Pages
209-216
Published: September 25, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
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This paper focuses on the last phase of logistics system, the distribution problem, and attempts to find the solutions, which can offer the high-level service by minimizing the distribution cost. To be specific, taking the customers' demand in multiple logistics centers into account, we propose a model to minimize the relative distribution cost incurred in proper delivery routes. This kind of problem is referred to as the Multi-Depot Vehicle Routing Problem (MDVRP). The MDVRP problem is NP-hard; hence it is impossible to precise solutions in polynomial computation time. In this paper, a new algorithm is developed with employing the meta-heuristics : Simulated Annealing (SA). For the developed algorithm several case studies are examined. As a result, it is found that the method can solve big-scaled multi-depot VRP problems effectively and obtain practically approximate solutions within short computation time.
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Xin SUN, Akio IMAI, Masahiro HATTORI
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 113 Pages
217-222
Published: September 25, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
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Many container ports with heavy traffic in the world serve as Dedicated Terminals to specific shipping lines. On the hand, there is another type of container terminal, operating as Common User Terminals or also known as Multi-User Terminals, which are mostly state-owned in developing countries while privately-owned in developed countries. Most of these terminals use the First-Come-First-Served (FCFS) principle for their daily operations. This study addresses a berth allocation problem of minimizing the total service time (including ship's waiting time for berth availability and ship's handling time at a berth) with flexible allocation of ships to berths ignoring the FCFS rule. The problem we consider is characterized by the setting that multiple ships may be served at a particular berth when the physical relationship between ship's and berth's lengths is satisfied. In this study, we develop a smpler formulation for the berth allocation in a Multi-User Terminals with an indented berths for fast handling of mega-container ships.
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Masaaki WADA, Nobuo KIMURA, Tatsuya MIZUKAWA, Minoru MASUDA
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 113 Pages
223-229
Published: September 25, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
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The marine construction by the Cement Deep Mixing method (CDM method) is widely done to the improvement of the soft subsoil in the breakwater construction work etc. The number of marine construction vessels corresponding to the CMD method is little, and the vessels are towed to the tugboat and are bringing all over the country. However, the accident such as floods is not detected easily because the vessel becomes uninhabited when bringing, and there is a possibility of causing a serious accident. In this paper we developed the monitoring system of marine construction vessels under tow. In the monitoring system, the presence of the position, the roll angle, and the flood is in real-time monitored, the information is recorded in the database, and the report is delivered by using E-mail. The monitoring system is introduced into the marine construction vessels, and has already put it to practical use. And analyzing the time series of roll angle recorded in database, we confirmed to be able to detect the change in the pay state of the marine construction vessel by the Fourier transform of the roll angle, and analyzing it as a spectrum of the roll frequency.
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Hiroyuki SADAKANE, Masayuki MIYAKE
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 113 Pages
231-237
Published: September 25, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
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Pilots and tugboat captains point out that the towing ability of tugboat clearly declines in waves. This is important comment on operating safe and effective berthing maneuver. However, results of model experiments using water tank indicated that the towing ability of tugboat in waves did not decline scarcely (ref. (2) and (3)). So we have to check the steady wave force such as the wave drifting force acting on a towed ship in waves. But the influence of waves on the wave drifting force has not been examined because the waves around berth are very small comparing with the size of towed ships and waves in the ocean. In this paper, the physical mechanism causing the wave drifting force is verified and next some characteristics of the wave drifting force are discussed using results of model experiments. And then the wave drifting force for full-size fhips is examined. Finally, it is noticed that the wave drifting force is one of important external forces similar to the forces due to the wind and the current, in berthing maneuver.
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Kazuhiko KATO
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 113 Pages
239-247
Published: September 25, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
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In order to investigate the relationship between various psychosocial factors, and mental health, a survey was conducted by means of a self-rating questionnaire on 793 seamen of domestic-trade ships. The questionnaire includes items concerning Goldberg's 12 selected items from Japanese version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), and other original psycho-social items. A total of 290 or 36.6% surveyed seamen of domestic-trade ships responded to the questionnaire. Mental health level was dichotomyzed by GHQ score, namely, GHQ low score grou (GHQ score from two points and under), GHQ hight score group (GHQ score from three point up). At the deck crews of domestic-trade ships, main job stress factors of the GHQ hight score group were "no allowance in the schedule", "dissatisfaction not being possible to land", "change of ship style" and "a sense of uneasiness to new equipments". At the engine crews of domestic-trade ships, main job stress factors of GHQ high score group were "dissatisfaction for frequent departure", "engine trouble" and, "a sizable amount of work". At the deck and engine crews of domestic-trade ships, main job stress factors of GHQ high score group were "communication".
