日本金属学会誌
Online ISSN : 1880-6880
Print ISSN : 0021-4876
ISSN-L : 0021-4876
29 巻, 1 号
選択された号の論文の21件中1~21を表示しています
  • 門間 改三, 佐田 岳夫
    1965 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 1-6
    発行日: 1965年
    公開日: 2008/04/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    As already known, magnetic properties of Alnico permanent magnets can be improved by forming columnar crystals whose long axis are parallel to one of the ⟨100⟩ axis. In practice, chill iron plates are inserted in conventional baked sand moulds, to achieve the directional freezing in the casting. This procedure, however, is not yet satisfactory. A new method of producing a fully columnar crystal magnet, based on the zone melting plus the rapid directional cooling, has been described, which is named as “Zone Melting & Crystal Orientation Method” by the present writers. In this report, columnar crystal forming conditions and the possibility of production techniques have been examined and the effects of zone melting conditions such as the zone melting temperature, traveling rate and atmosphere have been studied. From the results of these studies, it is concluded that, if the suitable condition may be chosen, Alnico magnets made by this method have always a fully columnar crystal structure and excellent magnetic properties.
  • 今井 清一, 萩原 務
    1965 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 7-12
    発行日: 1965年
    公開日: 2008/04/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    In order to study the strength of metals under an explosive load, the measuring method with a newly devised apparatus was investigated. The results of the explosive tensile tests on 0.5% carbon steel and 6/4 brass specimens by the apparatus were discussed.
    This tensile test apparatus is designed to impart a direct explosive power to a specimen through two pistons. The tensile acceleration was measured by a piezo-electric accelerometer, and the acceleration and stress measured by the load cell were simultaneously recorded by a dual beam synchroscope. From a numerical integration of the acceleration, the strain-rate and elongation were culuculated.
    The variations in stress, strain, strain-rate and elongation during the explosive tensile tests were examined with a static curve. The results are summarized as follws:
    (1) Since the response to an acceleration measurement and its integration are more sensitive and accurate than that to a direct measurement of elongations, present method is considered to be suitable for analyzing the impact elongation of a specimen.
    (2) The yield stress, maximum stress and elongation were larger than those obtained by the static test, the details of which were investigated by the stress-acceleration-time cuve and the dynamic stress-strain curve.
  • 小沼 稔
    1965 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 12-18
    発行日: 1965年
    公開日: 2008/04/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    At a constant stress, the flow stress of polycrystalline copper can be given by τ_f=τ_μ+k ·d^-1/2, where τf: flow stress, τμ: resistance force to gliding dislocations, k: ability of slip to propagate to an adjacent grain, and d: mean radius of grains.
    From the dependency of strain on τμ, the strains at (1) ε<∼0.1% and (2) ∼0.1<ε<∼1% are known to be nearly in linear relationship, and their coefficients of strain hardening are measured to be 4∼20×10−3 μ and 6×10−3 μ where μ is the modulus coefficient. These values agree approximately with the theoretical values calculated from models of pilled-up dislocations. Further, softening always occurs at ε>10%.
    The effects of temperature, impurities, strain and neutron irradiation on the resistance to gliding dislocations can be explained with models of pile-up dislocations, i.e., piling-up of dislocations against the grain boundaries, and cross slip of dislocations.
  • 小沼 稔
    1965 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 18-22
    発行日: 1965年
    公開日: 2008/04/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    At a constant strain, the flow stress of polycrystalline copper is expressed as τ_f=τ_μ+k ·d^-1/2, where τf: flow stress, τμ: resistance force to gliding dislocations, k: ability of slip to propergation to an adjacent grain, and d: mean radius of grains.
    In this paper, this equation is deduced theoretically from a piled-up dislocation model against grain boundaries, and the variations in k with strain, solute atoms, temperature and neutron irradiation are discussed. Furthermore, the stress-strain relation is obtained theoretically and decreasing of the rate of strain-hardening with increasing strain is explained.
