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Article type: Cover
1988 Volume 79 Pages
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Published: September 25, 1988
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Article type: Cover
1988 Volume 79 Pages
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Published: September 25, 1988
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Hisashi MATSUMURA
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 79 Pages
1-7
Published: September 25, 1988
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Generally speaking, it is required experimental knowledge to consult the books of laws and regulations in each legal question. For effective and efficient consultation of the regulation, the author has discussed that an introduction of consultation system is an adequate method. The consultation system of Collision Regulation is written in Prolog on the mini-computer, and consists of a knowledge base, an inference engine, a working memory and an interface. A knowledge base is represented by DCKR (Definitive Clause Knowledge Representation) in order to represent hierarchical structure of Collision Regulation. The results of developing the system are summarized as follows. (1) Hierarchical structure of Collision Regulation is represented with additional reference subject. (2) Inference engine forms simple structure. (3) System provides an answer for not defined individual object by asserting it as a lower part of defined prototype object.
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Masaaki INAISHI, Hisashi MATSUMURA, Saburo TSURUTA, Hayama IMAZU, Akio ...
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 79 Pages
9-16
Published: September 25, 1988
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This paper is concerned with an expert system for engine operation at the control tower, as one sub expert system of an expert system for navigation at sea. The purposes of this study are as follows. (1) To classify the engine operation functions. (2) To establish a knowledge representation and inference engine for accumulation and utilization of ship operation knowledge. The knowledge acquired from the engineer and some literatures have been represented by modified production rule. The summary of the results is shown below. (1) The readable knowledge representation has been suggested. (2) An inference engine for forward reasoning that suited to knowledge representation have been constructed. (3) Output of this expert system approximates to actual decision of the engineer.
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Hiroaki KOBAYASHI, Yuji ONDA
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 79 Pages
17-23
Published: September 25, 1988
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Many cases of marine traffic simulation have been practiced to improve in efficiency and safety marine traffic. But mainly method of appraisement of marine traffic is qualitative analysis. And quite honestly, the quantitative analysis has never fixed. In this study, we have practiced marine traffic simulation with micro model, changing the important marine traffic factors as crossing angle of traffic, vessel length, and vessel speed, etc., and we have tried safety assessment of marine traffic with some measurements. And we have known, it is effective to express the marine traffic situation that count the vessel that affect avoid motion. Somewhere else, we have attempted to investigate safey limit problem of marine traffic.
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Akio YASUDA, Makoto HIRATA, Kuniharu OKUDA, Hayama IMAZU
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 79 Pages
25-31
Published: September 25, 1988
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It is proved that the bivariate distribution of the positioning error in GPS can be estimated by the covariant matrix deduced from the allocation of satellites. A covariant ellipsis of equi-probability contour is drawn by standard deviations and covariance of one hundred horizontal positions fixed by a receiver, acquired continuously at every 5 seconds for about 8 minutes. It is then compared with the ellipsis by the covariance matrix deduced from the allocation of satellites at the mid-time of the acquisition. The comparison of 153 samples, observed at Tokyo, of the satellites combinations of 03-06-13, 03-06-09, 06-09-12 and 03-12-13 from March 9th to March 17th '88 confirms reasonably the coincidence of the two ellipses, although small discrepancies, which seem to be depending on the allocation and the combination of the satellites, are observed. Thus the reliable direction of positioning can be predicted by the allocation of satellites, even under the high GDOP allocation.
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Toshiharu KAKIHARA, Tsuyoshi WAKAKI, Saburo YANAGAWA
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 79 Pages
33-38
Published: September 25, 1988
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In order to make a study of the effects of antenna height error on the two-dimensional positioning accuracy of the GPS, calculations of positioning errors were carried out by using assumed and actual allocation of three NAVSTAR satellites. As the results of these simulations, it was found that the positioning error indicates a certain tendency of dependence on the relative position of three satellites in observer's celestial hemisphere.
