日本金属学会誌
Online ISSN : 1880-6880
Print ISSN : 0021-4876
ISSN-L : 0021-4876
64 巻, 10 号
選択された号の論文の21件中1~21を表示しています
  • 高岡 英清, 榧谷 孝行, 浜田 邦彦, 坂部 行雄
    2000 年 64 巻 10 号 p. 825-830
    発行日: 2000年
    公開日: 2008/04/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    Degradation of adhesive strength was observed during high temperature aging.
    Lead in the solder migrated to the interface between the ceramics and the thick silver film. The degradation of adhesive strength occurred due to partial peeling of the thick silver film/ceramics interface as a result of the migration of lead. The presence of tin in the silver film is responsible for the migration of lead.
    A decrease in the solid solubility limit of lead in the silver solid solution due to the diffusion of tin into the silver, initiated the migration of lead. We found, that bismuth and thallium, each of which tends to have the same solid solubility in silver and tin as lead, migrated to the thick silver film/ceramics interface and caused the degradation of the adhesive strength of the silver thick film. Therefore, this phenomenon can be explained in terms of the decrease in the solid solubility limit of lead, bismuth and thallium in silver solid solution due to diffusion.
  • 野中 勝彦, 中嶋 英雄, 三ツ井 誠一郎, 越後谷 淳一
    2000 年 64 巻 10 号 p. 831-837
    発行日: 2000年
    公開日: 2008/04/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    The knowledge of self-diffusion of various elements is important for understanding and elucidating the long-term dissolution of the nuclear waste glass.
    The self-diffusion coefficients of Na and Cs in P0798 simulated nuclear waste glass have been measured by an ion beam sputter-sectioning technique using the radioactive isotopes 22Na and 137Cs. The temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficients in each temperature range in P0798 glass below the glass transition temperature Tg can be expressed by the following equations:
    (This article is not displayable. Please see full text pdf.)
    \ oindentThe 22Na diffusivity was about ten orders of magnitude larger than 137Cs diffusivity at 573 K. The large difference in the diffusion coefficients is explained in terms of the ion size effect, the mixed-alkali effect and lower Cs concentration compared with Na in P0798 glass.
  • 山田 毅, 都筑 隆之, 廣田 雅, 河内 幸雄
    2000 年 64 巻 10 号 p. 838-844
    発行日: 2000年
    公開日: 2008/04/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    The high specific strength and stiffness of titanium alloy matrix composites (TMCs) with continuous fiber reinforcement are attractive for aerospace structural applications. However, the enormous production cost of TMCs is a serious impediment to their practical applications. One promising approach to reduce the production cost is the application of a superplastic forming technique to TMC parts manufacturing. A series of superplastic-formable TMC sheets, SiC/Ti-4.5Al-3V-2Mo-2Fe (SCS-6/SP-700) composites, were developed, and both their superplastic deformation and the defects generated during this deformation were investigated. The diaphragm-forming method (DFM) was adopted of a superplastic forming technique to reduce the tensile flow stress generated in the TMC sheet during deformation, and using this technique blade-shaped models were successfully fabricated without any observable defects in the fiber/matrix interface. In this study, TMC blades for an aerospace engine have been developed using DFM, and their burst strength was evaluated by a spin test. TMC sheets with 39-ply SCS-6 were formed by DFM and isothermal forging. Two SP-700 root blocks were attached to the deformed TMC by means of vacuum hot pressing. This near-net-shaped composite was machined to the final configuration. While no defects were observed by optical microscopy in the TMC blades, several un-bonded areas were found in the diffusion-bonded interfaces. The configuration of these interfaces was complex, and the plastic deformation of the matrices did not confer sufficient contact between the mating surfaces due to one-directional loading of the pressing. As the result of the spin test, the TMC blades burst at a tip speed of 782 m/s, which was 11% lower than the expected speed based on the material data. The break originated in an un-bonded area.
  • 長谷川 英雄, 畑中 達也
    2000 年 64 巻 10 号 p. 845-850
    発行日: 2000年
    公開日: 2008/04/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    The Young’s modulus(E) of Sn-Pb binary alloys was measured with the piezoelectric composite-bar (PCB) method in the temperature range from room temperature to near the melting point. By comparing these experimental data with those reported by elsewhere, we showed the merits of this measuring method and discussed the cause of the great discrepancies in E among researchers. Results are summarized as follows.