  • 今井 勇之進, 藤村 全戒
    1965 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 23-28
    発行日: 1965年
    公開日: 2008/04/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    The present paper is a part of series of the study on the effect of alloying elements upon the creep strength of 25Cr-20Ni type steels at 800°C under a low tensile stress. The relation between the creep properties (duration up to 1500 hr) and the formation of the σ phase was chiefly studied on two series of the low carbon steels, that is, in the ranges of 20∼30% chromium at 20% nickel and of 16∼26% nickel at 25% chromium. The specimens for the creep tests were heated at 1150°C for 1 hr and air cooled, after heating at 800°C for 10 hr. The applied stress was 1 kg/mm2 in all the steels tested except the case of low carbon 25Cr-20Ni steel, H 10, with which the dependence of applied stress (up to 3 kg/mm2) was investigated. The results obtained are summarized as follows: (1) With increasing of the chromium content, the amount of σ phase is increased and the creep elongation becomes larger. While, in the range of the nickel content above about 20%, the increase of the nickel content suppresses the formation of σ phase and reduces the creep elongation. (2) The formation of the σ phase from austenite promotes the secondary creep rate, but the σ phase already formed has nearly no effect. (3) The rate of the σ phase formation in 25Cr-20Ni steel is hardly affected by the level of an applied stress.
  • 今井 勇之進, 藤村 全戒
    1965 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 29-33
    発行日: 1965年
    公開日: 2008/04/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    The effects of manganese, molybdenum and silicon on the creep behaviours at a high temperature of low carbon 25Cr-20Ni steels under a low level of tensile stress were studied, chiefly in the light of the formation of the σ phase. The results obtained are summarized as follows:
    (1) As the manganese content increases in the range of 2∼5%, the creep elongation increases owing to the formation of the σ phase. Molybdenum and silicon have the same tendency in the range of 1∼3%, but their effects are more remarkable than the case of manganese.
    (2) The formation of the σ phase in 25Cr-20Ni steels is remarkable in the case of containing alloying elements such as molybdenum, silicon, etc. It may generally be said that the secondary creep rate at high temperatures is increased with the rate of formation of the σ phase from austenite, and that the σ phase already formed hardly affects the secondary creep rate.
  • 古川 徹
    1965 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 34-40
    発行日: 1965年
    公開日: 2008/04/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    As the first stage of a study of the age hardening behavior in 17-7 PH stainless steel, some factors which are considered to contribute to the age hardening were investigated. The results obtained are summarized as follows: (1) The transformation of austenite to martensite was not observed on cooling from the aging temperature. (2) The hardening due to strain aging appeared to be only a little. (3) 17Cr-7Ni stainless steel (no Al) was somewhat hardened by the aging treatment below 500°C, but its age hardening ratio was very low compared with that of normal type 17-7 PH stainless steel (0.08%C, 1.2%Al). (4) ELC type 17-7 PH stainless steel (0.01%C, 1.2%Al) was exceedingly hardened by the aging, hardness and tensile strength obtained were lower than those of the normal type 17-7 PH stainless steel. (5) The normal type 17-7 PH stainless steel in martensite matrix was remarkably hardened by the aging, and the age hardening ratio increased with the Al content. (6) From the above, the following may be drawn: Al would have an important effect not only on the Ms temperature but also on the age hadening. The remarkable age hardening in this steel would be mainly caused by the reaction concerned with Al, and the unique age hardening characteristics would be shown by the interaction of the reactions concerned with Al and C.
  • 佐藤 史郎
    1965 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 41-47
    発行日: 1965年
    公開日: 2008/04/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    In a previous paper, the author reported the result of a survey on the phenomenon of embrittlement during annealing in the manufacturing process of aluminium brass tubes. This paper deals with the factors affecting the embrittlement of 70-30 brass during annealing. The factors investigated in this experiment were the degree of tensile stress, holding temperature, holding time in a limited temperature range and grain size. The specimens were annealed in various stress conditions while being fixed to the bending block or extended by compression bolts. The results obtained were as follows: (1) The degree of embrittlement increases with increasing of stress and of holding time in the relaxation temperature range. (2) The intercrystalline void which is the origin of embrittlement is formed at 300°∼350°C and hardly diffuse away during recrystalization and grain growth, although the form of voids changes. (3) The susceptibility to the embrittlement of brass increases with the increasing of grain size. (4) The phenomenon of the embrittlement during anneal can be explained by the mechanisms for the phenomenon of cavitation fracture of metals due to creep at a elevated temperature.