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Sakae NAGAOKA
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 79 Pages
39-45
Published: September 25, 1988
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This paper describes the results of an interval estimation of the probability of vertical overlap of a pair of aircraft for 1,000ft separation based on the data taken by a height finding radar. A resampling method called the Bootstrap method is used for estimating the distribution of the estimated probabilities of vertical overlap. The results show that the variation ratio (=maximum/minimum) of the estimated probability of vertical overlap is from 10 to 200 for each fitted model used for calculating the probability of vertical overlap by an extrapolation of the fitted curve to the empirical distribution.
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Hirotsugu WAKE, Shunsuke TAKAOKA
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 79 Pages
47-53
Published: September 25, 1988
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An Electronic Chart system is now very important aid for navigation. But there is no standard display monitor and nautical symbols of this system. Therefore a new display system was developed here by an Electronic Chart system made by personal computer. The results were as follows: (1) A lighthouse flashed on the display is very effective for navigation. (2) At the color matching of an Electronic Chart, human functional psychology should be considered. (3) Zoom system is a functionally useful. (4) Electronic Chart should include cross bearing function. (5) Operating Electronic Chart system becomes very easy by using "mouse". Although these results were obtained through a personal computer, we regard this work as an investigation of the progress of universal Electronic Chart.
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Tatsuto YAMADA, Yukito IIJIMA, Shogo HAYASHI
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 79 Pages
55-61
Published: September 25, 1988
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Dragging anchor of a ship causes often a big sea casualty such as grounding, oil spilling, and collision with other ships and a break water. So, it is important to survey ships attitude and foretell dragging anchor in rough weather. We studied the possibility of detection of dragging anchor using a techniques of radar image processing. The video signal of ships was converted to 8 bits digital signal at 40nsec sampling rate and memorized in the 1mega byte memory of personal computer in order to measure 2-dimensional distribution of ship echor. Using these data, we examined the position, the attitude, and the changing attitude of the ship. It will be needed other many observations to establish the more accurate processing method.
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Kiyoshi SUEUCHI, Keigo KOTOH, Takeshi YAJIMA
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 79 Pages
63-74
Published: September 25, 1988
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This paper reports a computer simulation of a new marine search and rescue system, which is applicable under any weather condition, utilizing the marine radar and radar transponder-SART (Search And Rescue Transponder). The purpose of this simulation is to study the relationship between the search distance and consistency of recognition of the new system under various circumstances. Based on the results obtained from this simulation, the performance of this now can be said: 1. the maximum search distance is 13 nautical miles under condition of Beaufort Scale 8 and Sea State 7, and 2. 10% consistency of recognition under any heavy weather and sea condition is indicated within 10 nautical miles in radius. Also, the simulation results under the same sea conditions as those of the sea trials which were carried out at not so heavy weather conditions coincide with the actual results.
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Saburo SUZUKI, Keisuke TSUJI, Masao FURUSYOU
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 79 Pages
75-81
Published: September 25, 1988
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The grabal system for educating of ship's signals reported in 1981 and 1983. But the more cheap and easier device has been required. We developed the easy program to be able to use for every one, using the ordinary personal computer. Considered the following fundamental matters. 1. To be the program written in dialogue, as practicing by oneself. 2. To make own selection of practicing method, type and speed in Morse Code. Method: one letter, one word, one sentence Type: notation of code and/or sound signal and/or light signal Speed: selection of 10 steps between 20 letters and 80 letters per min. 3. To indicate the errata of practice each every time. 4. To indicate the appraisal in being over. 5. To preserve and record the appraisal. 6. To be high frequency in apppearance of wrong code in former. As the result of inspection, it is confirmed that the program is very useful and easy.
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Ryuichi KIMURA, Saburou SUZUKI, Naoki OBIKA
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 79 Pages
83-90
Published: September 25, 1988
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Horn-signal is very important for the safety navigation. When horn-signal is generated by other ship, the direction of signal-source is only judged by sense of hearing. This paper describes the system detecting the signal direction automatically. In this system, when horn-signal is received by three microphones placed in different points, time-lags occurs among the times that signal is caught by each microphones. The direction of signal-source is calculated by the time-lags. As a result, when the signal-source is as much as 1,600 meters distant from measurement place, the direction of signal-source is detected within error value of ±5 [deg].
