-
Article type: Cover
1978 Volume 59 Pages
Cover1-
Published: August 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
-
Article type: Cover
1978 Volume 59 Pages
Cover2-
Published: August 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
-
Article type: Index
1978 Volume 59 Pages
Toc1-
Published: August 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
-
Article type: Appendix
1978 Volume 59 Pages
App1-
Published: August 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
-
Article type: Appendix
1978 Volume 59 Pages
App2-
Published: August 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
-
Article type: Appendix
1978 Volume 59 Pages
App3-
Published: August 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
-
Article type: Appendix
1978 Volume 59 Pages
App4-
Published: August 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
-
Kazutami SHOJI, Yukito IIJIMA, Akio M. SUGISAKI, Hayama IMAZU, Shogo H ...
Article type: Article
1978 Volume 59 Pages
1-10
Published: August 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
False radar images caused by a bridge newly constructed on a ship's route have been observed on a radar P.P.I. In order to estimate appearance of false images and organize preventive measures, a bistatic radar cross section of the bridge is needed. The authors have carried out experiments on radar reflection patterns from the bridge-OSHIMA OHASHI-for obtaining its bistatic radar cross section. The following knowledges from the results of experiments are obtained. i) It is possible to replace the bistatic radar cross section of a bridge with a equivalent rectangle plate, which has the maximum radar cross section [σ_0(θ_i)] at a incident angle (θ_i) and a width of rectangle plate (α_e). ii) The above plate is expressed by the following experimental equations at the case of OSHIMA OHASHI.σ_0(θ_i)=4/9(θ_i)+50 [dB] α_e=0.0022(θ_i)^2-0.83θ_i+13.2 [cm] iii) Using these experimental equations, the characteristics of reflection at any point of a bridge and at any incident angle can be estimated.
View full abstract
-
Tsutomu SUZUKI, Ikuo ARAI, Koichi KIMURA, Kazutami SHOJI, Yukito IIJIM ...
Article type: Article
1978 Volume 59 Pages
11-25
Published: August 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
In a recent year, it has been pointed out that the steel bridges crossing over the waterways sometimes produce the false echoes. To determine whether such echoes cause navigational hazards or not, we must know the false-echo levels. In this paper, we first get the radar equations for the false echoes, and point out the necessity of the radar cross section of a bridge to calculate the echo levels. Second, we consider theoretically how to calculate the radar cross section of the complex reflectors such as a bridge. The calculated results of the radar cross section of a bridge agree approximately with the measured values obtained from Oshima-Ohashi Bridge.
View full abstract
-
Akio M. SUGISAKI, Hayama IMAZU, Kazutami SHOJI, Yukio IIJIMA, Shogo HA ...
Article type: Article
1978 Volume 59 Pages
27-37
Published: August 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
There is a problem of navigation that radar false echoes will occur in narrow channel with bridges in the Japan Inland waters. The authors have constructed a good simulation model to represent a situation of the occurrence of radar false echoes ; the elements of the model are consisted of several submodels such as topography, configuration of bridge, bridge radar cross section, topography radar cross section and so on. These elements are derived from theoretical and/or empirical data. Simulations are executed under the condition that ship's position (location of radar station) will change parametrically. The results of simulations fit the PPI pictures of radar false echoes in a certain area (Oshima Ohashi Bridge). The authors also represent an application of their method to the area that has no bridge and is intended to construct a bridge in near future.
View full abstract
-
Yukito IIJIMA
Article type: Article
1978 Volume 59 Pages
39-45
Published: August 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
In Japan, any berth for a VLCC (Very Large Crude Carrier), at present, has a sonar docking instrument. Being a rather sophisticated instrument, it is expensive. Therefore, it is not part of general berth equipment in other areas. For example, general merchant ships do not have this kind of equipment except for a doppler sonar in certain ships. With the difficulties in docking a ship, some handy and efficient instrument, such as a low speed meter to help docking manoeuvre, should be required. It felt that the self-mixing characteristics of microwave solid state devices such as the BARITT, IMPATT and Gunn devices are available as a simple doppler radar for this purpose. The minimum detectable sensitivity (MDS) at lower frequencies of the doppler effect, from 1Hz to 1KHz, was measured with the intention of applying these devices to a doppler radar. In a experiment with lower frequencies, the BARITT proved its superiority in MDS. The measurement of doppler frequency using an actual moving target in a laboratory situation and a model ship in a ship experiment basin also proved that the doppler frequency has adequate precision for such an application. Using the results of these experiments, the output power of each device needed to cover a distance of 100m for such a radar was estimated. The result proved that the BARITT device would be the best device of the three for the docking doppler radar.