  • 佐藤 喜久治, 土井 俊雄
    1965 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 48-52
    発行日: 1965年
    公開日: 2008/04/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    Changes in electrical resistivity of age-hardenable Cu-Ti alloys containing approximately up to 3%Ti and furnace-cooled from 800°C were measured at room temperature and in the temperature range from room temperature up to 870°C with the constant heating rate of 3.7°C/min.
    (1) The room-temperature resistivity increased with increasing Ti composition in general, but those of the alloys containing about 1%Ti were anomalously higher than those of the other composition.
    (2) At a constant rate of heating, a clear decrease of resistivity in the temperature range between 380°C and 500°C was observed in the alloys containing approximately 1%Ti, but it was no longer observed in the alloys containing more than 1.2%Ti.
    These phenomena mean that the rate of precipitation during furnace-cooling is anomalously slow only in the alloys containing approximately 1%Ti.
    (3) In Cu-0.54%Cr-Ti alloys cooled from 800°C in the furnace, the same anomalous behavior of electrical resistivity as that of Cu-Ti alloys was also observed at the composition of about 1%Ti.
  • 佐藤 喜久治, 土井 俊雄
    1965 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 52-57
    発行日: 1965年
    公開日: 2008/04/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    A large histeresis of electrical resistivity has been observed only in the age-hardenable Cu-Ti alloy containing approximately 1%Ti, when measured the Cu-Ti alloys containing up to 3%Ti in the temperature range between room temperature and 870°C with a repetition of heating and cooling.
    The detail of this phenomenon was studied here. The electrical resistivities at room temperature and the liquid nitrogen temperature were measured on alloys containing 0.6, 1.0 and 3.0%Ti during isochronal and isothermal agings.
    Histeresis was observed not only in the containing 1.0%Ti but also in those containing 0.6 and 3.0%Ti. In the alloy containing 0.6%Ti, histeresis was very complex. Histeresis was observed in the alloys containing 1.0%Ti and 3.0%Ti at 200°∼600°C and 400°∼750°C respectively. The histeresis was considered to be due to the different mechanism of precipitation between isochronal cooling and heating processes. The activation energies of nucleation and growth of precipitates are required in the course of isochronal cooling from 800°C, while only the activation energy of growth of precipitates is requiered in the course of isochronal heating because nuclei have already been created in the clooing process.
    In the alloy quenched from the α phase, an increase in electrical resistivity was observed in the early stage of isothermal aging at the temperature just below the solubility-limit-curve. This increase might be due to the formation of clusters of Ti atoms.
  • 中沢 一雄
    1965 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 58-63
    発行日: 1965年
    公開日: 2008/04/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    Using the high carbon steel and hypereutectoid alloy steels containing chromium, tungsten, vanadium and titanium, the electric resistance, differential dilatation and magnetic intensity were measured during the heating process of specimens water-cooled from various austenitizing conditions, in order to investigate the effects of carbide dissolution and alloying elements dissolved in the austenite on the behavior in tempering. As the results obtained, the following have been summarized: The increase in carbon increases the change of each of the first, second and third stages of tempering. The change of the first stage becomes smaller with the increasing content of each alloying element, especially vanadium and titanium, at the same temperature. The decomposition of retained austenite in the chromium steel exhibits a discontinuous occurrence over a wide range of temperature and in the high chromium steel the high temperature decomposition occurs, while the change of decomposition at the low temperature range does not show a single process but tends to consist of two different processes. Such processes are considered to relate to the corresponding changes in the heating process fitted in the S-curve and to the influence of the coexisting martensite. Tungsten, vanadium and titanium decrease the retained austenite, especially titanium having the remarkable tendency. Titanium and vanadium contained in the high carbon alloy steel lower the electric resistance of its martensite matrix. Titanium tends to have a secondary hardening effect though not remarkable.