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Mitsuru HAYASHI, Shigeru NISHIO
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 113 Pages
249-258
Published: September 25, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
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The oil-spill patterns in Osaka Bay area were considered by using the Oil-Spill Prediction Model, which has been developed by petroleum Associate of Japan. The simulated oil-spill patterns enables us to know the each contribution of driving factors of oil spill such as tidal current, tide-induced residual current and river-water driven flow. The oil-spill patterns are mainly determined by the force balance of wind and constant component of total current. The wind forces of over 6m/s wind speed control oil-spill patterns even at the strongest-current area in Osaka Bay. When we consider the contributions of wind forces separately from constant component of total current, the wind forces may influence on oil spill patterns greatly even the wind speeds are less than 1m/s.
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Hiroshi ISHIDA, Mitsuru HAYASHI, Chiharu MORIWAKI, Akihiko HORI
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 113 Pages
259-266
Published: September 25, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
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Many maritime casualties occur in sea areas around Japan every year, and loss of the human life and economy and the damage to the natural environment are so huge. The causes of casualties are various. But, in this report their relating weather and sea states were focused on and the consturction of the data base for 20 years from 1980 to 1999 was reported. The data base was consturcted based on the judgment records of Japan Marine Accidents Inquiry Agency published from 1980 to 2002. The total number of consturcted datasets is 1450. The data base consists of the date and time, place, information of ships, maritime traffic conditions, weather and sea states, causes, and so on. 44% of casualty was collisions under restricted visible conditions. 43% occurred in late spring and early summer, and also 29% occurred in the early morning between 4 and 7 AM. 43% of casualty was occurred by cargo vessels and 24% was by fishing boats.
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Teruo OHSAWA, Hiroshi ISHIDA
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 113 Pages
267-273
Published: September 25, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
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Meteorological factors of the maritime casualty of Ferry Muroto occurred on July 27, 1999 are investigated through the comprehensive analysis of meteorological observation data and results of the numerical simulation with a mesoscale model. From the analysis, it is found that 1) the wind of Typhoon 9905 was the strongest near the Shikoku Island bescause of the pressure gradient intensified between the typhoon and the North Pacific High, and 2) the maritime casualty occurred just when the spiral rain band was passing over the accident site. The results of this study indicate that a maritime casualty can occur even outside of the radius of 15m/s wind speed of a typhoon and that navigators and operation supervisors have to take account of the locally-intensified wind area around the typhoon and the passage of the spiral rain band, which might cause severe weather conditions.
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Junichi HAYAMI, Noriaki TSUTSUMI, Hiroyuki SHIMADA, Hideo USUI, Kinzo ...
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 113 Pages
275-280
Published: September 25, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
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A word "e-Learning" is used symbolically. This word means a form of studying by using the computer and the Internet. The Japanese government declared the 'e-Japan' strategy, which aimed to make Japan the world's most advanced IT nation. This strategy has succeeded and greatly changed our life. The Japanese Government tries to introduce the information technology into education actively. However, e-Learning such as WBT (Web Based Training) with deliveries of the teaching materials and examination through the Internet has been hardly carried out at all in maritime education. So, by this report, we built e-Learning which learned Law for Preventing Collisions at Sea and conducted evaluation experiments. The examination was conducted in two steps. First, we tested to learners before and after study by e-Learning and applied statistical analysis to experimenntal data. We compared e-Learning with the conventional study forms. We made students learn through each method as well as e-Learning, face-to-face lesson, and self-education. We obtained the finding that e-Learning made equivalent effective achievement in comparison with other method of learning through statistical analysis. This finding suggests possibility of e-Learning as an alternative method in maritime education.
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Miaojia Liu, Akio Imai
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 113 Pages
281-286
Published: September 25, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
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Over the last decade, liner shipping carriers have entered into operational relationships known as ocean shipping alliances. It allows carriers to aggregate cargoes and re-arrange vessels so that they are able to increase the revenue and reduce the cost. But it is also observed that some carriers would not join the shipping alliances for various reasons. This study aims to identify the effect when a new company tends to join an exiting alliance by the use of modified Shapley Value. First, some related works and the ocean shipping alliances are reviewed. Next, the Shapley Value is briefly introduced and a modified Shapley value, mentioned as "net value" is developed. Then, the problem of entry into an existing alliance is modeled as an n-player game. At last, a case study is presented and the authors reach the conclusions the relatively small carriers tend to be accepted by the alliances while large carriers would not.
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Article type: Appendix
2005 Volume 113 Pages
App3-
Published: September 25, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
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Article type: Appendix
2005 Volume 113 Pages
App4-
Published: September 25, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
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Article type: Appendix
2005 Volume 113 Pages
App5-
Published: September 25, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
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Article type: Appendix
2005 Volume 113 Pages
App6-
Published: September 25, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
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Article type: Appendix
2005 Volume 113 Pages
App7-
Published: September 25, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
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Article type: Cover
2005 Volume 113 Pages
Cover2-
Published: September 25, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
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