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Akira NAGASAWA, Kiyoshi HARA, Kinzo INOUE
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 79 Pages
91-100
Published: September 25, 1988
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Recently, some computer simulations have been applied to evaluate the safety of marine traffic flow. There are two problems to be solved for a reasonable explanation of this evaluation. One of them is verification or validation of the simulation model for the evaluation and the other is to clarify the correspondence between the estimated values for safety and the subjective values of the navigator, because there are many differences between a computer and a human being. In this paper, we deal with the difficulties of the situation of collision avoidance that is the essential part of navigational safety. Our simulation model includes the logic of collision avoidance action. To verify the simulation model and to extract the subjectivity, the nocturnal shiphandling simulator at Kobe University of Mercantile Marine was used. Results indicate that both tracks which are taken either by navigators or by the simulation model are quite resemble. Further, the subjective difficulties can be reasonably estimated from the objective values concerned with a ship handling. However, the estimated values of the simulation model are less than mentioned above. The primary reason is the inaccuracy or vagueness of a navigator on the decision making process, then further researches in this field is very important to rate the marine traffic environment.
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Kuniji KOSE, Noritaka HIRATA, Saburo HIRAO, Katsuumi OHHASHI, Yasuhiro ...
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 79 Pages
101-107
Published: September 25, 1988
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Maneuvers in harbors are most important from the viewpoint of safety. In harbors pilots have to lead ships to and from berths with enough accuracy, measuring and predicting the motions, operating many control devices and communicating among many persons. Maneuvering simulators are recently utilized for training operators, assessing safety, developing harbors and designing ships. It is, however, difficult to simulate maneuvering aspects in harbors, especially to project realistic pictures near berths by simulators. In the present report, the details of the harbor-maneuvering simulator developed recently by Hiroshima university are described. The simulator is made up of a C.G.I. system, a bridge mockup with navigational indicators and operation panels and a computer system for real-time numerical calculations. The C.G.I. system can give navigators a wide picture of the objects in a harbor and the own ship on three large rear-projection screens set near bridge windows. Though the simulator thus obtained is a very compact one, it succeeds in simulating realistic aspects of harbor maneuvers in a laboratory room.
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Tatehiko MIKI, Akio IMAI
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 79 Pages
109-116
Published: September 25, 1988
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Sea borne container carriers are competing too hard each other on major container lines like the line between Far East and North America. They are seeking the effective shipping planning method. There are a few studies on shipping planning under a given cargo which a carrier should transport without competitors. In this study, we suggest a shipping planning model with multi-carrier in order to determine the strategy of carries in actual competition. The optimal service level and scale of fleet are determined by this model which consists of two sub-models: (a) shipper's behavior sub-model, (b) carrier's facility planning sub-model. Some case studies show the effectiveness of this model.
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Masayoshi KUBO, Kenji ASAKI, Naokatsu SHIMODA, Shunsaku OKAMOTO
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 79 Pages
117-124
Published: September 25, 1988
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Containers usually receive various types of impact forces on the way of distribution. In order to decrease these impacts, the container cargoes are packed by cushioning materials, but the container itself is not equipped with the cushioning units anywhere. In this paper, the cushioning units which consist of air spring and coil spring are fitted to a 20 feet steel container, and fall tests are carried out for various weights and falling velocities. It is found that the cushioning units are very effective and that the cushioning process can be fairly well simulated by a simple one dimensional model, and some other interesting results will be presented in the paper.
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Yutaka WATANABE
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 79 Pages
125-131
Published: September 25, 1988
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The containerized transportation was begun in the early years of 1960's, and its volume has been increasing much every year in proportion to the development of Japanese economy. At the present day, it has been obvious that the containerized transportation takes a very active part in cargo flows on the sea and in port, but that has been unknown at inland area. This study presents attempts to discuss the application methods of aggregate transportation demand models, with the object of having thrown light upon the present condition and quantifying the characteristics of the inland flows of containerized cargo. This study refers to the reports of the investigations made by Japan Container Association. The survey period was for two days in July 1983 and 1986. The objects of them were to improve the containerized cargoes transported by trucks at inland area. This paper shows the second analysis of this report which analyzed the characteristics of the area of East Japan.
