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Article type: Cover
1993 Volume 89 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1993 Volume 89 Pages
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Article type: Index
1993 Volume 89 Pages
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Article type: Index
1993 Volume 89 Pages
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Tsukasa NAGAHATA, Kenichi HIRANO, Yasuhiro OKAMOTO
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 89 Pages
1-8
Published: September 25, 1993
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So far as we know, the work here is the first investigation about the relative differences between maritime certificates and other different ones by mariners' own evaluations. The purposes of this paper are to describe correlations among the maritime certificates and to propose the new way of analyzing. The original data are analyzed from the questionnaire for Japanese mariners and the former ones. The number of persons who replied to the questionnaire totals 905. About 80% of respondents are active mariners and about 50% have the 3rd grade certificate and the higher ones. So this sufficiently indicates that the results in this paper reflects contemporary mariners' opinions. The authors aim to define three kinds of the evaluation vectors and some evaluation distances among each certificate, and to propose the relative difficulty distance by measuring quantitatively the difficulty to obtain these various certificates.
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Mitsuo YOSHIDA, Takashi KURODA, Hiroyuki SHIMADA
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 89 Pages
9-14
Published: September 25, 1993
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Masayoshi KUBO, Katsuhiko SAITOU, Tsuyoshi OKI
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 89 Pages
15-21
Published: September 25, 1993
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In the previous paper, we carried out model tests under wave action in order to investigate motions of a ship moored by the prevention system of ship separation from quay wall. In this paper, we introduce an approximate calculation method of ship motions under system. The obtained results are summarized as follows : (1) Excluding the wave force and moment over a range of the prevention system, we can calculate the moored ship motions under the system. (2) The ratio of dynamic wave force to static force of the system can be calculated, and our experiments are performed under the condition of same order of both forces. (3) Even if horizontal wave moment is larger than the static moment of the system, roll motions become small by an increased damping force due to the ship side wall contact with fender.
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Masayoshi KUBO, Katsuhiko SAITO, Shigeru UEDA, Manabu OKADA
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 89 Pages
23-27
Published: September 25, 1993
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The Guide is a proposed facility which makes fishing boats entry into harbor safe under strong wind and waves condition. Particularly waves interrupt ship navigation at many harbors where an entry problem exists. Therefore, we have carried out some experiments on the effectiveness of the Net Type Guide under high wave conditions. In broaching-to condition, a vessel used to collide with the Guide. The collision speed against the Guide is approximately the sum of vessel's sea speed and the instantaneous surface water particle velocity. The energy of such a collision presents a problem for the long-term structural integrity of the Guide. So, the shock absorbing system should be designed against the collision speed involved surface water particle velocity.
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Hideki HAGIWARA, Ruri SUZUKI, Susumu KUWASHIMA, Makoto HIGASHI
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 89 Pages
29-38
Published: September 25, 1993
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In this study, an advanced weather routing system using INMARSAT data communications has been developed, and the onboard experiment has been carried out since 1990 with the container ships plying Japan-California route. After the first experiment performed in Nov. 1990-Mar. 1991, the system has been improved mainly in the following points. (1) The data communication speed was increased up to 4,800 bps by using new INMARSAT terminal with data/fax line, which enabled us to send a large amount of information such as surface pressure charts to a ship. (2) The function to evaluate the captain's route was added to the system. (3) The wind/wave data set based on 10-day numerical forecasts by the U.S. National Meteorological Center was prepared for the optimum route calculation. Using the improved system, the second onboard experiment was performed in Nov. 1992-Mar. 1993 and the effectiveness of the system was thoroughly demonstrated.
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Kinzo INOUE, Jun Mao JIANG, Sairo ISHIHATA
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 89 Pages
39-49
Published: September 25, 1993
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When a ship is turning, the rotational motion is about a vertical axis. The postition of this axis is influenced by the ship's shape, the ship's motion and the point of impact of various forces acting on the ship. The axis moves about with a change in the lateral and rotational motion of the ship, we call the position of this axis a pivot point. In the present paper, how the pivot point wanders about with a change in the forces that affect the ship is discussed taking into account the rudder effect, the propeller effect, the wind effect and the effect of tug assistance. The numerical examinations were carried out using a computer analysing system which can generate ship's motion under the mathematical simulation model and show simultaneously the estimated position of the pivot point on a graphic display.