  • 美馬 源次郎, 坂巻 清司
    1965 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 64-69
    発行日: 1965年
    公開日: 2008/04/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    Mechanical properties of metals are remarkably affected by the grain size. Petch found the quantitative relationship between the yield stress, σ, and the grain size, d, to be in the following formula σ=σ0+k·d−1⁄2. As this equation is significant theoretically and practically, it has been studied by many workers. In an attempt to examine Petch’s equation from an entirely different angle, the authors investigated how the dimensions of specimens would affect the relationship between mechanical properties and grain size. The variations of flow stress against grain size are divided in to three parts, i.e., the part obeying Petch’s equation, that affected with the specimen dimensions and that to be dealt with as a single crystal. In the part affected with the test-piece dimensions, it is found that the flow stress, (σ) is related to the grain size, (d) and constant values (A,B) determined by the thickness and width of specimens as follows: σ=σ_0+A(log1/d-logB).
  • 小野寺 可典
    1965 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 69-73
    発行日: 1965年
    公開日: 2008/04/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    The effect of ultrasonic vibration on casting of a high purity intermetallic compound semiconductor InSb was studied. The sample was sealed in an evacuated silica tube of about 7 mm in diameter to which the energy was transmitted through a low m.p. metal. The sample was then frozen by normal segregation. In the following, the results of casting experiments with the application of ultrasonic vibration are described in comparison with the data obtained in the same condition except without ultrasonic vibration.
    (1) Microscopic observation, X-ray diffractometric analysis and measurements of electric resistivity and specific gravity showed that ultrasonic vibration accelerates the precipitation of InSb as primary crystals for InSb alloys. This effect is related to the nucleation function promoted by ultrasonic vibration.
    (2) Metal microscopic observation of etched InSb alloys indicated that the crystal acquired a fine-grained structure by ultrasonic vibration.
    (3) It was confirmed by gas analysis by means of a mass spectrometer and by measurement of specific gravity that the application of ultrasonic vibration decreased the gas content of InSb roughly by a factor of ten.
    (4) Ultrasonic vibration was effective in producing a homogenous impurity distribution in InSb.
  • 本間 正雄, 大野 レイ一
    1965 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 73-78
    発行日: 1965年
    公開日: 2008/04/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    In order to confirm a rate-limiting process in the desulfurization of ferroalloys in vacuum melting, a kinetic study has been made. The vacuum melting of Fe-S, Fe-C-S and Fe-C-Si-S alloys was carried out at 1350°C and in the temperature range of 1500°∼1600°C, using a molybdenum resistance furnace and two induction furnaces, respectively. After the alloys were heated to 1350° and 1600°C under argon at 1 atm pressure, evacuation was carried out. The increasing order of the rate of desulfurization is Fe-S<Fe-C-S<Fe-C-Si-S, in good agreement with the previous experiment. This result can be explained by an equation which is applicable when the process of evaporation of desulfurization products from the surface of iron melt is a rate-limiting step. Even if the effects of carbon and silicon on the diffusion coefficient of sulfur in iron melt are considered according to a theory, this result cannot be explained by an equation based upon Fick’s first law which expresses the rate of desulfurization when the process of transport of sulfur through a diffusion boundary layer is a rate-limiting step. In the desulfurization of Fe-S alloys at 1600°C, the condensation coefficient α is in the range of 0.09∼0.18 when the desulfurization is made by the formation of atomic sulfur. In the desulfurization of Fe-Si-S alloys at 1600°C, the condensation coefficient α is 6.5×10−3 when the desulfurization is made by the formation of SiS.
