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Article type: Cover
2011 Volume 124 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2011 Volume 124 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2011 Volume 124 Pages
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Article type: Index
2011 Volume 124 Pages
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Article type: Index
2011 Volume 124 Pages
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Hisayuki KUROKAWA, Tomoyoshi TAKANO, Lisa SUZUKI, Saburo TSURUTA
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
1-9
Published: March 25, 2011
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Currently, global warming is a globally serious problem. And also in marine transportation, reduction of greenhouse gas (especially carbon dioxide (CO_2)) is needed. There are a slowdown, enlargement, etc. of a ship as a reduction scheme of the CO_2 emissions in marine transportation. In the past study, the quantity of reduction by these reduction schemes was estimated. However, the influence on the logistics cost to a ship company or a shipper was not taken into consideration. Therefore, the examination was insufficient. So, this study examined the practicability of the reduction scheme of CO_2 emissions in consideration of logistics cost.
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Takeshi SHINODA, Yuka TAMURA
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
11-19
Published: March 25, 2011
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Most marine accidents related to vessels are caused by human errors, such as mis-perception, mis-judgment and mis-operation in functional systems, which are contributing to safety navigation onboard vessels. In recent years, collision accidents involving fishing vessels and cargo vessels have broken out in the sea off Japan, and have been reported widely and sensationally in news media, and has been lead to a serious social problem. Marine casualty affects a confidence of ship transportation seriously, so improvement of marine safety is an important issue. In this paper, an analytical methodology of risk assessment is proposed according to the guidelines for FSA (Formal Safety Assessment) approved by IMO. And the collision accidents between fishing vessels and cargo vessels, having their high frequency and their enormous damages, are taken as analytical application. Especially in the process of risk analysis, human related factors are extracted through the database which is constructed on the records of adjudication of marine accident inquiry. Number of incidence of crossing situation between fishing vessel and cargo vessel is extracted through ship traffic survey at Kanmon Channel. And, trial calculations of probabilities of collision accidents are attempted through cumulated results by the database analysis and the ship traffic survey. Furthermore, this calculated probabilities of collision accidents between fishing vessel and cargo vessel are used in evaluation of some risk control options which are considered as effective measures against this type of accident.
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Kuniomi FUJISAWA, Koji MURAI, Yuji HAYASHI, Kazusuke MAENAKA
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
21-26
Published: March 25, 2011
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A pilotage is one of important factors in order to keep a safety and a security of main harbors in Japan; however, pilots' accidents sometime happen while they work. The pilots' accidents happen well for the transfer to/from the vessel/pilot boat; pilots and pilots' associations do their best for reducing the accidents under International Maritime Organization (IMO) convention. In other word, a safety measure for the transfer is the important subject for pilots. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate a pilot's physical performance while their work using large model sensors (acceleration sensors), and we read characteristics for the transfer. This research is first challenge to evaluate the pilots' performance in real situation. If their performances become clear, we will be able to tackle the new method for reducing accidents.
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Tomonori NAKANISHI, Kouhei HIRONO
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
27-33
Published: March 25, 2011
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The "Japanese Pilotage Act" was altered in 2007. The new act set grade license system. The third grade license doesn't require experience of the ship's captain. Therefore, it seems that third grade pilots may encounter communication troubles more than traditional pilots in future. Pilots have to guide various ships in congested sea area, and communicate with crews whose mother languages are different for each. If miscommunication occurs in pilot's works, the safety of pilotage will be decreased. In this study, questionnaire was distributed to the ISE-MIKAWA WAN LICENSED PILOT ASSOCIATION that asked occasion of miscommunication in pilot works. According to that result, there are some miscommunications between pilot and crews / tugboats, and many pilots take supplementary communication measures to avoid these situations. And it was pointed out by foreign captains in other interviews that they want to know the meaning of order in Japanese which Japanese pilot issues to Japanese tugboats, and pronunciation of "0" in English is often confused with "7" in the bridge. Pilot's order depends on oral conununication to convey own intensions. The oral communication, even though a supplementary gesture is done with, is temporal that means that the media is sound and it will be vanished in time passing. And it is easy to have ambiguity. Therefore, it is needed to apply normalized and not-temporal communication measure in pilot works. Finally, this paper proposes the concept of "Bridge Language" for more safety pilotage. It defines codes that describe all of pilot's orders systematically, and provides measure to indicate current pilot's order to all members in the bridge continuously. It seems that "Bridge Language" removes ambiguity in bridge communication.