    (1) With increasing temperature, E decreased gradually and had an abrupt drop just around the solidus temperature at which the liquid phase appears in the solid for all specimens. Furthermore, a small drop in E which was probably due to β→α phase transformation was detected in 10Sn-90Pb. From these facts, it was clarified that PCB method made possible to accurately measure the temperature dependence of E over wide temperature range which had never been measured for Sn-Pb binary alloys. (2) With increasing Sn concentration, E increased monotonically. (3) Values of E and it’s temperature dependence using PCB method were in relatively good agreement with experimental data by Savage et al. and Pan though in poor agreement with those reported in other tensile test studies. From the detailed analysis of measuring conditions, the cause of discrepancies among researchers can be rationally explained by the differences in the range of frequency and strain on loading. (4) In the PCB method, a frequency of approximately 100 kHz, a strain of the order of 10−9 and a strain rate of the order of 10−3 s−1 were estimated. Although the strain rate was comparable with that of the conventional tensile test, the strain was very small. Since the plastic deformation does not occur at small strain, the PCB method measures E in the true elastic region.
  • 松本 峰明, 中島 達郎, 北岡 諭, 松原 秀彰, 倉本 繁, 菅野 幹宏
    2000 年 64 巻 10 号 p. 851-856
    発行日: 2000年
    公開日: 2008/04/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    Measurements of gas emission during fracture of Al2O3 and ZrO2-8 mol%Y2O3 sintered in air were carried out under ultrahigh vacuum using a mass spectrometer in order to examine the effect of entrapped gas on densification and microstructure development of the materials. Analysis of the spectrometer revealed that nitrogen being introduced from the sintering atmosphere was mainly emitted at the moment of fracture for both materials. During prolonged sintering, the density of Al2O3 tended to decrease and the amount of emitted gas increased. In contrast, the density of ZrO2-8 mol%Y2O3 did not decrease and the emitted gas tended to decrease in the course of sintering. These results of sintering behavior were concluded to result from the difference in nitrogen diffusivity between the materials.
  • 西坂 寿人, 浅野 滋
    2000 年 64 巻 10 号 p. 857-861
    発行日: 2000年
    公開日: 2008/04/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    Internal friction was measured as a function of temperature for several types of low-alloy high-strength martensitic steels. In the spring steel of SUP7, tempered at 773 K of the usual standard condition, an internal friction peak was observed at about 200 K after cathodic hydrogen charging. The peak is attributable to the hydrogen cold work peak or the Snoek-Köster relaxation, although it was observed without cold work in this tempered martensite.
    The above internal friction peak disappeared after tempering at 973 K, but reappeared at the same temperature only in the cold-worked state. This means that it is caused by the Snoek-Köster relaxation based on the hydrogen-dislocation interaction in this high-strength steel, as has been well-established in pure iron. When tempered below 773 K, the relaxation was not seen clearly because of a very high background. A requisite condition for observation of the relaxation is therefore a moderate density and an adequate mobility of dislocations.
  • 沼田 英夫
    2000 年 64 巻 10 号 p. 862-868
    発行日: 2000年
    公開日: 2008/04/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    We have previously suggested that two kinds of hydrides (MH) are formed on the surface of titanium aluminide (TiAl) after electrochemical treatment in sulfuric acid. However, it is difficult to distinguish between the two kinds of MH from the microstructure of the specimen using normal techniques. The purpose of this study is to clarify the extent of the region in which the two kinds of MH exist across the specimen’s cross section.
    Depth dependence of XRD patterns were obtained by mechanically removing thin layers from the surface. It was found that the MH with the hexagonal structure (MHHEX) exists in only the outer layers, while the MH with a tetragonal structure (MHTET) exists mainly in the inner layers. Thermal desorption spectrometry and quadrupole mass spectrometry of TiAl after electrochemical treatments and Ni plating showed a complicated spectrum curve. This was caused by the decomposition of the two kinds of MH formed on TiAl as well as the MH of the Ni-plating layers at different temperatures. SEM observations of the cross section showed that the region in which the two kinds of MH exist extended 10 μm from the surface of the TiAl, with the MHHEX region extending 2 μm from the surface. MHHEX region’s hydrogen concentration was highest. The decomposition temperature of MHTET was lower than that of MHHEX. This indicates that hydrogen atoms diffuse to region of higher hydrogen concentration, which means that MHHEX is more thermally stable and has more absorption sites than MHTET.