  • 本間 正雄, 大野 レイ一
    1965 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 79-85
    発行日: 1965年
    公開日: 2008/04/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    The first objective of this study is to confirm how the porosity of crucibles and argon pressure affect the deoxidation of Fe-C alloy in induction melting. Synthesiezed Fe-C alloys were melted in vacuum at 1600°C for 5 min in two kinds of crucibles different in porosity, and were melted under various argon pressures. In the range of 0.1∼3%C, the oxygen contents of the Fe-C alloys melted in a crucible having a higher porosity are generally lower than those of the Fe-C alloys melted in a crucible having a lower porosity. In both cases, the oxygen concentration shows no tendency to decrease with increase of the carbon concentration from about 0.1 to 3% and the oxygen concentration is much higher than that expected from an equilibrium relation between carbon and oxygen. The oxygen contents of the Fe-C alloys melted in argon at 1 atm. pressure are lower than those in equilibrium with CO or CO plus CO2 at 1 atm. pressure. The second is to confirm how far the deoxidation of iron alloy proceeds by a Si-O reaction in vacuum induction melting. Fe-Si alloys containing a very small amount of carbon were melted in vacuum at 1600°C for 2 to 15 min after heated up to 1600°C in argon at 1 atm. pressure. Deoxidation proceeds rapidly and the oxygen concentration becomes lower than that in equilibrium with SiO2. The oxygen concentration is in the vicinity of that in equilibrium with SiO at 10−1 mmHg in the following reaction:
    (This article is not displayable. Please see full text pdf.)
    \ oindentThe oxygen contents of the Fe-Si alloys containing more than about 0.8% silicon are the same order as those of the Fe-C alloys containing more than about 0.1% carbon.
  • 堀内 良, 吉永 日出男, 浜 葆夫
    1965 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 85-92
    発行日: 1965年
    公開日: 2008/04/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    In Al-Mg and Al-Cu alloys, a new type yielding accompanied by a remarkable yield drop was observed when they were pulled above about 350°C. In order to determine the characteristics of this high temperature yielding phenomenon, several binary aluminium alloys were investigated by tensile tests at various temperatures from room temperature to 500°C and various strain rates from 4×10−4 to 4×10−2 sec−1. The results were as follows: (1) This yielding were observed only in Al-Mg and Al-Cu alloys in which the size difference between solute and solvent atoms is relatively large, but not observed in pure aluminium and such alloys as Al-Ag, Al-Li and Al-Zn in which the atomic size difference is relatively small. (2) This yielding occurred above a lower temperature with increase of the solute concentration and decrease of the strain rate. (3) Work hardening after the yield drop was practically zero. (4) The stress drop in this high temperature yielding was not so rapid as those in usual yielding phenomena, but it proceeded relatively slowly. The preyield strain in this yielding was fairly large. (5) Under the conditions where this type of yielding was observed, the flow stress was severely affected by the test temperature and the strain rate. This temperature and strain rate dependence of the flow stress can be expressed by the state equation of \dotε=A σ^n exp(-U_0/kT). In Al-5.5 at%Mg, n=2.8∼3.3 and U0=1.4 eV. In Al-2.2 at%Cu, n=4.5 and U0=1.5 eV. (7) Any heterogeneous deformation related to this yielding phenomenon was never observed, and that the flow stress was independent of the grain size.
    From these experimental results it was concluded that the plastic deformation under the conditions where the high temperature yielding occurs is controlled by the viscous motion of dislocations which drag the soulte atmosphere around them, and the remarkable yield drop observed is due to the increase of mobile dislocation density during plastic deformation, as proposed originally by Johnston.
  • 太田 陸奥雄, 橋本 文雄
    1965 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 93-98
    発行日: 1965年
    公開日: 2008/04/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    Eleven Al-Zn base ternary alloys were studied by the measurement of electrical resistivity. An approximate method to estimate the binding energy between an atom of a third element and a vacancy was derived. The results are as follows: (1) It is possible to estimate the value of binding energy between an atom of a third element and a vacancy from the time required to reach the maximum electrical resistivity in the isothermal aging curvs of Al-Zn-X ternary alloys. (2) Binding energies between an atom of Cu, Ag, Ca, Cd, In, Si, Ge, Zr, Sn and Mn, and a vacancy are measured to be <0.23, <0.23, 0.27, 0.32, 0.39, 0.28, 0.33, 0.33, 0.43, <0.23 (±0.05) eV, respectively. (3) Effect of the valence of a solute element on the binding energy between an atom of a third element and a vacancy is remarkable. (4) Effect of the atomic radius of a solute element on the binding energy is smaller than the valency effect. (5) For the concentration of a third element as studied, the effect of ten elements, except Mg, on the initial aging appears to be determined by the values of binding energies.
