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Article type: Cover
2006 Volume 114 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2006 Volume 114 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2006 Volume 114 Pages
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Article type: Index
2006 Volume 114 Pages
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Article type: Index
2006 Volume 114 Pages
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Go KOBAYASHI, Masayoshi KUBO, Ik-Soon CHO, Shinji MIZUI, Kenji SASA
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 114 Pages
1-7
Published: March 25, 2006
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The Land, Infrastructure and Transportation Ministry of Japan has been promoted the "modal shift" as its major goal to establish the distribution system that does not rely on trucks too much. Maritime transportation is attracted attention as a suitable system for the modal shift. However, the maritime transportation has higher risk of cargo damage influenced by the weather and sea conditions than the land transportation. Some former studies showed that ship motion become large near the cape sea. Then, we researched on the problem at the time of a cape offing navigation at the Muroto cape. This study aims at understanding the issues that the ship navigation near cape. In this paper, the questionnaire carried out to the ferry companies which navigate near cape offing. Moreover, ship motions are measured by the field observation. And the observed results about the problem at the time of a cape offing navigation is analyzed in detail.
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Masaaki INAISHI, Hayato KONDO, Masaki KONDO, Akira KAWAGUCHI
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 114 Pages
9-16
Published: March 25, 2006
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This paper presents a simulation study of ship cluster merging and separation characteristics using a ship cluster behavior model. In order to simulate merging and separation of ship clusters, it is necessary to establish a cluster membership recognition rule. Four kinds of such rules (course-dependent, distance-dependent, inclusive and exclusive rules) were introduced and the characteristics of ship clusters' merging and separation behavior were tested using each rule. Time changes of the ship cluster's mean distance and the shortest distance were considered, and the course-dependent rule turned out to be the best decision making strategy. Using this rule, various encounter conditions and resultant cluster behavior and configurations were evaluated. It was found that collision avoidance is easier at the time of merging than separation, indicating that merging action should be planned carefully while considering the separation behavior. Also tested in this study was the effect of a speed adjustment function that controls the distance between a given ship and the one ahead of it. The introduction of this new function was found to contribute to more compact, yet evenly distributed ship clusters.
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Yang ZENG, Hayama IMAZU
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 114 Pages
17-23
Published: March 25, 2006
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This paper proposes the equations for PAD (Predicted Area of Danger) and their tracks, and shows the application of the equations in navigation. Comparing with the traditional PAD plotted by vector analysis, which is widely used in ARPA (Automatic Radar Plotting Aids), PAD and their tracks plotted by the equations show the following advantages: The traditional PAD only approximately indicates the predicted collision danger area when the target ship keep its motion vector, and in some encountering states, such as meeting or overtaking, the collision danger area is difficult to be expressed by traditional PAD. In contrast, PAD plotted by equation can indicate the collision danger area in all the encountering states. Tracks of PAD plotted by equation indicate the changing of the predicted collision danger area when the target alters its course. And we can use the tracks of PAD to estimate the predicted collision danger area which is seen from the target.
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Masaru YASUDA, Yoshitaka FUKUO, Kinzo INOUE, Hideo USUI
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 114 Pages
25-30
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The influence that the change in the environment by maintenance gives to the safety of the ship is requested to be evaluated when the harbor and the traffic route are designed. In the maintenance, it is also important to evaluate benefits. However, in a current evaluation index, it is difficult to evaluate the benefit. The safety index that is evaluated by Unsafe Ship-handling situation (US) model is able to estimate a risk of marine accidents in a process of ship handling. We have already reported the relation of the ratio of 10^<-3> in harbors (Yokohama, Kobe, and Osaka). In this study, we acquired the relation of the ratio between US and the marine accidents at the Kurushima using the ship handling simulator. And we experimented to estimate a marine accident reduction from the maintenance of the passage that is altered shape.