  • 須崎 明, 渡辺 徹
    2000 年 64 巻 10 号 p. 869-877
    発行日: 2000年
    公開日: 2008/04/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    In this investigation, the crystallographic structure of electrodepositd Co film obtained from aqueous bath and five kinds of organic solvent (ethanol, formamide, N-methyl formamide, N,N-dimethyl formamide, and dimethil sulfoxide) bath were studied in detail. The results indicated that in organic solvent bath, the current efficiency was relatively high, and the deposited film was formed as an aggregation of Co crystals with hcp structure at low current density. The surface morphology of the deposited Co film was smooth. In contrast, the current efficiency became small; the Co crystals were refined so that the amorphous-like structure was formed under high current density. The surface morphology of deposited Co film was undulated. The reason of refinement of Co crystals was due to the contamination of solvent molecules or of decomposed solvent molecules in the deposited film, and the change of surface morphology was due to the adsorption of solvent molecules on the surface of deposited film.
    However, in aqueous bath, the Co crystals were not refined, and the amorphous-like structure was not formed although the current efficiency was changed with the change of current density. In this case, crystals with fcc structure were detested in the deposited film.
  • 上田 勇治, 高倉 亘, 池田 正二
    2000 年 64 巻 10 号 p. 878-881
    発行日: 2000年
    公開日: 2008/04/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    The processing speed of the computer needs speeding up because of an increase in the packing density, and the frequency for recording should shift to the higher side. The eddy current loss is brought about by the use of the high frequency, and it can be reduced by increasing the electrical resistivity of the material. The multilayers produced by alternate combination of the metal and the insulator is thought to be as one of the effective methods for preparing the high resistivity material. In this work, the electrical resistivity of the Fe/Al2O3 multilayers produced by varying the thickness of the Fe and Al2O3 films have been discussed. Moreover, in order to produce the magnetic anisotropy the film was prepared by varying the incidence angle of the vapor deposition. The resistivity increases with increasing Al2O3 thickness. The resistivity shows a tendency of having a maximum value in the vicinity of angle θ=45° with further falling and rising behavior. On the other hand, the resistivity ratio has a maximum value around the angle of 45° and afterwards decreases gradually. Theoretical values obtained by considering atomic arrangement and experimental results are in agreement.
  • 菊池 圭子, 康 燕生, 川崎 亮
    2000 年 64 巻 10 号 p. 882-886
    発行日: 2000年
    公開日: 2008/04/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    The microstructure of metal/ceramic functionally graded materials changes from disperse structure to continuous structure and then again into disperse structure, in turn the electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties in functionally graded materials change as the composition changes. Therefore, it’s very important to know the material properties quantitatively for designing of functionally graded materials. However, few methods for quantitative evaluation of material properties in wide compositional range have been established. This paper describes a new method which enables us to estimate the material properties of composite directly from the microstructure assisted with finite element analysis. The thermal conductivity of sintered nickel/alumina composites as well as the local thermal conductivity and effective thermal resistance of nickel/alumina/nickel functionally graded material have been evaluated by this method.
  • 王 栄光, 加藤 昌彦, 中佐 啓治郎
    2000 年 64 巻 10 号 p. 887-894
    発行日: 2000年
    公開日: 2008/04/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    N+ ions were implanted into TiN sputtering film on specimens of commercially supplied pure titanium at 1.2 MeV in doses ranging from 5×1019∼1×1021 ions per m2, and the corrosion resistance or hydride formation resistance of the titanium and the delamination behavior of the TiN film were investigated in 30 mass% sulfuric acid solution under the applied potential.
    Anodic polarization curves showed that the corrosion resistance of the titanium was increased not only by N+ ion implantation or TiN sputtering but also by N+ ion implantation after TiN sputtering. A hydrogen charging test showed that the amount of TiH2 formed on the titanium was decreased as a result of the ion implantation after TiN sputtering. In addition, delamination of the film occurred along a plane in the TiN film as well as along the interface between the film and the substrate when the doses of ions for implantation were high. Redistribution of the vacancies produced by ion implantation near the plane of delamination in the film and the concentration of hydrogen in that plane could be the reason for the easier delamination in the film. Under a constant applied potential of −266 mV(S.H.E.), a gradual change from a cathodic current to an anodic current occurred in the sputtering specimens and the time until the transition was longer when the dose of ions for implantation was high, and this also corresponded to the improvement of corrosion resistance by N+ ion implantation after sputtering.