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Akiko UCHINO, Hiroaki KOBAYASHI
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
35-45
Published: March 25, 2011
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A pilot at sea is a typical mariner who has accumulative experience together with technical knowledge. And, in the assigned pilotage waters, a pilot should always behave suitably even if difficult situations happen on board. This is the very important thing we expect of pilots and they are obliged to accomplish it. This signifies that the safety in navigation depends on mariners' experience. Although in real situations they carry these expectations on their shoulders, marine accidents may happen even if a pilot conducts a ship as well as a normal officer. This fact may show that some pilots have been unable to function at their full competence although they had already had enough experience. In order to improve safety in difficult navigational situations where pilots are needed, it is necessary to improve the competence when pilots conduct a ship and bring out the best in all of the crew members even in difficult situations. With this in mind, we are studying to clarify the factors that control how much extent experienced mariners are able to achieve their function in regard to crew members of a bridge team, and other matters that arise from this research.
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Takahiro TAKEMOTO, Tomooki NOMURA, Hideo YABUKI, Kazuki INOUE
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
47-55
Published: March 25, 2011
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Pilots are specialists who have knowledge and skill about complicated water in their pilotage district, and have contributed to the maintenance and improvement in the bay and port greatly through not only the safe navigation of the vessel which is provided a pilotage service but also the safety of marine traffic in their pilotage area. In this study, authors investigated the details of the marine collision accidents which related pilots and analyzed pilots' collision avoiding actions in marine collision accidents. In addition, authors have grasped features of accidents and considered measures for preventing marine collision accidents which related pilots. The main conclusions obtained by this research are as follows. 1) "Preoccupation" and "Condition selecting error" have a higher incidence and these errors occur when the pilot expected the collision avoiding action by other ship. 2) Pilots tend to make errors after confirming the risk of collision. 3) Roughly 50 % of the marine collision accidents occurred in the course of pilots' collision avoiding actions is occupied by three patterns as follows. ・Pattern that fails at the time confirming the collision hazard ・Pattern that fails at the time determining the appropriate collision avoiding actions ・Pattern that proceeds the step of failure after recognizing other vessels
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Jun KAYANO, Hideo YABUKI, Kenta OOYA, Hayama IMAZU
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
57-61
Published: March 25, 2011
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Since 2007, the pilot training system was started and the people without the experience of boarding can become pilot. Now the system applies the simulator training. The simulator helps the trainees realize so-called "Seamanship" which cannot be obtained only by the classroom lectures. However, it is very difficult to judge the trainees' skills through their maneuvering on the simulator. Therefore, in this study it is considered to use OZT when evaluating the results of simulation by using OZT. This paper shows the details of this consideration.
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Kazuki INOUE, Fumitaka HIGANO, Tadatsugi OKAZAKI, Hideo YABUKI
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
63-69
Published: March 25, 2011
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The education and training of a 3^<rd> grade pilot trainee with a limited amount of ship-handling experience was started in 2007. Ship maneuvering simulator (SMS) training is at the core of the 3^<rd> grade pilot education and training. It is desirable to develop a new evaluation method of ship-handling technique at the de-briefing of the training within a short period of time using the objective indicator. The authors paid attention to the output of the time histories of ship's motion during the SMS training and propose a new evaluation method that compares the time histories of ship-handling by trainees and those by instructors. Compared between trainees and instructors in the new evaluation method are the mean and standard deviation of each of the following indicators: speed, distance to the berth, approaching angle, lateral distance to the berth at the designated points on the planned course line. We conducted experiments using the SMS and confirmed that the proposed evaluation method is effective and helpful to improve the SMS training.
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Shinji MIZUI, Tatsuto YAMADA, Akihiro TSUKISAKA, Yoshinori NAKAGAWA
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
71-77
Published: March 25, 2011
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The authors developed a system for sampling the radar echo signals in high frequencies by A/D conversion of the receiving signals. Using this system, we analyzed the two-dimensional distribution of radar echoes of a point target such as a small FRP boat and report the following results. 1. The size of the images by the radial-scanning (azimuth and distance) becomes larger than the theoretical value as the radar sensitivity goes up. The image size by sensitivity decreases characteristically to the change of distance. 2. In high sensitivity, the image by the radial-scanning is as twice large as the theoretical image determined so far, at a close distance around 1,000 meters. 3. The width to length ratio of the image size on the radar screen is almost identical to the value evaluated as the Echo paint of the point target.
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Nobukazu WAKABAYASHI, Shinji MIZUI, Shigeaki SHIOTANI, Hidenari MAKINO
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
79-86
Published: March 25, 2011
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AIS (Universal shipborne Automatic Identification System) has been introduced, and AIS instruments are now widely installed onboard certain ships which are obliged by SOLAS. AIS target data should be provided to deck officers with relevant instruments that can be display them on chart, and they can use the data effectively for decision making of ship navigation. However, the navigation instruments like radar or ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display and Information System) which has such function of overlay display of target data on chart are so expensive and can be used in limited large scale vessels. So, we propose more inexpensive system which has similar functions about AIS target display. Moreover, AIS can output not only other ship's target data but also own ship's sailing data periodically with digital format i.e. NMEA format, and they are enough to achieve electronic navigation. In this paper, we show a simple design of navigation system using AIS data, and also show a prototype system on actual merchant vessel.