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Shinsuke URUSHIDANI, Yuji SANO, Sonoe MURAMATSU
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 114 Pages
31-38
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An analysis of the causes for dozing among watch-keepers that actually resulted in ship accidents was undertaken. Marine accidents (n=870) that had been described to the judgment record of Marine Accidents Inquiry Agency judgments between 1994 and 2003 were used for analysis. A Quantification Method was used to analyze the data, which included a 30-item categorization procedure. Analysis also included categorization according to the type of vessel and vessel use (i.e., fishing vessels and cargo ships and tankers). Of the 30 items, the following provided the highest percentages: "Low caution" (80.1%); "Awake rhythm-Night" (44.5%); and "Physical tiredness" (42.9%). When categories were combined (e.g., "Work for a long time", "Lack of sleep" and "Lack the tension"), there was remarkable similarity in the analysis of both fishing vessels and cargo ships and tankers. The influence of "Artificial and Environmental factors" characterized the analysis of cargo ships and tankers. The influence of "Work tiredness", "Lack of sleep", "After the supper" and "Smell of liquor" characterized the analysis of fishing vessels.
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Masafumi KIMURA, Saburo SUZUKI, Masayoshi KUBO
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 114 Pages
39-45
Published: March 25, 2006
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The Yokohama Local Marine Accidents Inquiry Agency clarified the cause of a collision between the working vessel "38^<th> Kinryu Maru and The cargo vessel "New Mitsu", occurred at the Nagoya port East passage on August 19,2003. We found that there is an error in application of port regulations concerning the judgement. So, We found that the Marine Accident Inquiry should apply Article 19 of Law for the Prevention of Collision at Sea to this case, because of there is no regulation of navigation in fog in the Port Regulation Law. It is because that the above mentioned "an error" is caused by the regulation which should be applied to the west passage is applied to the collision, occurred in the east passage. In view of this judgement, we think that the retrial system is required.
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Nobuo ARIMURA, Kunihiko TANAKA
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 114 Pages
47-58
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In this study, evaluation of safety of avoidance width information display and presentation support system, which displays and presents "avoidance width" information necessary to prevent entry of other vessels into collision risk area for the sake of avoidance of a collision, is discussed. The safety of support information was investigated through quantitative evaluation of safety improvement factors of the navigation, based on avoidance width display and presentation information appearing on the ARPA screen built into vessel maneuvering simulator, and avoidance maneuvering experiments performed using vector information as the watch information. As a result of the evaluation, the following findings are obtained: With avoidance width information display system, degree of risk at avoidance maneuvering is reduced to approximately 22% if degree of risk of avoidance maneuvering by ARPA vector display system is normalized to 100% for quantitative indication. In other words, compared with navigation safety at avoidance maneuvering using ARPA vector display system, the same using avoidance width information display system is improved by approximately 78%.
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Hongbin XIE, Kinzo INOUE, Hideo USUI, Wataru SERA
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 114 Pages
59-64
Published: March 25, 2006
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In a navigation system, which consists of linked relationships with a 'ship-human-environment', to assess the safety of marine traffic, it is needed to evaluate latent environmental stress, stress absorption value and residual environmental stress. By employing real time ship-handling simulator to evaluate residual environmental stress, due to the small sample size and the variance of human factor, the universality of the evaluation result is not so good. Therefore, in order to develop a methodology to estimate residual environmental stress from latent environmental stress, which can be easily evaluated, the authors have carried out a series of research on the relationship between the latent environmental stress and residual environmental stress. In the present paper, as the third report of this research, by employing marine traffic simulation technique, an investigation into the relationship between residual and latent environmental stress in congested traffic is carried out. And based upon the results of these series investigations, an estimation formula of stress ratio is also given. In a given condition, by using the stress ratio, the residual environmental stress can be estimated from latent environmental stress.
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Masatoshi SHIMPO, Masato HIRASAWA, Masaki OSHIMA
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 114 Pages
65-72
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This paper proposes a detection method of moving ships through a navigational image sequence taken by multi-sensor. The marine accidents mostly occurred within 3 nautical miles from the coastal line or in the port. Most of them were collision or stranding. Meanwhile 75% of the marine accidents were caused by human error, due to insufficient lookout. To deal with this problem, we suggest the application of image-processing techniques to automate the lookout system. This system used the infrared camera together with the video camera, since the application of the video camera causing insufficient exposure during the night, or the detection of ships was difficult under rain condition. The multi-sensor camera system composed of the video camera with CCD (Charge Coupled Device) sensor and the infrared camera with SOI (Silicon On Insulator) diode sensor. We verified the advantage from the experiment at Tokyo Bay.