  • 吉田 進, 永田 徳雄
    1965 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 99-104
    発行日: 1965年
    公開日: 2008/04/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    In order to investigate the plastic properties of metals at strain rates from 102 up to 104 sec−1, an apparatus for impulsive loading has been built by the Hopkinson pressure bar type technique. In this method, a cylindrical specimen is inserted between two long, thin elastic bars and compressed rapidly by transmitting a rectangular stress pulse generated by the impact of a bar. Stress-time relations at both ends of the specimen are recorded by means of strain gauges mounted on the elastic bars near the specimen. The records are analysed and the dynamic stress-strain relations for metals are obtained.
    Results obtained from some preliminary experiments are as follows:
    (1) A compressive stress pulse of a rectangular form with little disturbance at its head is realized by rounding the impact bar head.
    (2) The change in the wave form of such a pulse is negligibly small during its propagation through an elastic bar.
    (3) A preliminary experiment using high-purity aluminium specimens, polycrystalline and annealed, shows that stresses at both ends of a specimen closely coincide with each other during the deformation except for a period of about 30 μsec after its onset. Therefore, excluding the initial short period, it is meaningful to discuss stress and strain relations in the specimen according to this method of analysis.
    (4) For the initial period of deformation mentioned above, the result of analysis shows some difference between the two stresses at both ends of the specimen. It is explained that this difference is mainly due to the effect of reflection of the incident pulse head at the end of the loading bar.
  • 佐々木 悦男
    1965 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 105-109
    発行日: 1965年
    公開日: 2008/04/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    Both the casting shrinkage and the total thermal expansion in a solid state (from room temperature to melting or solidus temperature) of ZAC#1, Silmin (13%Si), AZ91 and pure Zn were measured when there was nothing to prevent the thermal shrink of casting such as insert cores. The relationship between the casting shrinkage and the total thermal expansion was also discussed. The main results are as follows. (1) The casting shrinkage of metals takes a value close to the total thermal expansion of metals in a solid state, but the relationship between them is very complicated. (2) Both the solidification manner of castings and the temperature distribution in castings during solidification are very important functions for the relationship between them. For the solidification of casting in a pasty manner, the casting shrinkage becomes larger than for the solidification of casting by the skin formation, and the casting shrinkage becomes smaller as the temperature gradient in castings increases.
  • 森永 卓一, 後藤 武夫, 高橋 恒夫, 間宮 巌
    1965 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 110-116
    発行日: 1965年
    公開日: 2008/04/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    The phase transformation of hypo-eutectoid Cu-Be alloys (2.5 to 4.0 wt%Be), during the cooling from the α+β region temperature, has been investigated.
    The specimen were held in a furnace for a designated time and temperature and then put into a quenching media such as cold water, room temperature oil and 70°C hot-water. Cooling rates of the specimen was recorded with a pen-type oscillograph recorder, and the phase transformatlon within β and α phases was investigated by microhardness test, microstructure observation and X-ray diffraction. The results in connection with the inferred phase transformation diagram under metastable continuous cooling may be summarized as follows:
    (1) The supersaturated α phase can be retained even at a lower cooling rate by oil quenching. However, the transformation of a high temperature β phase is considerably affected by the cooling rates of different quenching media.
    (2) It is suggested that by water quenching the high temperature β phase is retained only with a slight amount of widmanstätten type proeutectoid α, but at a lower cooling rate as in oil quenching an appreciable amount of proeutectoid α and or eutectoid decomposition products is observed in the β region with the resulting hardening.
  • 角田 吉弘, 渡辺 義雄
    1965 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 116-117
    発行日: 1965年
    公開日: 2008/04/04
    ジャーナル フリー
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