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Nobukazu WAKABAYASHI, Hidenari MAKINO, Miwako ITO, Shigeaki SHIOTANI
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
87-93
Published: March 25, 2011
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For the safety navigation of the ship, it is necessary for navigator to understand a surrounding situation that changes promptly and they must judge proper ship handling with various information. Recently, it is general to use a radar ARPA (Automatic Radar Plotting Aids) for this purpose. To practice usage of radar system effectively, radar simulator have been developed and utilized for training. In general, process to generate training scenario is not so simple and is time-consuming task. We propose the radar simulator as a PC software which uses the recorded AIS data for surrounding ship's data, and the scenario can be made automatically from actual data. So the user can do training anytime anywhere. To improve the efficiency of training, we introduce some technique to generate more realistic display image of ships and land area. In this paper, system configuration, and conclusion of its execution will be given.
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Osamu SUZUKI, Takahiro TAKEMOTO, Shinobu SOEDA, Hisao YAMASHITA
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
95-101
Published: March 25, 2011
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An ocean going vessel has pilot port that is used by pilot when ship is piloted. The configuration of pilot plug and its ports is provided by IMO. The standard wrote this data terminal might be use on other situation. This paper describes the standard of pilot port and the pilot port distributor and server made for trial purposes. The authors designed two AIS server and an AIS distributor for temporary use of AIS pilot port. The distributor has one input and two output port, completely works at up to 120kbps. There are two kind of AIS server, one is single process multi threads, two is multi processes single thread. Both servers work on up to 60 clients onboard test. The authors confirmed that pilot port are effective to collect onboard data for crew and researcher and the data can be used ordinary onboard navigational applications such as electrical chart viewer, conning display and our trial utility software.
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Hideki YAMADA, Tomoji TAKASU, Nobuaki KUBO, Akio YASUDA
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
103-110
Published: March 25, 2011
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The purpose of this paper is to improve GLONASS positioning performance in RTK-GPS/GLONASS between different types of receivers. Tables of inter-channel code biases in various receivers were obtained with a zero baseline test in order to examine the magnitude of inter-channel code bias between the receivers. We showed the improvement of fix rate and positioning accuracy of RTK-GPS/GLONASS between different types of receivers by using table of the calibrated GLONASS biases and partial ambiguity fixing solution of GPS and GLONASS for the aid of GPS carrier-phase ambiguity resolution. Furthermore, we showed that the bias correction method suggested in this paper is applicable to RTK-GPS/GLONASS with multi-epoch measurements as well as with single-epoch measurements.
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Nobuaki Kubo, Yang Zhang
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
111-118
Published: March 25, 2011
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This paper shows a method to achieve a sub-meter level navigation in urban areas. Before the proposed method, the present RTK-GPS performance in urban areas is introduced. It is known that the carrier phase is vulnerable to obstruction and low signal to noise ratio. In order to compensate of the weakness of the carrier phase, the proposed method uses the velocity vector deduced from the Doppler frequency. In this paper, by using both carrier phase and Doppler frequency with reliability check method of these observations, sub-meter level navigation was demonstrated even in the medium urban areas. Furthermore, this paper shows the limitations of GNSS side on other sensors.
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Taisuke SODA, Shigeaki SHIOTANI, Teruo OSAWA, Hidenari MAKINO
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
119-127
Published: March 25, 2011
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For safety coastal navigation, detailed information of wind and wave is very important and needed. In particular wind and wave would be changing dramatically in heavy situation such as a typhoon. In former part of this paper, the computational simulation of Japanese coastal area was explained. The wind of sea was calculated by numerical model of WRF and the ocean wave was calculated by numerical model of SWAN. In latter part of it, the numerical simulation of navigation in Japanese pacific coastal area was carried out. The effects of wind and wave to navigation by container ship were examined numerically by the simulation.
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Toshiyuki KANO, Yasumasa MIYAZAWA, Saori ISEYA, Etsuko YAMAZAKI
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
129-135
Published: March 25, 2011
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The National Maritime Research Institute has conducted the research and development on "the environmental friendly shipping support system for coastal vessels" supported by NEDO using actual cement tanker and RORO ship cooperate with ship's owners. The present study describes a practical methodology on the ship's log speed estimated by analyzing accumulated actual navigation data of coastal vessels. The estimated values are checked by the relative velocity with respect to water derived from propeller analysis using measured torque of propeller shaft. Comparison of the ship drift and numerical forecast of the surface current suggests that use of higher spatial-temporal resolution in forecasting improves the forecast skill.