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Yoshihiro ISHI, Nobukazu WAKABAYASHI, Youhei TAMURA
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 114 Pages
73-80
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At present, the task of making navigation schedules, and the inputting of schedule data into modern navigational systems, such as ECDIS, is a time consuming business. We have proposed a method to make a supporting system for generation of course lines. We believe that the method has the advantage of flexibility over the usual method of the retrieval of the recorded course lines. In this paper, we improve the efficiency of search algorithm, increase the numbers of Course parts, and combine the graphic user interface. The search algorithm is improved by get rid of unreasonable parts and courses within the search process, the number of parts is 3 times over than before, the GUI is more friendly to use, newly-increased map display ability allow user to zoom the map to the best look for himself. All those improvement make the system more useful and reasonable.
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Sakae NAGAOKA
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 114 Pages
81-87
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Lateral overlap probability is a critical parameter for estimating the collision risk of aircraft pairs flying on parallel tracks. This is usually estimated from the distribution models of lateral path-keeping errors. The author has proposed several models for lateral path-keeping error distributions of RNP-RNAV aircraft. In those models the probability density functions (pdf) of the core and tail regions are modeled separately and resulted in discontinuity at a point. In order to resolve this unnaturalness a mixed pdf model consisting of the generalized Laplace (GL) core and double exponential (DE) tail is proposed in this paper. Based on this model, the characteristics of the distribution are discussed in relation to the maximum lateral overlap probability.
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Masato FUJITA, Sakae NAGAOKA, Osamu AMAI
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 114 Pages
89-95
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This paper treats the horizontal overlap probability which is a key parameter of vertical collision risk formula. Main purpose of this paper is to compare two computation methods of horizontal overlap probability, both of which were proposed by EUROCONTROL. It is shown that the value of horizontal overlap probability evaluated by one computation is always smaller than or equal to the value evaluated by the other method. We also evaluate horizontal overlap probability by these methods numerically and conclude that the simpler approximation computation should not be used for the vertical risk estimation of crowded routes.
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Osamu AMAI, Sakae NAGAOKA
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 114 Pages
97-102
Published: March 25, 2006
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RVSM, which is the vertical separation minimum reduced from 2,000 ft to 1,000 ft at flight levels (FL) between 290 and 410 inclusive, was implemented on 30 September 2005 within the Japanese domestic airspace for efficient aircraft operation. Prior to the implementation, safety assessment for the airspace in assumed RVSM environments was carried out using the collision risk model. As a result of the assessment carried out in 2004, an estimate of collision risk averaged for whole target airspace met a maximum allowable level of collision risk, i.e. 2.5×10^<-9> [accidents / flight hour], called the technical target level of safety (TLS). However, a collision risk value for G581 route didn't meet the TLS. The G581 route system was restructured for reducing aircraft passing frequencies by traffic flow division. It's important to investigate the change in passing frequency values of the restructured airspace. Using flight progress data, the passing frequencies for the G581 route system were estimated every month. The results obtained are as follows. (1) An estimate of the collision risk after the restructuring for the G581 meets TLS. (2) The average passing frequency of post-restructuring is one twentieth of that of pre-restructuring.
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Yongjian MI, Noriaki TSUTSUMI, Hiroyuki SHIMADA, Kinzo INOUE, Eiichi K ...
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 114 Pages
103-108
Published: March 25, 2006
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As ships have larger mass and tend to suffer disturbance forces of wind, wave and so on, they are regarded as "time lag system" from the point of view of human operation. In order to investigate this field, we have organized the project team which included psychology, naval architecture, marine traffic engineering and human engineering. We have already published the findings of the project in this journal several times as follows. A) The participants made more exact responses under short time lag than long time lag. B) The most difficult situation was the case that involved three conditions simultaneously (slow cursor speed, large time lag and bad brake efficiency). However, our findings leave questions which the participants accuracy of response does not describe the usual learning curve. Then we improved the apparatus and carried out experiments controlled stringently. The findings revealed that the participants accuracy of response described the usual learning curve under no and short time-lag (3 sec) in contrast with highly specific curve under larger time lag (over 10 sec). These findings suggested that mental work load might be higher in time lag system than in the other situation.