View full abstract
-
Hyeongil SIN, Hiroshi SUZUKI
Article type: Article
1978 Volume 59 Pages
47-56
Published: August 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
Ship's ground speed measured by means of ultrasonic doppler effect intends to get influence by the difference of sound velocity, the sea bottom inclination, the ship's course, the trim and the transducer installation etc. This paper describes theoretical consideration of the ground speed error caused by these influences and analysis by a computer on observed speed data. Comparing the real speed obtained by the ship's radar with the speed of a single beam type Doppler log equipped on the training ship Umitaka Maru, transducer setting error and unknown error were obtained by calculation after removing the errors due to the bottom inclination where the sound hits, and other known errors. Since the residual errorr was in the Gauss's distribution within the error of 5 percent, these analysis might be applied for future designing of Doppler logs.
View full abstract
-
Shigeaki KOHARA
Article type: Article
1978 Volume 59 Pages
57-66
Published: August 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
Directional spectrum may be thought of as the distribution of wave energy with respect to frequency and direction. The method of the analysis of data from gauge arrays to obtain directional spectra was obtained for the first time by Barber. A four gauge system arranged in an equilateral triangular pattern with one gauge located at the center was used as the recording array in a wave tank for the wave simulation. Groups of superimpose sinusoidal wave components were passed through the array. The disectional energy spectra were obtained from the wave records and were compared with the true directions of wave propagation. As the spacing of gauges is very important to obtain the optimum directional spectrum, the optimum spacing of the gauges were recommended. In addition, laboratory generated waves composed of two-directional components are analyzed. The results of the analysis fail to recognize the two superimposed directions of the wave component.
View full abstract
-
Yumio YONEZAWA, Takashi OKUBO, Yuichi MIYOSHI, Yoshio NISHITANI
Article type: Article
1978 Volume 59 Pages
67-74
Published: August 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
The observation of Loran-C signals have been continued by using two Loran-C automatic receiver-indicators. The observed signals were Master, W, X, Y, and Z Secondary signals of 9970 (SS3) Chain. The result shows that the ground waves are quite stable, that the identification of the ground wave and the sky wave is quite difficult even using the automatic receiver, and that the sky wave pattern is quite different from the estimated pattern. The authors describe about the results with some considerations.
View full abstract
-
Yuichi MIYOSHI, Fumio MAEDA
Article type: Article
1978 Volume 59 Pages
75-84
Published: August 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
At present, the OMEGA system has seven stations in full operation and can be used extensively in the world. The accuracy claimed by this system is 1 mile during the day and 2 miles at night. The users of the system, however, have little knowledge about how accurately this system works, which gives rise to the lack of their confidence in this system. This report shows the result of the survey made on the relative accuracy of the system in terms of three parameters, individual ship, area and standard method. The survey started in April, 1977 in cooperation with the marine section of the Sanko steamship company. The result based on about 1200 observations so for obtained shows that the characteristics of the relative positional error is rather similar in all the areas, is different among the ships and is the mixture of the above two with method, i.e. there are different group of the methods in which the characteristics is similar.
View full abstract
-
Takashi HIRAIWA, Yurin SAKAMOTO, Kunisaburo YONETA
Article type: Article
1978 Volume 59 Pages
85-91
Published: August 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
Omega phase difference observations were made continuously at a fixed position (41゜48! 4N, 140゜43!3E) from February 1, 1974 till December 31, 1976, about A-D, A-C, C-D, A-H, C-H and D-H pairs. The statistics of each pair were calculated on the basis of one year of observation. From these results we have attempted to evaluate the accuracies of fixed positions with the above combinations. 1) Accuracies of determined positions when propagation corrections are carried out by the use of PPC tables The standard deviations around theoretical values (obtained by correcting the values shown in the PPC tables to the phase differences between the observation point and two stations) are indicated measured values have a normal distribution around each theoretical in Table 1 assuming that the value. Based on the δ of each pair and the intersecting angle of two position lines the radii of 95 per cent probability circles were calculated (Table 2). 2) Accuracies of determined positions when propagation corrections are carried out by the use of measured ones Each day was divided into 48 parts of 30 minutes and each month into 2 parts, thus a year was divided into 1152 parts, and all conditions were considered to be the same. The differences between the mean values and the measured values for each part presented observation errors, and the distribution around each mean value in the annual population was obtained by accumulating such errors over the 1152 groups respectively (Table 5 (a)). Based upon those data and the angles of cut the radii of 95 per cent probability circles were calculated and indicated in Table 6 (a).