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Seiichi TAKEDA, Kaname SATOH, Kentaro KOBAYASHI
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 89 Pages
51-61
Published: September 25, 1993
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In order to clarify the hull response of fishing boat encountering ocean waves, it is essential to understand the wave characteristics. For this purpose, we measured the wave height and hull response in the actual sea, and the time series data reached into 5,000 cases. In this paper, the data were analyzed statistically. The maximum and minimum values of wave amplitudes divided by the standard deviation σ of surface elevation are nearly equal to the values estimated by using Rayleigh distribution as well as double amplitudes. The same results are obtained on the pitch and roll motions, too. On the stress, it is confirmed that the values of sagging condition are larger than the hogging in the same sea states. On the other hand, the analyzed values of the highest 1/100 wave amplitudes and the ones of maxima and minima of pitch amplitudes from measured data are larger than the estimated by Rayleigh distribution.
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Toshio ISEKI, Kohei OHTSU, Kiyokazu MINAMI
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 89 Pages
63-70
Published: September 25, 1993
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Motions of a small boat in the vicinity of a large ship is complicated because of three kinds of waves which are radiation, diffraction and incident waves. Although some reports have been made on this subject, there are few reports which could grapple with it from the viewpoint of the optimum approaching course to the large ship. In this paper, the authors propose an evaluating method for the approaching course of a small boat which is approaching alongside a large ship in irregular waves. The method proposed here consists of two steps. The first step is the estimation of frequency response functions for the ship motions and the free surface elevation by using the three dimensional integral equation method. The second one is a calculation for the distribution of significant wave height around a ship. We report some results of numerical calculations and discuss the optimun course for small boat to the large ship.
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Makoto ENDO, Hiroaki KOBAYASHI
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 89 Pages
71-79
Published: September 25, 1993
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Joy stick controller, one of the most effective assistant in berthing, is studied from the point of view of navigator-ship collaborated operation. An architecture of joy stick control system of a ship equipped with a controllable pitch propeller, a Schilling rudder and a bow thruster is proposed and some simulation results are presented in this report. The proposed joy stick controller is designed to remove interactions among manipulated variables, i.e. CPP pitch, bow thruster pitch and Schilling rudder angle, in order to ensure easy and safety operation. To implement this non-interaction control system, following two techniques are employed ; linearization of mathematical model of maneuvering motions and decoupling by coupling controllers. Simulation results are finally reported to show the successful operation along the idea.
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Tsukasa HOKIMOTO, Nobuo KIMURA, Kiyoshi AMAGAI
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 89 Pages
81-89
Published: September 25, 1993
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In this paper, the authors propose the statistical method to give us information about the balance of the subjects on the ship. As the consequense of the cross-correlation and cross-spectral analysis, we got inferences that statistical characteristics when subjects can't keep his balance, it is significantly different from the one that subjects can maintain his balance stable. The large changes of these statistics occur from several seconds before off-balance. Based on this result, we-show that these information can be compounded to the component of eigenvector of correlation matrix. The application of this method to our data showed that the movement of eigenvectors which correspond to the largest and the secondary largest eigenvalue could evaluate the condition of balance and forecast when human body can't keep balance.
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Kuniaki SHOJI
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 89 Pages
91-97
Published: September 25, 1993
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When they go on board the ship or live on the floating offshore structures, livability is the important point of issue. One of the most important subject of livability is the motion sickness. On the motion sickness many experiments have been executed on actual ships by another authors. In this report author studied seasickness by using training ship, Shioji Maru. The characteristics of the grade of seasickness, meal absorption and livability were examined by making inquires. Wave, ship motion and acceleration were also measured. From the experiment, seasickness was related to acceleration of ship similar to another experiment by actual ship. The other characteristics were also related to acceleration of ship. From the measurement of ship motion, comfortable area of Shioji Maru was estimated. These considerations by using actual ship are useful for considering the livability of the floating offshore structures.