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Shigeki SAKAKIBARA, Masashi WAKABAYASHI, Shuu YAMADA
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 114 Pages
109-118
Published: March 25, 2006
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This is a proposal for an advanced numerical design method on fendering system that is employed for ship-to-ship (STS) transfer operations, in consideration with approaching and mooring of two ships. This new design method uses numerical simulation software (IAMOS), which has been developed in order to achieve an optimum design on fender selection and keep the safe STS operation. Application and availability of this design method is demonstrated.
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Yoshiji YANO, Nobukazu WAKABAYASHI
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 114 Pages
119-125
Published: March 25, 2006
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Training ship Fukae maru of the Faculty of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University encountered the Typhoon No.16 (CHABA) at Ikeda-bay of Syodo-sima in Seto inland sea on August 30, 2004. At that time, she evaded the crisis of dragging anchor twice. And the maximum instantaneous wind speed 61 meters were observed through this violent stormy weather. However, it is not easy to detect accurately the ship yawing, swinging room and anchor dragging on a chart due to the limitation of reduced scale of a chart. So far, anchor dragging or threat of anchor dragging is often judged by anchoring condition such as abnormal ship yawing and abnormal relative wind direction. Our developing "Monitor System for Anchor Riding" detected the situation of the yawing movement of a ship in detail before and after dragging anchor. Then, the anchoring data that had been recorded with this system was analyzed and reproduced. The authors are expecting that this analytical result in high accuracy will be useful as one example concerning anchor dragging phenomenon in real ship under stormy weather.
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Kenji SASA, Shinji MIZUI
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 114 Pages
127-133
Published: March 25, 2006
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It is important to maintain the regularity and the safety of maritime transportation. For example, many people who live around the Seto Inland Sea have to depend on ferry services. Although many casualties have been reported there, ship motions due to waves have not been studied previously. It is believed that oceanographic conditions are calm in the Seto Inland Sea. In this study, operational troubles of local ferries are researched in detail. First, the interview research was carried out regarding the cancellation of navigation. It is known that the local ferry service has been canceled several times in the winter season to prevent the damage of cargos due to ship motions. Second, the field observations of ship motions were carried out in this winter season. The roll motion becomes remarkable under a west wind of 9-15m/s. Observed results can verify that waves are generated under strong winds or currents, which may cause such ship motions. More research, such as the wave observation, will be necessary in the future.
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Shigeaki SHIOTANI, Koichi KAMATA, Kiyokazu MINAMI, Kuniaki SHOJI
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 114 Pages
135-140
Published: March 25, 2006
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This paper deals with the numerical calculation of water color diffusion varying by flow in the Hydraulic model tank of ballast water exchange by pumping-through method. It is demanded by the IMO that ballast tank water from the ships should be exchange using Pumping-through method until 2016. By this method, it is assumed that 95% of the ballast water exchange in the tank is possible if sea water of 3 times of ballast water discharge using this method. In our previous work, the hydraulic model experiment of ballast water exchange by pumping-through method was carried out・The ballast water was 2-dimensional profile. The experimental results showed that pumping-through method can dilute about 95% of ballast water if water volume of 3 times of the model tank was overflowed. Also, the numerical calculation of flow in the hydraulics model tank of ballast water exchange by Pumping-through method was carried out by the differential method. In this paper, the numerical calculation of diffusion of water color varying by flow in the experimental tank was carried out by the equation of transfer-diffusion・The calculated result showed the distribution of diffusion of water color.
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Tadatsugi OKAZAKI, Kohei OHTSU
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 114 Pages
141-149
Published: March 25, 2006
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Recently, minimum time berthing problems have been numerically solved, however, a detailed ship motion model is necessary to obtain an optimal solution. To obtain the detailed model, detailed ship data by tank test when ship is designed, is needed. These detailed ship data are difficult to obtain a ship's captain or pilot. Therefore, it is difficult to obtain the solution of minimum time berthing problem for a ship's captain or pilot. In this research, the estimation of the ship motion model is tried from ship's principal particulars, which mariners can easily acquire. However, the model estimated from ship's principal particulars has possibility to include error margin. Therefore, in this research, it is tried to use the neural network controller to correct the minimum time control solution, which contains the model error. Using a small training ship, the validity of the estimated model and the neural network controller are examined by actual sea tests.