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Shoji FUJIMOTO, Masaki FUCHI, Takahiro HATA, Tomohisa OHARA
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
137-147
Published: March 25, 2011
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The rule 13, 14 & 15 of "INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA, 1972" provide for "Overtaking", "Head-on situation" & "Crossing situation". These rules demand that actions be taken to avoid collision between two or more of special manoeuvring capabilities. However vessels less constrained by these rules definitions, give way to those more constrained. These rules are derived from results of the Marine Accident Inquiry Agencies judgment records, and analyzes concerning "vessel vs. vessel", "vessel vs. craft" and "craft vs. craft". The overall results showed that: The category of "vessel vs. craft" had the most collisions; and that non-observance of "standing-on" by craft was the highest cause of collisions. Regarding understanding of marine traffic laws, the craft navigator displayed the least knowledge and found the laws hard to understand, in fact, They do not have a good understanding at all. Therefore, all seafarers on any vessel in Japanese wants should take special care when craft are in the vicinity.
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Saeko FUJIWARA, Shoji FUJIMOTO, Masaki FUCHI, Tomohisa OHARA
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
149-158
Published: March 25, 2011
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The terms and concepts of rights cannot be found in ancient Japan. Therefore, rights are interpreted differently in Japan and Western Europe. It is said that the Japanese do not have any concepts of rights. The Japanese idea of rights does not have include concepts such as "faithfulness" and "honesty". Based on these, I consider right of way from Japan's perspective. As a method, I decided to study "crossing rules" and "rules of miscellaneous vessels" in detail. The purpose of this paper is to investigate Japan's concept of "right of way" based on these navigation rules to reveal any related problems.
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Shin HEMMI
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
159-168
Published: March 25, 2011
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The objectives of International Safety Management Code, ISM Code are to ensure safety at sea, prevention of human injury or loss of life, in particular the marine environment, and property (Code 1.2.1). Company, who has assumed the responsibility for operation of the ship from Ship owner, shall have all the duties and responsibility imposed by this Code. Safety management system, SMS established by company based on duties and responsibility on Code responds to legal responsibility, especially criminal one. In UK, company, ship or/and designated person must be punishable due to failures to comply with the requirements of ISM Code in SI 1998 No.1561. On the other hand in Japan, corporation (company) shall be punished by dual punishment rule with employee in it. However corporate punishment may be done caused by negligence of management for employee, as a side effect. This legal situation may not fulfill company's duty and responsibility of ISM Code. This paper shall study the legal problem of our dual punishment rule and try to find improvement of it in order to accept international agreement.
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Tomohisa OHARA, Masao FURUSHO, Shoji FUJIMOTO, Masaki FUCHI
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
169-176
Published: March 25, 2011
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The background of this research is difficulties in correspondence to the Transport Safety Management System. The Transport Safety Management System is based on the ISO9001. For many coastal shipping companies, it is very difficult to introduce and to set up the Transport Safety Management System for own company. Because the management scale of many companies is very small, so it should be effective system to the proposed original certificated system. And the guideline of Transport Safety Management System can be treated with as a Soft-Law. Therefore, it is easy to make new original certificated system. Authors could make it clear to understanding that new original approval certificated system creates safety at sea in coastal shipping.
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Kokoro KAMEYAMA, Naoko FUKUDA, Ruri SHOJI, Kohei OHTSU
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
177-183
Published: March 25, 2011
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The aim of this study is to compare the dietary habits on-board and on-lands and investigate the healthy dietary habits for seamen. The objects were 48 students (42 men and 6 women) who were seniors at Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology and had participated in the one-month sea training three times, and the questionnaire survey was done in April 2010. "Conscious to tasty things" and "Regular meal" were different between on-board and on-lands in men (paired t-test, p<0.05). The risk factor for the body weight gain in the sea training was "Eating from each food groups" and the odds ratio was 1.25 (logistic regression analysis, p<0.05). These results showed that the dietary habits of the students were better on-board than on-lands and the guidance of self-management to adjust the amount of foods was important for maintaining optimal body weight.
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Masaya YUKIHIRA, Hisaaki TAKAYAMA, Kenichi SHIMIZU, Masaji GODA
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
185-192
Published: March 25, 2011
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This study was performed to clarify the fishermen's image of fisheries high school students. In the period from June to September 2009, we distributed questionnaires on the fishermen's image to ten fisheries high schools in mainly Kyusyu and Shikoku areas. The questionnaires were collected from all together 1,699 students. We conducted comparisons of the mean value of marks and factor scores after factor analysis on fourteen items concerning the orientation toward fisherman. Consequently, we found that the following students had a higher fisherman-orientation: students in the navigation course; students born and raised in fishing villages; students whose geographic environment of place of origin features was seaside; students with more opportunities to encounter ships; and students with more experiences of on-board training. Also, we analyzed the free descriptions in the questionnaire by using the KH Coder and found that the fishermen's image could be almost explained by seven categories. Meanwhile, it was suggested that there was a tendency showing a certain relationship between the attribution of students in terms of grade and on-board training experience and the free descriptions in the questionnaire.