View full abstract
-
Yasuo WATANABE
Article type: Article
1978 Volume 59 Pages
93-98
Published: August 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
Firstly the electro-magnetic wave energy flows (Pointing vector's flows) were calculated around a circular conductor whose radius was 200 meters. Result of the calculation showed that the circular conductor scarcely gave influence to the energy flow which passed of the height of 400 meters at 85KHz. Secondly, energy flows along the flat earth of finite conductivity from 10km to 90km from the transmitting antenna, were calculated. According to the calculation result, in the almost portion of the propagation path, that is from 10km to 70km from antenna, the energy flow passed in a height range of 400〜700 meters so that combination thought with the circular conductor's case came to a conclusion. That is small mountains which are about 200 meters high give little influence to the propagation path at 85kHz.
View full abstract
-
Hideomi NASU, Koichi KIMURA
Article type: Article
1978 Volume 59 Pages
99-107
Published: August 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
For the effect of the ionospheric and tropspheric Doppler error, the position fixing error by 400MHz (one wave) receiver of NNSS (Navy Navigation Satillite System) is larger than by 150/400MHz (two waves) receiver. Especially the position fixing error of the longitudinal direction is affected by the ionospheric Doppler error at day time. This paper describes a simple method to improve the position fixing error of 400MHz receiver without use of the total electron Contents or electric density distribution of the ionospheric layer. First we obtained the two kinds of the correction curves of the apparent deviation of the antenna height to the local time at the receiving position from the observed data (in a few days) for position fixing of the fixed point. Second the position fixing error of the received data in the last half year were recalculated at the apparent height obtained from these correction curves. The position fixing error (R.M.S.) for the total data numbers 177 at the day time was reduced to about a half value. The features of this method are following ; i) this method is able to carry out with only few additional programs. ii) if position fixing data can be obtained on the ship lying at anchor in a few days there is a possibility of the recorrection for the curve of apparent height anywhere and any season.
View full abstract
-
Hiroshi SHINOMIYA
Article type: Article
1978 Volume 59 Pages
109-117
Published: August 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
Instruments have the necessity of the degradation in their characteristics with the lapse of time, which is called "drift". Nautical instruments also have the drift that can not be detected absolutely at sea and accordingly causes routing error. Hence, the course error actuated directly by the drift were studied as for its behavior and effects to distance loss and deviation from original course by computer simulation. The model made for the purpose is shown as follows: x=∫∫vcos(θ)P(θ, t)dθdt y=∫∫vsinθP(θ, t)dθdt where x: distance advanced in original course y: deviation from original course v: ship's speed t: navigating hour θ: course error by drift P(θ, t): p.d.f. of θ in time t And P(θ, t) was led from random walk model.
View full abstract
-
Keinosuke HONDA, Satoru MATSUKI, Kinzo INOUE
Article type: Article
1978 Volume 59 Pages
119-134
Published: August 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
Authors carried out the model experiment for two buoys-mooring system, in the case of GT 5,000t cargo ship, in order to find the critical wave conditions which exist for safe buoy mooring in the harbour under the heavy weather. The wave condition acting on the ship were extensively changed regard to the wave length, wave height and the attack angle of wave to the fore and after buoys center line. As main results for the model experiment in regular wave, it is emphasised that the most important factors affecting the tension of buoy's mooring lines are the drifting force due to the wave than the amplitudes of the periodic ship's motions with six degrees of freedom, and that the critical height of waves for safe buoys mooring may be given 0.8m in the full draft condition and 1.0m in the half draft condition in beam seas to the ship. In addition to these experiment, the simulation for the ship's motion and mooring force were carried out by the linearized numerical model of the multiple buoys mooring system which was developed by the Japan Ship Rerearch Association.
View full abstract
-
Kuniaki SHOJI, Ietoshi YAMURA, Shojiro YAMADA
Article type: Article
1978 Volume 59 Pages
135-143
Published: August 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
The most important point of the control of a spread moored vessel by mooring winches is to find the necessary heaving-in or paying-out length of each mooring line corresponding to the required movement of the vessel. We obtained some formulae analyzed geometrically concerning the relationship between the movement of the vessel and the lengths of the mooring lines. Here, we would like to present mainly about the simultaneous operating system of mooring winches for controlling the combined parallel displacement and rotation of a floating vessel in which the rotating angle is controlled to be proportional to the distance of parallel displacement. This operating system gives the minimum operation for the mooring winches. Some model experiments were carried out in a model basin for confirming the theoretical results. We calculated the required heaving-in or paying-out lengths using the aforementioned formulae for the expected movement of the vessel. Then we gave every mooring winch the required revolving speed proportional to the calculated heaving-in or paying-out length and operated all mooring winches simultaneously. From these model experiments, it was confirmed that the performances of the winches and the movement of the vessel were satisfactorily for all of the cases.