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Toshio ISEKI
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 114 Pages
151-156
Published: March 25, 2006
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The time-varying coefficient vector autoregressive (TVVAR) modeling is applied to the cross-spectral analysis of non-stationary ship motion data. The modeling can be recognized as an extension of the Time-varying coefficient autoregressive (TVAR) modeling examined in the previous report^<(1)>. In this paper, the procedure of TVVAR model is described by contrast with the TVAR modeling. Introducing the instantaneous response, a vector autoregressive model can be reduced to simple autoregressive models for each ship motion and the required CPU time is effectively reduced. The TVVAR model and stochastic perturbed difference equations are transformed into a state space model. The vector-valued unknown coefficients can be evaluated and the instantaneous cross-spectra of ship motions can be calculated at every moment. The results showed good agreements with one of the TVAR modeling and also with the stationary autoregressive (SAR) modeling analysis under stationary conditions. Optimum order of the model and Akaike's information criterion were also examined for several changes of parameters. Moreover, it is confirmed that the TVVAR modeling can estimate the instantaneous cross-spectra of ship motions even under non-stationary conditions.
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Eiichi KOBAYASHI, Masayoshi KUBO, Saburo SUZUKI, Syunichi KOSHIMURA
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 114 Pages
157-163
Published: March 25, 2006
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We are concerned about the occurrence of Tokai, Tonankai and Nankai earthquakes in Nankai Trough located at southern Japan sea area. The possibility of the occurrence is estimated as over 50 percent in these 30 years as of January, 2005. The tsunami by the earthquake attacks to the coastal area of Japan and generates not only the raise of sea surface but strong horizontal flow. The ships in the bay are forced to move by the current and such unexpected phenomena may occur as the addition of large force to a pier, uncontrollable lateral motion, collision to breakwater and drifting and grounding. It is very important to grasp the drifting motion of the vessel caused by tsunami current and make action guidelines against the attack for the prevention of sea disaster because such accidents bring serious results especially in the ports where dangerous cargoes are unloaded and loaded. From such viewpoints, basic analyses for ship evacuation maneuver from the tsunami attack were carried out and effectiveness of the action was shown.
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Kouhei HIRONO, Wataru SERA, Masaki FUCHI, Kinzo INOUE
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 114 Pages
165-170
Published: March 25, 2006
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SHIN NIHON KENTEI KYOKAI (New Japan Surveyors & Sworn Measurers Association that is abbreviated as "SK") has developed the device to support to read draft that is named "KENDRAFT" and operated it in the fields. To read draft is very important for the mercantile marine trading. However, it has not been improved to advance an accuracy, and still involved risky work. This paper describes the result of experiments to clarify the principal and performance of the KENDRAFT. And its purpose is to contribute toward increasing fairness and safety at draft reading.
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Masato SUZUKI, Kiyokazu MINAMI, Kohei OHTSU
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 114 Pages
171-177
Published: March 25, 2006
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In this research, we designed and produced on-board Horizontal Stabilizing Platform for making it easy to usher in technology established ashore. The platform consists of four-axis parallel robot manipulators with powerful torque and quick response. The control system adopted two types, one is PID feed back control system and the other one is the auto regressive model feed foreword system. In fact, we experimented in order to verify the performance of Horizontal Stabilizing Platform, and verified validity of this stabilizing platform.
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Shuji HISAMUNE, Kiyoshi AMAGAI, Nobuo KIMURA
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 114 Pages
179-184
Published: March 25, 2006
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There are a lot of human errors on casualties caused at sea. We conducted an ergonomic analysis of the casualty of Shiun Maru, which was the worst fatal maritime casualty in Japan in 1955. The accident's factor 4M (Man, Machine, Media, and Management) was applied to analyze the accident in the same method as aircraft accidents investigation. We tried to extract some human factors by using "The human accidents investigation manual" of Japan Ergonomic Society. From the result of this analysis, the Shiun Maru accident occurred due to the improper inducement for evacuation, the captain's misjudgments and other factors. If one of the accident's factors could be removed, the accident might have been prevented.