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Toshikazu TERASAWA, Yuji SANO, Koichi CHIASHI, Shinsuke URUSHIDANI
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
193-199
Published: March 25, 2011
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We conduct an investigation in case of taking a novice person on sailing cruiser for coxswain and the crew to contribute the promotion of safety in marine sports. Subjects are 545 persons who belong to Japan Sailing Federation. 99.6% of the subjects have experience in taking a novice person on sailing cruiser. And the thing extremely to call a novice person's attention is about the life jacket and falling overboard. Subjects have anxiety that a novice person falls overboard. And the anxiety of the novice person is list of sailing cruiser and falling overboard. In case of taking a novice person on sailing cruiser, it is necessary that 2 to 4 expert crew go on board. We think that it is necessary that we approach to the awareness concerning safety of coxswain and the crew. And we have to set an example in getting on the sailing cruiser to a novice person for the future.
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Kimiyasu SAEKI, Jun MACHIBA, Shuji HISAMUNE, Yasuzumi FUJIMORI, Nobuo ...
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
201-209
Published: March 25, 2011
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In recent years, the way of handling and carrying fish within fishing ports has improved from a sanitary perspective. With a view of improving safety of workers, there has not been examined in any detail. This study reveals characteristics of accidents during handling and carrying fish. Upon hundreds of work accident data gathered by JF Zengyoren(A nationwide federation of fisheries cooperatives in Japan), accident types with high frequency or high fatality rate are extracted. Furthermore, using Fisher's exact test, factors influencing the occurrence of accidents are extracted.
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Keiji SASAYA, Masao FURUSHO, Yoshiji YANO, Takahiro TAKEMOTO
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
211-218
Published: March 25, 2011
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Safety and health is most important affairs in social activities. Measures of safety and Health of Mariners are influenced by Act on Promotion of Safety and Sanitation of Seafarers, and Mariners Law. These regulation for Mariners lack of the articles of guidelines and guidance, recommendation, and state assistance, compared to Industrial Safety and Health Act. This Paper focus on guidelines and countermeasures of Mariners Accident Prevention Plan and refer to need of showing ideal way to prevention for Mariners Accident.
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Yunchai SUN, Masao FURUSHO, Yoshiji YANO, Masaki FUCHI
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
219-225
Published: March 25, 2011
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The proportion of dozing in fishing boats' casualties is about Ten Percent (10%). Dozing by watch-keepers, along with improper lookout and insufficient ship handling, have become three big causes of fishing boats' casualties. In all accidents caused by dozing watch-keepers, about half occurred in fishing boats. This study is to investigate fishing boats' casualties that are caused by dozing watch-keepers and that actually resulted in marine accidents. Marine accidents that had been submitted to the judgment reports of the Marine Accidents Inquiry Agency (M.A.I.A.) between 1998 and 2007 were analysed. The authors have completed investigations into the relationship between situations of casualties caused by dozing and by the analyzed data. This process included a 30-items' categorisation procedure. From the viewpoint of factor analysis, five occurrence patterns can be ascertained. The purpose of this study is to propound the countermeasures for preventing fishing boats' casualties caused by their dozing watch-keepers. The authors would like to propose that these countermeasures be divided into three prevention steps, (pre-accident, post-accident and link prevention), as effective tools for developing sound solutions.
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Shinsuke URUSHIDANI, Yuji SANO, Toshiki KIKUCHI, Toshikazu TERASAWA
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
227-232
Published: March 25, 2011
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The proportion of accidents that caused by dozing watch-keepers in all ship accidents are about 10%. The purpose of this study is to perform a feature extraction of sleep and lifecycle characteristics of watch-keepers involved in marine accidents and incidents. A questionnaire that included attributes of the watch-keeper, amount of sleeping hours, problems related to sleep, fatigue, near miss incidents (hiyari-hatto incidents), and the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) was administered to a sample of 7,750 watch-keepers (collection rate: 21.3%). The analysis of cargo ships and tankers revealed there was a notable relationship between the situation of "frequency of sleep per 1 day" due to shift of watch and the influence of each "sleep delay", "frequency of interrupted sleep" and "early morning sleeplessness". Consequentially, these factors were related to of "frequency of near miss incidents". These results suggested that watch-keepers each ship have problems related to sleep due to sleep and lifecycle characteristics.
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Hiroyoshi HINATA, Yoshitaka MORIMOTO, Tomohisa NISHIMURA, Shinya NAKAM ...