View full abstract
-
Sueo TAKASHIMA
Article type: Article
1978 Volume 59 Pages
145-152
Published: August 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
In order to examine the motions of purse seiner in wave, the measurements of ship motions during fishing operation and during seakeeping trials were carried out using an actual purse seiner, 116GT type. The items measured are rolling and pitching angles. These angles were obtained using a vertical gyro and recorded on a "Visigraph" recorder. The ship motion measurements were carried out during a series of trial runs each of which lasted for 5 minutes with the ship at a speed of 8kts and five headings to the dominant wave direction. On the other hand, the measurements and records of ship motions during fishing operation were continued from the start of shooting purse seine net to the end of hauling net, together with recording the states of net and ship heading. All of these recorded data were used for statistical and spectrum analysis by applying time series procedure.
View full abstract
-
Sueo TAKASHIMA
Article type: Article
1978 Volume 59 Pages
153-157
Published: August 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
It is well known that if we obtain the wave spectrum in a suitable form and the theoretical response characteristics of the ship to the regular waves, it is possible to compute the spectrum of ship motions. In this report, the author calculated the ship rolling motion in irregular waves and compared it with the measured motion. The wave spectrum applied in this calculation were obtained using the Pierson-Moskowitz wave spectrum for the not fully arisen wave, and assumed that the wave spectrum have maximum energy at the natural frequency of the ships rolling. Basic equation for the rolling motion is shown in formula (1). The calculated spectra obtained in this way are compared in Fig. (3) with spectra computed from the actual rolling motion which was measured during the trials at a speed of 8kts on three headings to the dominant wave direction. The statistical values of ship rolling calculated using the calculated roll spectra, are compared with measured values in Figs. (5)〜(6). The agreement between calculated and measured results is reasonable good, although the theory tends to under-estimate the motion in bow waves and to over-estimate it in quartering waves.
View full abstract
-
Sueo TAKASHIMA
Article type: Article
1978 Volume 59 Pages
159-164
Published: August 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
It is generally said that the stability information of a fishing boat during under way or fishing operation should be based upon the metacentric height, GM, and freeboard. These values are very important factors to regulate the ship rolling motion in waves and the safety of fishing. In the case of general fishing boat during operation or under way, however, it is difficult to estimate the value of GM with accuracy at all times. Therefore, the ship operators pay attention habitually to the periods of ship rolling on account of watching the stability. If the predicted characteristics of ship rolling which, with respect to the ship conditions, heading angles and sea conditions, may be obtained by means of reasonable calculation, these characteristics are available to avoid the extreme large heeling angles of the ship and to controll the value of GM. From the point of this view, the author predicted the characteristics of ship rolling in irregular waves by using the method of previous report and the results of practically main ship conditions are shown in Figs. (2)〜(8).
View full abstract
-
Yoshiro IMAEDA, Ryuichi KIMURA
Article type: Article
1978 Volume 59 Pages
165-173
Published: August 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
The experiments were made using a rigid rectangular model tank which was forced to roll with small amplitude. The dimensions of the tank were 100cm×92cm×40cm. The oscillation periods range from the resonance period (T_n) of water in the tank to three times of T_n. The pressure and the wave amplitude in partly-flooded tank were measured. Through a series of experiments, it is found that the impulsive pressures are generated by the water impact (1) of the wave front on the side wall, (2) of the water mass which climbs the side wall and then bounces onto the opposite side wall, and (3) of the wave crests hitting the tank top, when the water levels were 30%, 60% and 90% of the tank depth, respectively. Maximum impulsive pressures on the side wall were observed at the neighbourhood of the still water level.