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Chiharu MORIWAKI, Mitsuru HAYASHI, Hiroshi ISHIDA
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 114 Pages
185-190
Published: March 25, 2006
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Many maritime casualties occur in sea areas around Japan every year, and loss of the human life, economy and the damage to the natural environment are so huge. The causes of casualties are various. In this report their relating weather and sea states were focused on and characteristics of maritime casualties in each sea areas were examined in detail based on the data base for 20 years from 1980 to 1999 constructed from the judgment records of Japan Marine Accidents Inquiry Agency published from 1980 to 2002. These maritime casualties occurred in any sea areas around Japan, however many casualties occurred in the eastern and southern coasts of the mainland, the Seto Inland Sea, the northern and western coasts of Kyusyu Island, and the coast of Southwest Islands rather than the other sea areas. Moreover, many casualties relating to restricted visibility occurred in the similar sea areas. In Southwest Islands, many casualties relating to wind and wave occurred compared to the other weather and sea states. More detailed analytical results on the characteristics of weather and sea states in each sea area are reported in the paper.
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Masato OKAYAMA
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 114 Pages
191-199
Published: March 25, 2006
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The toll of the connection bridges between Honshu and Shikoku Regions was cut by 10% in July 2004 and more cut in their toll is discussed. This must decrease the amount of use of the ferries and can also make a situation against Modal-Shift policy. The purpose of this study is to suggest a method to stop a decrease in the amount of use of the ferries under cutting the bridges' toll. From this study, we indicate that a decrease in the amount of use of ferries can be stopped by combining a cut in ferries' toll and making access time to ferry ports short.
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Kazuki TSUDA, Takamasa NAKAJIMA, Katsuhiko SAITO
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 114 Pages
201-207
Published: March 25, 2006
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The purpose of this research is to grasp the effect of the gaps between the contents and the cushioning materials on the vibration of the contents. In this paper, the experiment with the equipment simulated the package with gaps has been conducted in order to examine the effect. In the previous papers, the numerical investigation and the theoretical one were conducted on the effect of gaps on the vibration of the contents. As a result, it has been clarified that following two phenomena occur, because the vibration transmissibility is nonlinear due to gaps. One is that the vibration of the contents increases rapidly, when the vibration acceleration applied to the package is larger than one value (the critical input acceleration). The other is that the frequency range in which the vibration of the contents increases (the resonant frequency range) spreads. These phenomena have to be investigated experimentally, because these have great effect on the equivalence between a vibration test and a real transportation. As a result of the experiment, it has been confirmed that these phenomena ("the existence of the critical input acceleration" and "the spread of the resonant frequency range") occur in the actual experiment.
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Kazuhiko KATO
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 114 Pages
209-215
Published: March 25, 2006
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In order to investigate the relationship between health practices and mental health, a survey was conducted by means of a self-rating questionnaire on 793 seamen of domestic-trade ships. The questionnaire includes items concerning Goldberg's 12 selected items from Japanese version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and Breslow's 7 health practices. A total of 290 or 36.6% surveyed seamen of domestic-trade ships responded to the questionnaire. In a health practice, young person's eating rate of the breakfast was low. For the middle aged, the intake rate of smoking and the alcohol drinking was high. There is a relation between Health Practice Index (number of good health practice) and GHQ score, GHQ score was significantly higher in the 2 and 3 of Health Practice Index. Mental health level was dichotomyzed by GHQ score, namely, GHQ low score group (GHQ score from two points and under), GHQ high score group (GHQ score from three point up). The GHQ high score group was significantly higher in the rate of alcohol drinking.