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
233-242
Published: March 25, 2011
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In 1998, the first BRM training, which was one of the safety countermeasures of the VLCC's accident in Tokyo Bay, was started in Japan. Recently, BRM training, which a full-mission ship-handling simulator is used for, is popularized widely. However, there are not many papers of verifying effectiveness on BRM training quantitatively. When it is compared with the training of ship-handling skill, there is difficulty in the verification of effect on BRM training. On the other hand, the verification of effect on BRM training is being required by the shipping management companies which asked for their crew's training. In this study, simulator experiments were carried out in order to verify effectiveness of BRM training quantitatively. The graduates of Japan Coast Guard Academy participated in the experiment as the trainee of BRM training, which a full-mission ship-handling simulator is used for. The indexes "TSA: Time to Situational Awareness", "DTSA: Difference in time of between target TSA and actual TSA", "LR: Level of Reporting" and others are successfully introduced, to verify of effect on BRM training.
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Kenji FURUKAWA, Kinji TAKEUCHI, Hideki NOGUCHI, Ko IGARASHI
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
243-248
Published: March 25, 2011
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The Japan Coast Guard has studied on a PWM flicker light for the conspicuous Aids to Navigation light. The PWM flicker light is a LED light that is combined flickering effect using the method of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), and it is known that the PWM flicker light with appropriate parameters is more conspicuous than the conventional Aids to Navigation light which is defined by the International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities. In this paper, we investigated several key characteristics of the PWM flicker light relating to observation distance, for applying it to the Aids to Navigation light. We also conducted questionnaire survey relating to the PWM flicker light in the Port of Yokohama. Our findings show that the PWM flickering light is practical within a certain range of observation distance.
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Motoaki HANABUSA, Akio IMAI
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
249-255
Published: March 25, 2011
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Since the first mega-ship with a carrying capacity of more than 10,000 TEUs was put into the market four years ago, there has been a trend of exansion of mega-ship fleet by major ship operators. In the early years of mega-ship deployment, there were some studies that proved economies of scale by the mega-ship. However, those researches were not practical because the mega-ship and its counterpart ship with a smaller carrying capacity were assumed to be brand new when they were compared in terms of their transportation costs. After ships are completed and put into service, sessile organism is adherent below the wetted surface area of ships, and the size and the displacement of the flooding area change with passage in time. In short, ships get more resistance in cruising at sea as they sail on more voyages. This paper compares the costs incurred to ship operation by mega-ships and smaller sized ships by taking into account a influence of sessile organism to ship bottom, in order to conduct a more practical and precise analysis on economies of scale by mega-ship.
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Toshio ISEKI, Daisuke KAWAMURA
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
257-263
Published: March 25, 2011
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
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A hydrodyanmic interaction between the ship and the bank wall is well known as "bank effects" which consist of the suction force and the bow-outward moment. The safe distance to the bank wall, in which the ship course can be maintained within 5 degrees of counter rudder angle, is summarised as safety margins of the fairway for ships in the Next Generation Fairway Design Standard (2007). The results were based on theoretical calculations and numerical simulations. On the other hand, many captive model tests were carried out to investigate the ship-bank interaction but almost of them estimated only the hydrodynamic delivatives and the ship-handliing limits were estimated by solving the motion equation of ship maneouvrability. The direct measurement of the counter rudder angle that can offset the ship-bank interaction has never been carried out so far. In this study, model experiments were conducted to find the ship-handling limits under the ship-bank interaction forces. Using the circulating water channel, the oblique angle of the model ship and the counter rudder angle were adjusted to find the equilibrium point in vicinity of the bank wall. The measured value were compared with the theoretical value of the Next Generation Fairway Design Standard (2007). The results pointed out some possibility of underestimation for the safety margins of the fairway.
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Hironori YASUKAWA, Noritaka HIRATA, Susumu TANAKA, Hiroki HATA
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
265-271
Published: March 25, 2011
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
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Tank tests were carried out using a ship model to capture the low speed maneuvering characteristics with respect to clabbing, pivoting turn and clamshell backing of a ship with VecTwin rudder system. Captive model test was conducted to capture the hydrodynamic force characteristics when the ship speed is zero. Based on the test results, we determined two rudder angle combinations to realize the low speed maneuvering. In free running model tests, we confirmed the clabbing and pivoting turn by combination of starboard rudder angle 105°, port rudder angle -65° and bow thruster operation. The clamshell backing was also confirmed by ±105° for both port and starboard rudder angles. Thus, we found that the ship with VecTwin rudder system has good maneuverability in low speed.
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Noritaka HIRATA, Kazumasa MATSUMURA
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
273-280
Published: March 25, 2011
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
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Optimist Dinghy is one of the most popular sailing dinghies for children who are up to 15 years old. However, its performance has not been clarified so far. This time, the motions were measured using Kinematic GPS (K-GPS) of the Optimist Dinghy which actually sailed several times around the track including abeam, close hauled and running conditions at the sea where the influence of wave and tidal current is negligible. The relation between attitude (pitch and roll) and ship speed was captured. From the measurements, it was found that the even keel is the most suitable condition for Optimist Dinghy and the polar diagram is quite different from that of 470-class dinghy.