  • 赤堀 俊和, 新家 光雄, 礒濱 了介, 鈴木 昭弘
    2000 年 64 巻 10 号 p. 895-902
    発行日: 2000年
    公開日: 2008/04/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    Various thermochemical treatments were applied to cast Ti-6Al-7Nb in order to improve both its strength and elongation to meet the requirements for strength and elongation values in dental applications. The tensile properties of cast Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy with various thermochemical processings were investigated with relating to microstructures comparing with the case of cast Ti-6Al-4V alloy.
    Grain diameter of α phases in A treatment where hydrogenation at 1023 K for 3.6 ks followed by air cooling and solutionizing at 1103 K for 3.6 ks followed by water quenching is carried out, and then dehydrogenation at 973 K for 54 ks followed by furnace cooling is carried out, B treatment where solutionizing at 1113 K for 3.6 ks followed by air cooling is carried out after A treatment, and E treatment where hydrogenation followed by aging treatment at 863 K for 7.2 ks after solution treatment is carried out, and then dehydrogenation is carried out are less than 3 μm in both cast alloys. Tensile strength of every thermochemical processed both cast alloys is greater than that in both as received cast alloys. Plastic deformability of β phases in both cast alloys conducted with B treatment, and C treatment where solutionizing at 1198 K for 3.6 ks followed by water quenching is carried out after A treatment is improved according to their β phase stability and volume fraction changed by heat treatments after A treatment. Cast Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy conducted with B and C treatments, and D treatment where heat treatment for spheroidization of α phase is carried out after A treatment and cast Ti-6Al-4V alloy conducted with B and C treatments show good balance between strength and ductility.
  • 升田 博之
    2000 年 64 巻 10 号 p. 903-909
    発行日: 2000年
    公開日: 2008/04/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    The possibility of injection and visualization of hydrogen by the scanning electrochemical microscope was studied on platinum substrate in 0.01 kmol/m3 H2SO4+0.1 kmol/m3 Na2SO4 aqueous solution. The results showed that the following three subjects are essential to activate the hydrogen reduction reaction at the micro-electrode and the hydrogen oxidation reaction at the substrate: (1) The gap between the substrate and the tip is less than 5 μm; (2) The potentail of tip is set more negative than −0.4 V; (3) The most positive and the most negative potential during cyclic poralization of substrate is set more than 0.8 V and about −0.3 V respectively.
    The measurement of current distribution showed the hydrogen is injected in the proper position.
  • 黒木 高志, 西薗 和博, 森 信幸, 大城 桂作
    2000 年 64 巻 10 号 p. 910-918
    発行日: 2000年
    公開日: 2008/04/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    Crystal growth experiment of Ag/YBCO composites was performed by the zone melting method which gives a higher temperature gradient near the freezing front. Y123+40 mol%Y211+10 mass%Ag+1 mass%Pt compacts were used for starting materials. These rod-like compacts were solidified by the zone melting method under the solidification condition of G=2.0×104(K/m) or 1.0×104(K/m) and R=0.17∼0.28(μm/s), where G was a temperature gradient, and R was a solidification rate.
    Ag-free region was formed along the growth direction in the central part of each Y123 cell. Though the width of this Ag-free region became smaller with the increase in solidification rate, from the relationship between cell spacing and Ag-free region, Ag particles were trapped into Y123 crystal only at intercellular regions.
    The cellular spacing of Y123 crystals, λ (μm) depended on G and the relations were expressed by λcell=3.0×106·(1/G). Though a higher G gave rise to finer cells, Ag particles were still distributed nonuniformly in Y123 crystal.
    By controlling crystal growth direction ⟨100⟩ using a seed crystal, Y123 crystal grew with flat interface, which lead to the uniform distribution of fine Ag particles in Y123. The mean radius, r0(μm) of Ag particles dispersed in Y123 depended on the growth rate, Ri(μm/s), and the relations were expressed by r0=0.52·Ri−1.
  • 伊藤 聰, 菊池 淳
    2000 年 64 巻 10 号 p. 919-925
    発行日: 2000年
    公開日: 2008/04/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    In order to elucidate the reduction kinetics and mechanism of natural ilmenite ore with carbon monoxide, reduction experiments have been carried out using thermogravimetric technique in the temperature range between 1173 and 1323 K with Australian, Malaysian, Chinese natural ilmenite ores. The reduction rate was analyzed in terms of the mixed-control kinetics by applying a shrinking unreacted-core model, on the basis of the observation of cross section of the partially reduced ilmenite and X-ray diffraction patterns. Reaction rate constant kc and effective diffusivity De determined are expressed by the following equations:
    (This article is not displayable. Please see full text pdf.)
    \ oindentwhere R: gas constant (J·mol−1·K−1), T: temperature (K).