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Miho EHARA, Yuji SANO, Mitsuhiro TAKAHARA, Kenji CHONAN
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 114 Pages
217-222
Published: March 25, 2006
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Disorders of the musculoskeletal system have accounted for approximately 20% of all seamen's diseases during the past fifteen years in both trading vessels and fishing boats, and measures to are needed to address this health problem. Data related to lumbar complaints were gathered using a questionnaire survey, completed by seamen belonging to National Institute for Sea Training. In addition, a low back pain prevention exercise was introduced to applicants. It consisted of 50 repetitions of trunk/back flexion and 30 repetitions of trunk/back extension. Subjects participated in the exercise regimen for 2 months. A total of 236 questionnaires were collected. Question items asked about symptoms in 4 places: neck, shoulder, back and lumbar. The most frequent complaints concerned the neck and shoulder in officers, and lumbar complaints in ratings. Twenty-three subjects completed the exercise program (average duration=13.7±0.54 days). Complaints related to back and low back were reduced by more than 40%. Results suggest that the exercise for reducing lumbar complaints in seamen was effective, but modifications of the prescription and training protocol may be necessary.
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Ninger SONG, Kinzo INOUE, Hideo USUI
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 114 Pages
223-228
Published: March 25, 2006
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In order to paint the image of seafarers expected by maritime community, analysis has been done on the seafarers' competence by making clear the gap between the expectation to seafarers and the state, as well as the weight of those types of competences from the viewpoint of maritime company. Lastly, proposal was given to the field of maritime education that the competence should be improved according to the result of the gap analysis.
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Namiko MORISHITA
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 114 Pages
229-234
Published: March 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
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A purpose of this study is to investigate the meaning structure of 'seamanship' imaged by the cadets experiencing mercantile marine education and to extract the components of character education from its structure. As a result of KJ method classifying answers of open-ended questionnaire about 'seamanship', 11 categories, as follows, were found; 1) Inclusive comprehension about the word itself 'seamanship' 2) Life on board, 3) Training, 4) Severe conditions, 5) Safety first, 6) Human relationships on board, 7) Attitude toward works, 8) Seaman, 9) Sea and ship, 10) Growth and 11) Related images. Next, the components of character education were extracted from this structure and 4 components, as follows, were extracted; 1) attitude for other people, 2) attitude for one's task, 3) attitude for resources, and 4) an indomitable spirit.
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Oscar Porras Rojas, Hayama Imazu, Takahiko Fujisaka
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 114 Pages
235-241
Published: March 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
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The nonexistence of information about the high number of maritime casualties that there are been occurring in the Pacific side of the Central American Region, in which annually many people died, disappeared and suffer serious injured, and the negative social and economic impact that this situation is generating inside the society, are the reasons for which this subject of research was chosen. The information was compiled by the researcher from personal communication way, from the origin source due to nonexistence of writing reports. In this work the information collected about the maritime casualties occurred between 1980 and 2004, in the Pacific side of the Central American Region, was analyzed and the results obtained are presented. The objective of this research is to compile and analyze, the maritime casualties that have occurred from 1980, in the Pacific side of the Central American Region, in order to know the reasons by which they happened. Based on the information compiled, was calculated the mortality rate by 100,000 persons. And then, was compared the mortality rate obtained, with the Japanese mortality rate calculated. Also, was compared the relationship existence between the amount of dead and disappear persons, occurred as result of the maritime casualties happened in Japan and the Central American Region. Therefore, all information generated by the present research theme, will be used as support for increase the concept of safety navigation and by this way to give one more integral labor protection to the maritime sector.
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Takashi MIWA, Nobukazu WAKABAYASHI, Yoshiji YANO
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 114 Pages
243-250
Published: March 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
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The regulation to enforce improvement of security level was executed in 2004. Ships which are obliged should take the cost for introduction of new security system. We tried to construct on-board LAN using wireless technology aboard existent ship in operation, in order to utilize ship's monitoring system. In this paper, we describe outline of implementation of on-board LAN system aboard T. S. Fukae-maru and conclusion of the radio intensity measurement of wireless LAN, also describe ship monitoring system utilizing network camera as a practical application of the LAN.
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Junya ISHIWATA, Takahiko FUJISAKA, Hayama IMAZU
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 114 Pages
251-257
Published: March 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
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The image of an object obtained by the use of marine radar is not necessarily corresponding to its true shape, because the image obtained is continually receiving influences such as bearing errors and multiple reflections. Therefore, the estimation of the ship's shape and its aspect by means of using the radar image are difficult at present. In this paper, a method to estimate the ship's shape by means of the integration of the collected images obtained from a radar is proposed. As result of the method proposed an accuracy of 7 degrees was obtained. The result obtained shows that the monitoring of the ship's shape is possible. Moreover, the proper direction of the observation in order to estimate the respective ship's shape such as length and width is cleared.