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Takaaki IWAKIRI, Tadatsugi OKAZAKI, Hideyuki KASHIMA, Jun KAYANO
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
281-287
Published: March 25, 2011
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
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In this paper, a ship handling simulator was proposed by developing a control system which reproduced a large vessel's maneuverability on an actual training ship. In the control system, the large vessel's maneuverability was predicted by mathematical model and predicted ship's heading angle and speed were traced by feedback control algorithm. The effectiveness of the developed control system was indicated with results of actual sea test. Moreover, the effectiveness of the developed ship handling simulator was indicated by comparison experiment with a visual ship handling simulator.
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Sayaka TAKEUCHI, Nobuo KIMURA, Yasuzumi FUJIMORI
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
289-296
Published: March 25, 2011
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
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Danish seine trawl which is major offshore trawler in Hokkaido is regarded as having high risk of the resonance due to the characteristics of its operation method. However, as there are few study of ship motions in fishing operation, the actual condition is not clear. In this study, we perform estimating ship stability and the characteristics of ship motions by frequency analysis based on the data of ship motion. In the result, the ship stability decreased at short wave length and the resonance occurred between the natural period of rolling motion and the encountered period of wave in hauling where ship speed decreased in the following sea. It is considered that the resonance should be avoided by hauling in quartering sea to prevent excessive rolling.
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Toshio ISEKI, Satoshi MASHIYAMA
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
297-302
Published: March 25, 2011
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
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A real-time algorithm of higher order spectral analysis is proposed in order to investigate the non-linear and non-stationary ship motions. The algorithm is based on the time-varying vector auto-regressive (TVVAR) modeling and can be considered as an extension of the instantaneous power spectral analysis. The TVVAR model is fitted to the data using the Kalman filter algorithm and the instantaneous higher order spectra can be evaluated by using the TVVAR coefficients. In order to examine the validity of the proposed algorithm, numerical simulations of the real-time estimation of instantaneous higher order spectra was carried out based on the full scale ship motion data. The accuracy of the proposed algorithm was investigated by comparing with the stationary analysis based on the FFT. Furthermore, the algorithm was extended to the trispectral analysis and a result was shown to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed algorithm.
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Toshio ISEKI, Yujiro KURAMOTO
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
303-309
Published: March 25, 2011
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
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A feasibility study of Bayesian wave estimation was carried out to investigate the influence of ship response functions to the estimated wave parameters. The response functions are used to estimate the directional wave spectra from the measured ship motion data. That is to solve an inverse problem of how to estimate the input from the measured output data. It is theoretically favorable to use the correct response functions but the ship course and speed measured by GPS are not match well with actual ones because of the current speed and so on. The mismatch causes to chose incorrecct response functions and large estimation error consequently will occur. In this study, a practical method for modifying the response functions is proposed. Using the modified response functions, the wave parameters are estimated without large estimation error. In order to examine the proposed concept, the estimated wave parameters were compared with observed ones. Furthermore, ABIC surfaces with two hyperparameters were also investigated between the estimates based on actual and modified response functions. It was confirmed that the corrected response functions can be used for Bayesian wave estimation without large estimation error.
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Masako MURAYAMA, Ichiro DEGUCHI, Eiichi KOBAYASHI, Teruo Osawa
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
311-318
Published: March 25, 2011
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
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In the near future, it is concerned about the occurrence of huge earthquake on the Nankai Trough off the coast of Shikoku, such as Nankai and TouNankai earthquake. A tsunami occurring at the Nankai Trough would not only raise the sea surface, it would also generate strong horizontal currents along the coastal region of Osaka Bay, after passing through the Kii Channel, which is the entrance to the bay and the Seto Inland Sea. Ships in a bay may be forced to move by the currents and unexpected phenomena may occur such as the impact of large forces on a pier, uncontrollable lateral motion, and collision of a ship with the breakwater and drifting and grounding. The purpose of this paper is to minimize tsunami disaster for ships in the seto inland sea. In this study, we carried out several types of simulations of ship evacuation from tsunami attack in the seto inland sea. The main conclusions can be drawn from these simulations, a ship can withstand the tsunami by anchoring in the evacuation area.
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Kenji SASA, Kyunghoi KIM
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
319-328
Published: March 25, 2011
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
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The working ratio of ports has been discussed in detail, if the influence of waves is remarkable. On the other hand, it has not considered if they do not locate open sea areas. First, current port operation is clarified by the nationwide questionnaire. Tidal currents are the main factor that makes ferry operation difficult. The difficulty of ferry berthing is finally estimated by revised numerical simulations. The working ratio due to tidal current is newly defined to compare that due to waves. In the ferry terminal of the Seto Inland Sea, the working ratio due to tidal current is lower than the standard of harbour tranquility. Especially, new port planning is required for small sized ferry ports with strong tidal currents.