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Kinzo INOUE
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 79 Pages
133-140
Published: September 25, 1988
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At the present paper, a safety assessment procedure is proposed to quantify the level of the potential risk latent in the process of the ship maneuver, in which the concept of the hidden maneuvering area is introduced. The hidden maneuvering area is defined as the imaginary water area which might be used in order to deal with the accidental urgencies during the ship maneuver, though it is not used actually. Accordingly, if no obstacles such as shoals or banks exist within the hidden maneuvering area, it is considered that the safety of the ship maneuver can be guaranteed. As the extent of the hidden maneuvering area is formed corresponding to the intensity of the power to cancel the momentum of the ship movement, so it becomes capable for us to evaluate the room of water area for the ship maneuver and its safety, using the intensity of the applied power as a kind of parameter.
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Isaku AMEMIYA, Isamu OHSUGI
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 79 Pages
141-149
Published: September 25, 1988
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The NIPPON MARU, 2570 ton 4-masted bark, was built in 1984 to replace former NIPPON MARU as a sail training ship for the cadets of Institute for Sea Training, Ministry of Transport, Japan. The authors have carried out the experiments to measure her sailing speed, leeway, apparent wind direction and speed and others in trade-wind zone of the North Pacific Ocean. In analyzing these experimental data, we have got ship speed/true wind speed ratio for each trim angle of yards and sail condition. Secondly, we have got aerodynamic coefficients of her sails, by solving the equilibrium equations in steady sailing conditions. The results are as follows. In respect of ship maneuvering, she made a speed of more than 75% of true wind speed in close-hauled under fullsails, when her propellers were revolving freely. Stays'ls were effective when she sailed in the range from close-hauled to beam reach condition. In following wind condition she made a speed of 20% of the true wind speed under fore and aft sails only. In respect of aerodynamic performance, her sails stalled at 25 degrees of the attack angle and had a considerably larger lift and drag forces than those by wind tunnel test. Her thrust force coefficient was maximum at close-reaching because of no interference of the aft sails to the fore sails, and thrust force mainly depended on her sail area.
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Naoki KUSHIDA
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 79 Pages
151-156
Published: September 25, 1988
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The subject of this study is to construct an adaptive identification method of the ship's manoeuvring index T, K (by NOMOTO) and W (wind, current, etc). The parameters contribute to a design of adaptive pilots and manoeuvring information. (1) First, a discrete mathematical model of a ship, TKW model, is introduced. (2) Second, an adaptive mechanism (by LANDAU) is shown, where maximum length sequence signal is added. (3) Finally, good results by sea trial are shown, and also compared with zigzag test, manual/auto course changing test and spiral test.
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Toshihiko NAKATANI, Kohei OHTSU, Michio HORIGOME
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 79 Pages
157-167
Published: September 25, 1988
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A ship's main engine is regulated by a governor. The object of governor is to suppress the variation of revolution of propeller. The variation of propeller revolution is induced by ship's motion in many cases. In this paper, the authors statistically analyzed the effect of ship's motions to the variation of propeller revolution, using a multi-dimensional autoregressive model from actual ship's motion data. As a result, we gained the following conclusions; a) the variation of propeller revolution is mainly induced by pitching, heaving and rudder motion. b) the present governor may be not effective in a rough sea condition. Using their results, the authors propose a new digital governor (AR governor) using a statistical autoregressive model. In this governor, the pitching and/or heaving information are adopted except for the propeller revolution's one.
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Hisashi KUGUMIYA, Hiroaki KOBAYASHI, Yoshikazu FUJIOKA
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 79 Pages
169-175
Published: September 25, 1988
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Lying on single anchor is a common practice for seafarers when they are to make their ship fast at an open sea room. And it is also the well known anxiety whether the anchor is effective enough to keep the ship safe at the original position in a strong wind. We calculated the motion of a ship lying on single anchor in rather a strong wind, and it is our belief that we could propose a tentative estimation method of time spared before the anchor started dragging
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Sairo ISHIHATA
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 79 Pages
177-184
Published: September 25, 1988
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In the final stage of berthing maneuver, ship's master and pilot concern mostly with the transverse approaching speed of ship's hull toward the berth. In this paper 47 cases of actual maneuver of VLCC were investigated. The method of berthing is affected remarkably by the individual. Although berthing speeds scatter in broad range, berthing maneuver can be classified into three types; I: efficient type, II: prudent type, and III: unstable type, and the characters of these types are investigated. In conclusion, the following numerical figures are proposed. The approaching speed (in cm/s) of berthing is convenient to be half of the distance (in m) between the ship and the berth.