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Kinzo INOUE, Katsuya TAMAI
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 89 Pages
99-107
Published: September 25, 1993
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It is desirable that mariners' preference is considered into the design process of the layout of break water and the dimension of harbour entrance. In the present paper, evaluation model is proposed to show the sense of safety that mariners would feel during the passing manoeuvre at the harbour entrance by a quantitative index. Mariners can navigate with less anxiety if there are enough space of water within their visual field from the bridge. The larger the sea room the greater the safety margin, and vice versa. In the proposed model, the extent of the sea room lying between the edge of ship's blind area and the break water was calculated under the image of the three dimensional visual field. And the index was defined as shown in Eqs. (1)〜(4). On the basis of this studies, it is possible to know how much percentage of mariners can accept the designed layout and dimensions of the break water.
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Kiyoshi AMAGAI, Nobuo KIMURA, Tsukasa HOKIMOTO
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 89 Pages
109-120
Published: September 25, 1993
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The fleet number of the leisure boats has increased even in Hokkaido as the marine leisure spreads. Questionaire investigation regarding present condition and safety consciousness of small ship operator were carried out for the purpose of securing the safety of small ships like leisure boats and small fishing boats during the sailing and fishing. As a result, the following problems obviously consist in present condition. 1. To ensure the waterway in the fishing area. 2. To make the hydrographic guide map of fishing port. 3. To standardize the mark for fishing operation. 4. To obligate the maintenance of the engine. 5. To develop the organization of leisure boats and to arrange its institution. 6. To establish the supply system of fishing information for leisure boats.
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Pi-Kuei KUO
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 89 Pages
121-132
Published: September 25, 1993
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Firstly, introduced is the state of art in ship handling simulator applications for the maneuvering safety studies in Taiwan. Secondly, proposed was the procedure for real-time simulation tests being based upon the concept of elemental maneuvers and the development of maneuvering plan. Case studies of Taiwanese waters for showing the methods of evaluating the maneuvering difficulty and its safety had been illustrated. The results are summarized as follows. (a) Though it is difficult to determine the critical value of indices showing diffculty at each elemental maneuver under complicated environmental conditions, it is a practical solution to evaluating the difficulty by taking account of the subjective opinion of the ship handlers together with the objective indices studies. (b) In order to have a more objective evaluation of the maneuvering safety in a port, it is recommendable that both assessments of difficulty and safety are to be carried out.
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Masayoshi KUBO, Katsuhiko SAITO, Manabu OKADA
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 89 Pages
133-139
Published: September 25, 1993
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In this paper, field surveys at five harbors facing Sea of Japan are carried out. The hearing study on the safety of ship entery into the harbor are performed. We understand many detailed problems. Ship entry into harbor becomes difficult when the wind waves condition is severe. Although offshore breakwaters are constructed to improve wave condition at the harbor entrance, the further desire to improve the ship entry is strong in the results of our hearing study. Therefore, it is necessary to secure the sufficient harbor tranquility with a facility in addition to breakwater from the view point of the safety of the ship entry. It is cleared that the fishermen wish "MARINE GUIDE FENCE" to keep away collision of a fishing boat from breakwaters or some obstacles near a harbor entrance.
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Masayoshi KUBO, Katsuhiko SAITO, Shinji MIZUI, Kouji SEIDA
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 89 Pages
141-150
Published: September 25, 1993
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Ships generally, increase or decrease their speeds and turn inside a port. The time for these manoeuvres has to be taken into account even if they are high speed vessels. Recently, a time saving for transportation is required for the sake of high speed transportation, so it is necessary to make a time consuming model based on the ship speed inside a port. In this paper, a calculation model for the required time is investigated using three types of ferry boats. Obtained results are summarized as follows ; (1) The time should be divided into two portions, a time Te for speed up or down, and a time Tt for turn. (2) The time Tt is almost same for a same turning angle of each ship, Tt can be calculated as follows. Tt=(H)/θmax+t_1, where, (H) is a turning angle, θmax is a maximum turning angular velocity and t_1, is a required time to reach the angular velocity. (3) The time Te can be obtained by the following equation. Te=α+D/Vn×β where, D is a length of a fair way, Vn is a sea speed, α and β are the constants obtained by the experiments. (4) In the experiments, a waiting time for another ship is also observed, so we should have a margin for the required time estimation.