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Mitsuhiro MASUDA, Kuniaki Shoji, Kiyokazu MINAMI, Koichi MASUDA
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
329-336
Published: March 25, 2011
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
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The present paper describes the application of the moving particle semi-implicit method to a prediction of collision forces on water-front facilities induced by floating vessels washed onto the apron by tsunami. Effectiveness of the application is verified. Solitary waves are applied to simulated tsunamis in numerical simulation and to the model experiments. A pontoon type floating body is applied to floating structures in numerical simulations using the MPS method. The present calculation results are compared with the experimental results and the applicability of MPS method is discussed. Further, after being washed onto the wharf by tsunami, the characteristics of collision force on water-front facilities induced by the floating bodies are discussed.
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Naoki OKAMURA, Jun KAYANO, Kohei OHTSU, Tomomi SUZUKI
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
337-343
Published: March 25, 2011
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
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This paper discusses an onboard large-volume Ka band communication tests between ship and shore through WINDS (Wideband Inter Networking engineering test and Demonstration Satellite) using the stabilizing platform. In the movable satellite communication, it is necessary to not only cancel the ship's rolling, pitching and yawing motions but also to track for the change caused by satellite's azimuth and elevation. In this paper, for cancelling the ship's motions, an autoregressive model for feed forward signal is adopted. With regard to yawing, PD feedback control system is adopted. The objective of this study is to verify the performance of stabilizing platform and the validity of this stabilizing platform on the movable ships without the feedback control by using some beam signal from the satellite.
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Hiromi Yoshida, Hiroyuki Uemura, Naoki Tanaka, Takeshi Inoue
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
345-353
Published: March 25, 2011
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
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Transmitting a weather chart on a fisheries radio voice band, data size of a chart must be less than 3KB in order to keep the required time of a few minutes. Since it has over 340KB data size originally, we need to reduce the size by one hundredth. In this paper, we propose a new compression method for weather chart. Compared with the previous method, proposed method includes the following advantages. Implementation of error detection and feedback system, reducing computational cost by speeding up blanket method, and improvement of visibility by filtering process based on character features.
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Masaaki WADA, Katsumori HATANAKA, Minoru SANO, Hiroyuki HARADA
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
355-362
Published: March 25, 2011
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
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The authors have been working on an innovation of ICT and the utilization of real-time information for the sustainable coastal fishing. In this paper, we report on the real-time resource evaluation of sea cucumber which has warned of dryness because of rapid increase of the catch due to rise of its demand in Chinese markets. The sea cucumber is caught by the dredge net fishing and the resource evaluation can be done by using the position information and catch information of fishing vessels. However, conventional resource evaluations have been done monthly because the information was collected by off-line. Therefore, the authors have constructed the wireless network environment that can be used by the whole area of sea cucumber fishing, and then the position information of the fishing vessels has been collected by on-line through the wireless network. In addition, we collected the catch information by on-line introducing the digital operation diary system so that a weekly resource evaluation can be available for fishermen. As a result, the fishermen have shortened the fishing period by using a new guidepost of real-time resource evaluation besides their intuition and experience for the resource conservation. The fishermen will learn the effect of the resource conservation next year, so they come to be able to control the sea cucumber resource by repeating the sequence and sustainable coastal fishing will be achieved.
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Osamu AMAI, Masato Fujita, Ryota Mori
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
363-369
Published: March 25, 2011
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
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In October 2010, a new procedure was introduced for the D runway at Tokyo International airport (Haneda airport). Before its introduction, a hazard analysis was carried out based on meetings and a questionnaire survey. In the future, the introduction of these kinds of new air traffic control procedures will increase. A meeting is generally held where Brainstorming techniques are used to discuss hazard identification. Participants of the meeting need to meet at the same place at the same time. However, there is a high financial burden and wasted time for the participants. For the reduction of burdens, a methodology for safety assessment utilizing an internet environment was proposed and a test system was constructed. It's a type of information sharing system, but the system is specialized for hazard identification and risk assessment. This paper outlines this system. In the future, as the constructed system is used, the effectiveness of the system will need to be assessed.
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Masato OKAYAMA
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 124 Pages
371-379
Published: March 25, 2011
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
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There are many small islands in the Seto-Inland Sea in Japan. the depopulation and population ageing on these islands have caused amount of people who use ferry and rapid boat lines which connect between these islands and the main island to decrease dramatically. At present, the measures for this situation are trying to be considered but we don't have fundamental data to discuss about this measure, such as actual condition of travel behavior of islanders to the outside of the island. Then, on the basis of the questionnaire survey to the people who live on the Osaki-Kamijima Island, which is located in Seto-Inland Sea, we analyze travel behavior of the people to outside of the island and try to reveal a use actual condition of ferry and rapid boat lines which connect between the island and the main island.
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