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Masayoshi KUBO, Katsuhiko SAITO, Shigeki SAKAKIBARA
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 79 Pages
185-194
Published: September 25, 1988
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It is well known that hydrodynamic coefficients of a floating body depend on the frequency. Moreover, authors contemplate that they depend on the region of the fluid formed by the hull form and quay walls. In this paper, it is clarified that the hydrodynamic coefficients vary considerably by the shape of the quay wall. And some comments for the accurate calculation are proposed in use of two dimensional singularity-distribution method.
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Masayoshi KUBO, Katsuhiko SAITO, Shigeki SAKAKIBARA
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 79 Pages
195-201
Published: September 25, 1988
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Ship motion moored along a quay wall requires three dimensional analysis, but it is said to be very laborious. In this paper, the ordinary strip method is improved to be able to calculate the ship motions moored along the quay wall, and the experiments are carried out to verify the methods. The obtained results are summarized as follows; (1) The existence of a quay wall should be considered for the estimation of the hydrodynamic coefficients. (2) In the case of beam seas, the theoretical and experimental results of the ship motions agree fairly well with each other when the wave excitation forces are calculated by the improved method. (3) In the case of quartering seas, the degree of agreement is less than that of beam seas.
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Hisaaki TAKAYAMA
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 79 Pages
203-212
Published: September 25, 1988
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Multiple regression analyses were carried out for Wasens, traditional wooden Japanese coastal fishing boats, to estimate total resistance coefficient, 5γT, in 0.5-1.2 Fn▽. And the analyses were used tank test data of 120 hull types with 44 items based on nine hull form parameters and its related terms. The multiple regression equations and regression coefficients were obtained in consequence of removing items, which F value was smaller than 2.0. The characteristics of regression coefficients from the nine basic hull form parameters have positive or negative effect to the 5γT in each Fn▽, but the items have also complex effect to the 5γT, in 0.5-1.2 Fn▽. As a result of the experiment, it was supposed that when the regression equations were applied to a Wasen in a range of hull form parameters, the total resistance coefficient values would remain almost the same.
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Mitsuo YOSHIDA, Takashi KURODA, Hiroyuki SHIMADA
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 79 Pages
213-220
Published: September 25, 1988
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A newly designed social surveys were conducted at three different kinds of schools of mercantile marine, ordinary state-run and women's junior colleges. Simple formats of semantic differential method were provided to find common factors among the sea, ships and seamen. As a result, three factors of dynamism, affective evaluation and mental closeness, almost the same ones as the authors' previous studies, were obtained by procrustes rotations. Mercantile marine students had better images than other non-marine students, and also they had higher mean factor scores of images than the maritime students of ten years before. A method of fuzzy discriminant analysis was proposed to discriminant fuzzy groups and applied to those three college students using the data concerning those sea affairs.
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Yoshiro IMAEDA, Sukita NAKAHARA, Akitaka DOI, Akira TACHIKAWA, Kojiro ...
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 79 Pages
221-229
Published: September 25, 1988
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An experimental study of seasickness was carried out on board a training ship, and the results were compared with those obtained previously by the authors. The acclimatization effect were also estimated by simple regression analysis. Linear multiple regression models which relate the degree of motion sickness and several factors (such as MSQ scores, ordinary health status, behavioral characteristics, etc.) were investigated with regard to an information criterion.
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Article type: Appendix
1988 Volume 79 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1988 Volume 79 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1988 Volume 79 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1988 Volume 79 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1988 Volume 79 Pages
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Article type: Cover
1988 Volume 79 Pages
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Article type: Cover
1988 Volume 79 Pages
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