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Makoto MOTOIZUMI
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 89 Pages
151-159
Published: September 25, 1993
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This paper proves the applicability of the new search method (cf. VOL. 88) in cases of elliptical error distributions and in cases of second and subsequent searches. The author applies the new search method (M) and typical conventional search methods (method A and method B) to actual cases and compares results. If total probability of discovery is taken to be M-Pt, A-Pt, and B-Pt, as shown in the tables and figures, the new search method is seen to be from 3 to 7 times more effective than conventional methods, even short-term search operations with jet planes.
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Masaaki INAISHI, Akio M. SUGISAKI
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 89 Pages
161-168
Published: September 25, 1993
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This paper concerned with a picture recognition neural network system for course estimation. A subject of recognition is a picture of target ship which can be seen in the bridge. This system consists of four functional blocks ; a picture input block, a picture processing block, a picture recognition neural network block and an output block. The neural network topology is four-layered network, which includes Tschebyscheff layer. Pictures of one fiftieth scale model of the Shioji-maru, a training ship, are used for supervised training pictures. Recognition ratio which is equal to similarity of a test picture and the supervised training picture is calculated by the neural network outputs. And an estimated course is decided by distribution of the recognition ratios. The summary of the results are shown below. (1) Possibility of course estimation which makes use of the picture recognition neural network is found. (2) Accuracy of course estimation is about ±18 degree. (3) Time required of course estimation is about 4.5 second using a 22 MIPS computer. (4) If the picture of different style of ship from the Shioji-maru as the supervised training picture is inputted to this system, course estimation capacity is insufficient level. (5) Information of a navigation image understanding system building is obtained.
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Takuya ONO, Hayama IMAZU
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 89 Pages
169-177
Published: September 25, 1993
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A lookout is very important in the operation of a ship. Many accidents occur by the insufficiency of a lookout. Many accidents will be able to be prevented previously by automating lookout system. It needs to create the understanding system of an image because a lookout does by vision. This study was done about image segmentation as a first step for that. Because the image of the sea is a natural image, automating lookout system must be adapted to an environment. An image partition system by the system that is adapted and can be changed to simple knowledge and an environment was constructed for that. We try to make it system.
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Yuji HAYASHI, Nobukazu WAKABAYASHI, Tadahiro KITAHASHI, Hirotsugu WAKE
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 89 Pages
179-186
Published: September 25, 1993
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We have focused on image processing and understanding techniques for mechanization of ship operator's eyesight, and studied extraction of navigation information, especially the distance between a target and own ship, from an image of the target at sea. In this paper, we describe Nexus Ranging System (NRS for short) which is speeding up ranging system using specially designed image processing machine "nexus-6800" and algorithm. NRS consists of nexus-6800, engineering work stations, an optical disk recorder and a video camera as the hardware. Images are fed into nexus-6800 by the video camera through the optical disk recorder. NRS processes the input image for binarization at first and edge detection. After putting away its noise, NRS extracts a horizon and waterline without a thinning process. Then, the coordinates (x, y) of the horizon and waterline are used for computing the distance by the ranging equations which have been reported in a series of the studies. NRS has processed 214 image and computed the distances. It is possible for NRS to measure the distances with the error rate less than 11 percent of radar distances. The accuracy is fine-grained enough for practical use.
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Kinzo INOUE, Shigeru USAMI, Wataru SERA
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 89 Pages
187-195
Published: September 25, 1993
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When the difficulties of collision avoidance in a restricted water is discussed, it must be taken into account that the collision avoidance actions are limited due to the existence of marine obstacles in the vicinity of own ship and target ships. If a mariner can choose any action from a two dimensional action space of collision avoidance which is composed of an orthogonal axis of course-change and speed-reduction, it is thought that the encountering situation gives a minimum difficulty. On the contrary, if only limited action can be taken, the mariner must feel much more difficulty for the encountering situation. Such difficult situations can be found in the cases of encountering in restricted water such as inside a harbour, near a marine construction site and in a narrow waterway. On the basis of the above consideration, in the present paper, a model is proposed to estimate the difficulties of collision avoidance in a restricted water by taking the remainder of the action space excluding obliged or limited action space into account.