View full abstract
-
Hiroaki KOBAYASHI
Article type: Article
1978 Volume 59 Pages
175-182
Published: August 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
As the ship grows larger, the operater reports that it is difficult to control the ship at many stage. Although it is important to distinguish controllability, at the present stage of man-machine-system Analysis little is known about the controllability of Ship. The purpose of this paper is to consider the altering course control using the ship manoeuvering simulator. The experiment shows that the control of the altering course is the bang-bang control explaining on ψ_ε-ψ_ε phase plane (Fig. 6), and its switching boundary depends on the its manoeuverability. (Fig. 5) As we assume that the operation is proportional and differential control, the characteristics of the system is decided upon the system's dampping coefficient (1+KK_pT_D)/T (formula (5)). As the ship become lagger, dampping value is smoller, and course setting becomes worse. Although the operater increases the value K_p, T_D to adjust the ship's gain, system becomes worse. The value obtained is shown in (Fig. 8). For nonlinear system its dampping coefficient can be estimated on the phase plane trajectory, so we can evaluate the unstable ship. The dampping coefficient (ζ) obtained corresponds to the result of the altering control. (Fig. 12)〜(Fig. 14)
View full abstract
-
Shihei NOMURA
Article type: Article
1978 Volume 59 Pages
183-192
Published: August 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
This paper deals with the experiments of a 334G, T training ship. The tests were planned to provide information on behaviours of the ship while stopping under reverse propeller revolutions. Obtained results were arranged by apparent advance factor J_s(=U_s/nD), and its feasibility was demonstrated. As for turning motions, left turning motions were observed within a certain range of Js. These results were compsred with other model tests.
View full abstract
-
Yuji KINOSHITA, Keishi SHIBATA
Article type: Article
1978 Volume 59 Pages
193-199
Published: August 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
A series of observations with a radar on the bearings and distances of ships encountered was made on board a refrigerator boat, 413G/T, cruising at 10.6 knots, throughout a round trip of 3, 300n. miles between Tokyo and Singapore, from 4th August to 9th September, 1977. The speed and course of any ship appeared within a 15n. mile range on the radar screen, were determined, and distances between any two ships and distances between them at the nearest point were estimated. The whole observed area was devided into five waters. The mean values of speeds, densities, et al. of ships encountered were calculated by waters. The mean value of every item was the highest in the South China Sea ; e.g. the mean density was 0.005 ships/sq.n. miles in this waters as compared to 0.002 of grand mean.
View full abstract
-
Saburo SUZUKI
Article type: Article
1978 Volume 59 Pages
201-207
Published: August 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
In our country, Vertrauensgrundsatz has been applied to the case of the traffic road at The Supreme Court at the first time on December 1966. Being taken the lead, influencing on cases of various kinds, revised many points of recognition of fault. I believe that it is already in time that Vertrauensgrundsatz shall be applied to recognition of fault at The Maritime Disaster Inquiry. Vertrauensgrundsatz shall be used for a decisional factor of border line of Erlaubtes Risiko and we shall release seamen from a part of general precauion. Consider that seamen are by and large released from a precaution to decrease her speed.
View full abstract
-
Hiroshi SHINOMIYA, Nobusaburo SHIMURA
Article type: Article
1978 Volume 59 Pages
209-216
Published: August 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
The principle of reliacy is the legal principle by which unless under special circumstances all concerned with traffic could rely on other's proper behavior on the basis of rule. When this principle is applied to the judgement for road traffic accidents, it would restrict the negligence on the part of assilant. While, also in the court of Maritime Disaster Inquiry Agency, this principle has become to be quoted frequently, being not expressed in decission. So authors analysed the marine judicial precidents delivered for these 15 years and considered the applicability of this principle to the system of marine traffic.
View full abstract
-
Joji INAGAKI, Koichi KUWASAKI, Tomomi WAKAO
Article type: Article
1978 Volume 59 Pages
217-224
Published: August 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
In case a navigator passes under the bridge-girder, the red margin channel light and the green center channel light fitted on the bridge-girder should be sufficiently recognized by him. In this paper the design process of a channel light consisting of plural light sources is described first, and the process, the result and the consideration of the outdoor experiment are described next. The method of both experiments is visual estimation. In these experiments the pattern and the necessary illuminance at the eye of a channel light were observed. The result is as follows: 1. The longer observation distance is, the smaller necessary illuminance at the eye is. But in case observation distance is very long, necessary luminous intensity is constant. 2. The necessary luminous intensity of one light source of which a channel light is formed is lower than that of a single light source. Furthermore, above mentioned result is discussed.
View full abstract
-
Article type: Appendix
1978 Volume 59 Pages
App5-
Published: August 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
-
Article type: Appendix
1978 Volume 59 Pages
App6-
Published: August 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
-
Article type: Index
1978 Volume 59 Pages
Toc2-
Published: August 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
-
Article type: Index
1978 Volume 59 Pages
Toc3-
Published: August 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
-
Article type: Cover
1978 Volume 59 Pages
Cover3-
Published: August 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
-
Article type: Cover
1978 Volume 59 Pages
Cover4-
Published: August 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2017
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