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Nobuaki Kubo, Un Kyo, Akio Yasuda
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 114 Pages
259-266
Published: March 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
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High-accuracy single-point positioning has been an attractive research topic in the GPS community for a number of years. The evolution of the International GPS Service (IGS) products is further increasing the accuracy of precise point positioning techniques. The overall quality of precise point positioning results is also dependent on the quality of the user's GPS measurements. Dual-frequency, geodetic quality GPS receivers are routinely used both in static and kinematic applications for high-accuracy point positioning. However, use of low-cost single-frequency GPS receivers in similar applications creates a challenge because of how the ionosphere, multipath and other measurement error sources are handled. In this paper, we will examine the potential use of such receivers to provide horizontal positioning accuracies of several decimeters (standard deviation). And we will also discuss about the practicability of real-time high-accuracy point positioning service.
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Yutaka FUKUDA
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 114 Pages
267-273
Published: March 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
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This paper presents economic evaluation of reduced lateral separation form 50 NM to 30 NM on eastbound PACOTS (Pacific Organized Track System). We calculate optimum lateral separated routes with consideration of upper wind condition. We estimate flight time and fuel consumption of 3 routes form Tokyo to West coast of America and 2 routes from Tokyo to Hawaii. Lateral separation of 50 NM and 30 NM are compared. Latitude grid point resolution of 1 degree and 1/6 degree are also compared. The average flight time is shortened by 1.4 min (2.4 min at the maximum) at reduced lateral separation from 50 NM with 1 degree resolution to 30 NM with 1/6 degree resolution. The average fuel is saved by 490 lbs (980 lbs at the maximum) at reduced lateral separation from 50 NM with 1 degree resolution to 30 NM with 1/6 degree resolution. Latitude grid point resolution of 1/6 degree is effective when reduced lateral separation from 50 NM to 30 NM is introduced.
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Kiminobu KUMADA, Akira TSUTSUMI, Toshio HIROSE, Katsuji MIWA
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 114 Pages
275-283
Published: March 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
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The MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification) method is different from the conventional direction finder by the Goniometer method and Doppler method that has been using on vessels, in having capability of the measurement the direction of radio wave in azimuth and elevation, and even during jamming. The MUSIC method direction finder in a short wave band is using practically for radio wave monitor in the land. This time, Authors investigated the performance and the usefulness on vessel. The authors measured direction of radio signal in the land. Arrangement of the antennas which were set on circumference with diameter of 80 meters in the land was like a ship, and its interval are similar to actual deck shape of the hull, and measurement precision depend on its strength of radio signals, and the situation that did not become same became clear. In addition, the authors measured direction of radio signal on the actual vessel, and made the electromagnetic model of the hull, and became clear that a measurement error by the hull reduced by adopting the electromagnetic steering vector.
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Masashi YOSHIDA, Harumasa HOJO, CHUNMING Fan, Akio YASUDA
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 114 Pages
285-292
Published: March 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
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The authors proposed an extremely weak power radio DS-SS communication system that used the 1PPS signal of the GPS receiver for the code synchronization of the marine location information system in the emergency. One second data frame, triggered by PPS signal every second, is comprised of spread data with a phase detection sequence at the top. First, we measured the reception power, BER and detection probability when the sending point was fixed. We obtained better BER than 10^<-3> at 80 m. Next, we measured them when the ship has the transmitter. The result proved that the present method is effective, although the values were degraded comparing to the case of fixed transmitter.
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Article type: Appendix
2006 Volume 114 Pages
App3-
Published: March 25, 2006
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Article type: Appendix
2006 Volume 114 Pages
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Published: March 25, 2006
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Article type: Appendix
2006 Volume 114 Pages
App5-
Published: March 25, 2006
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Article type: Appendix
2006 Volume 114 Pages
App6-
Published: March 25, 2006
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Article type: Appendix
2006 Volume 114 Pages
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Published: March 25, 2006
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Article type: Cover
2006 Volume 114 Pages
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Published: March 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
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