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Keiko MIYAZAKI, Fujio KANEKO, Masayoshi NUMANO, Yujiro MURAYAMA
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 89 Pages
197-205
Published: September 25, 1993
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To keep navigation of large high speed vessel safe, effect of navigation aids were examined using simulator experiments. We asked expert ship operators to maneuver the simulator and answer questionnaire to evaluate the effect subjectively. The answers were analyzed by applying PCA (Principal Component Analysis). The following things are cleared. PCA is useful to analyze the operators' subjective evaluation of the effect on navigation aids. As a result of PCA, ARPA, RADAR (indication rate is 3 second) and decision-making support are particularly effective among navigation aids and support. Then, in night navigation, the operators are influenced by the aids and support more than condition of sea area. On the other hand, the operators are deeply influenced by sea condition rather than navigation support in day navigation.
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Michio HAYASHI, Kouhei HIRONO, Hayama IMAZU
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 89 Pages
207-215
Published: September 25, 1993
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High speed vessels transportation will be in operation in a few years at congested sea area. So it is important to evaluate the safety of navigation including high speed vessels there. In this paper, we studied the characteristic of risk due to high speed manoeuvre at congested sea area, and proposed the basic idea concerning risk evaluation method. At first, we carried out some experimental studies using a real-time ship handling simulator, and obtained the following results. (1) The limit of mariner's information processing ability is related to the frequency of encountered vessels that mariner should pay attention. (2) Reducing own speed gives the allowance on time to process information about other vessels because encounter frequency decreases. However, there is appropriate speed of high speed vessels meeting with congested traffic environment. Finally, we found that there are two main factors which caused risk of navigation, mariner's information processing ability and ship handling ability. And we considered that it was effective to analyze the relation of these two factors in order to evaluate the risk of high speed navigation at congested waters.
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Michiyasu ODANI, Kenichirou SUGIMOTO
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 89 Pages
217-225
Published: September 25, 1993
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This paper aims to analyze the behavior involved in a passengers' choice of high speed vessels (Jet Foil). The results are based on the findings of surveys which were given to Jet Foil passengers. Jet Foil service, which began operation in April of 1987 between Osaka/Kobe and Takamatsu, was studied. The survey was carried out 6 months after the introduction of Jet Foil service, and 6 months before the completion of the new bridges connecting Honshu and Shikoku Islands. These bridges provided a new alternative route by JR line between Osaka/Kobe and Takamatsu. In this paper, first, the former means of transportation previously used by Jet Foil service will be looked at. Also, the reasons for changing over to Jet Foil service will be analyzed. This analysis will be examined from the passengers' views of comfort, convenience, price and so on. Finally, passengers were polled about their future choice of transportation, considering the new alternative route by JR line now available.
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Hideyuki KITA, Hajime KONDOH
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 89 Pages
227-236
Published: September 25, 1993
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As one of the planning alternatives, a network with a roundabout at the bay center has been suggested for some congested bays especially in Japan. However, no research can be found which models the performance of a marine traffic roundabout. This study aims to analyze traffic phenomena of ships in a roundabout for evaluating the performance of a marine roundabout. A microscopic mathematical model was built to analyze the traffic behavior from a view point of traffic engineering. The model describes the ship behavior trying to merge onto the circulating lane from an approach of roundabout, which is recognized as a sequence of T shaped crossings, and models the time adjustment behavior of merging ships to have a safe merging into the stream of circulating ships. The validity of the proposed technique has been tested through a case study.
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Nobuo ARIMURA, Kazunari YAMADA, Shinobu SUGASAWA, Jirou IKEGAMI
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 89 Pages
237-243
Published: September 25, 1993
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Relations among various elements on vessel performance were statistically analyzed based on the Japanese Vessel Specifications, Specifications for Domestic Vessels in Japan (8,362 vessels, 1992) and ship maneuverability tests at sea (320 vessels). Relations of various elements are expressed by regressive linear equations of logarithms. Results are useful for statistically evaluating the maneuvering support system that estimates the dimensions of other vessels based on watch data. For example, the following equation represent the relation among the vessel length L, gross tonnage GT, sea speed V, and stopping distance, wherein σ denotes standard deviation. logGT=3.004logL-2.543, σ=0.254 (1) logV=0.368logL+0.400, σ=0.079 (2) logD_s=1.446logL+0.010, σ=0.016 (3)
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Saburo TSURUTA, Goro KOYAMA
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 89 Pages
245-252
Published: September 25, 1993
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For the transfer planning in a freight terminal, passage width is one of the main factors. Although three passage widths are important for transferring by a truck, there are very few reports about right-angled passage width. So the experiment is carried out mainly on the right-angled passage width by using a forklift-truck and a hand-truck. The summary of the results is shown below. 1. It is possible to arrange the experiment data of "delay time" by the intersection area without regard to inlet or outlet passage width. Here, "delay time" is defined as the difference time between the time to pass right-angled corner and the time to go straight the same distance on the same width passage. 2. It becomes possible to estimate the delay time from the truck velocity on straight passage and the product of the length and breadth of a truck.
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Masashi KAWAI
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 89 Pages
253-260
Published: September 25, 1993
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The orbit analysis of the geosynchronous satellite ETS-V was carried out using a satellite orbit computation program with a new radiation pressure model, and an outline of the program and the results are reported in this paper. Ranges between each tracking station and the satellite ETS-V had been observed using 2GHz radio waves for 48 hours from December 12 to December 15, 1987 at three tracking stations. Range data were picked up every 4 seconds in 10 minites every hour, and 19702 data were analyzed in this study. The results are as follows. (1) Observed accuracy of the range data is 1 or 2 meters. (2) RMS of residuals between observed ranges and calculated ranges is 2.0 meters for 48 hour arc. (3) It is found that averages of the residuals for every hour have variation of 12 hour period and about 1 meter amplitude. An exact cause of the variation in the residuals has not been completely explained, but it seems that a main cause of it is a variation of 12 hour period in earth orientation parameters. It is necessary to verify new radiation pressure model used in this paper by analyzing range data of other satellites. Verifying the model and explaining the cause of variation of 12 hour period are subjects in future.
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Sakae NAGAOKA
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 89 Pages
261-268
Published: September 25, 1993
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The required navigation performance (RNP) is a new concept which describes the navigation accuracy required for an aircraft when flying within a specified airspace. This paper first examines the method proposed by Flax et al. for deriving RNP values based on the double double exponential (DDE) distribution in relation to the route spacing. Then the consideration on RNP values for a different error distribution model, i.e., N-DE model (consists of the Gaussian core and the double exponential tail) is made. The results of the calculation based on the method indicate that a possible RNP value for the N-DE model differs considerably from the value obtained using the DDE model. This result suggests that the model selection for the core distribution should be carefully made when determining RNP values for oceanic airspace based on the method.
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Kenji NIIMI, Akira ISHIDE, Mitsuhiro FUJITA
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 89 Pages
269-275
Published: September 25, 1993
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Automatic Dependent Surveillance (ADS) is a system whereby aircraft automatically transmit, via data link, data derived from onboard navigation system such as INS. It is expected to improve the ATC surveillance capability in oceanic aerospace. The ADS Pacific Engineering Trials are being conducted to collect basic data for ADS. The trials were conducted using INMARSAT satellites and Japan Airlines' B747-400 aircraft with a low rate satellite data communication system on overseas flights in the NOPAC route. The results of the trials are shown as follows ; 1) The aircraft movement in the oceanic space can be monitored accurately. 2) The ratio between ADS request transmissions and ADS data receipts was 88%. 3) The transmission delay of most ADS data is less than 79 seconds. 4) The distance between ADS-and SSR-derived positions is less than 2.4 nautical miles after a long transpacific flight using INS.
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Article type: Appendix
1993 Volume 89 Pages
App2-
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Article type: Appendix
1993 Volume 89 Pages
App3-
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Article type: Appendix
1993 Volume 89 Pages
App4-
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Article type: Appendix
1993 Volume 89 Pages
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Article type: Cover
1993 Volume 89 Pages
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