    The activation energy of the reaction is 113, 47.0, 71.6 kJ·mol−1 for Australian, Malaysian and Chinese natural ilmenite ore, respectively. The calculated reduction curves using the rate parameters finely reproduced the experimental data. The reduction rate increases with increasing the reduction temperature. With respect to the rate-determining step for Australian and Chinese ilmenite ores, the relative contribution of resistance of a mass transfer step through the gas film is smaller than that for synthetic ilmenite, while the relative contribution of resistance of a diffusion step of carbon monoxide through pores of the product layer is larger than that for synthetic ilmenite. As for Malaysian ilmenite ore, the overall rate is mainly controlled by a chemical reaction step.
  • 中澤 崇徳, 木村 英隆, 天藤 雅之, 小松 肇
    2000 年 64 巻 10 号 p. 926-933
    発行日: 2000年
    公開日: 2008/04/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    The creep rupture properties of low carbon medium nitrogen type 316 stainless steels containing 0.005∼0.022% carbon, 0.1∼2.8% molybdenum and 0.002∼0.052% phosphorus have been investigated focusing on the long term rupture strength and ductility. The specimens were melted in vacuum and hot rolled to 23 mm thickness plates which were then solution heat treated at 1050°C followed by water cooling. Creep rupture tests were conducted at 550°C and 600°C for up to 30000 h. The microstructures of ruptured specimens were examined with an electron microscope. Rupture strength at long term decreased with increasing carbon content from 0.010% to 0.022%. M23C6 carbides precipitated mainly on the grain boundaries of specimens with carbon of less than 0.010%, while they also appeared within the grains of 0.022%C specimen. M23C6 carbides within the grains accelerated the precipitation of Laves phases and resulted in loss of solution strengthening by molybdenum at long term. Both rupture strength and ductility increased with molybdenum content. The increasing rupture strength is caused by molybdenum solution strengthening, while the improvement of ductility is ascribed to reduced grain boundary precipitation of M23C6 by molybdenum. The strengthening by molybdenum reached saturation at about 2% after a duration in excess of 10000 h, which is due to increased amount of Laves phases within the grains. Increasing phosphorus content caused increased rupture strength, which was more pronounced at longer term. The amount of Laves phases within the grains and M23C6 on the grain boundaries was reduced with increasing phosphorus content.
  • 万谷 義和, 竹元 嘉利, 飛田 守孝, 榊原 精, 高山 和義, 保田 英洋
    2000 年 64 巻 10 号 p. 934-939
    発行日: 2000年
    公開日: 2008/04/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    Tensile testing the Ti-20 mass%Mo alloy quenched from 1223 K was performed at 293 K, 623 K and 723 K to investigate the effects quenched ω phase on the mechanical properties. Nominal stress-strain curves after yielding became horizontal with increasing deformation temperature. When deformed at 293 K the dislocation structure observed by TEM had a feature of planner slip concentrated in a banded area. When deformed at elevated temperatures, on the other hand, wavy dislocations were observed to form a cell structure. The specimen deformed after thinning for TEM foil showed the formation of a band product which consisted a single ωC variant in the vicinity of the crack tip. In situ tensile test in TEM revealed that ωIC changed into ωC as deformation progressed. It is considered from these results that deformation behavior at elevated temperatures approached to that of bcc metals because of the stabilization of the β phase, and that the deformation behavior at room temperature was affected by the band product which consists of a single ωC variant transformed from ωIC. It is further suggested that ωC can play an obstructing role to the ductility.
  • 道下 尚則, 岡部 徹, 酒井 直秀, 田中 淳一, 二上 〓, 梅津 良昭
    2000 年 64 巻 10 号 p. 940-947
    発行日: 2000年
    公開日: 2008/04/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    With the purpose of developing a new process for titanium powder production, a fundamental investigation on TiCl4 reduction in a reaction medium consisting of a mixture of molten salt and metal magnesium at 973 K was carried out. By applying an electrochemical potential on a feed injection nozzle, clogging of the feed tube was prevented. This anodic polarization technique is shown to be useful for feeding TiCl4 directly into the reactive reaction medium. As an alternate method for TiCl4 feed into the medium, a well-type mixer was specially designed and fabricated, and conditions for effective mixing of molten salt and metal phases were investigated. A preliminary experiment using water and oil showed that even the gas phase can be involved in the reaction medium under high rotation speed mixing (>700 min−1). When TiCl4 gas was fed into the gas phase above the reaction medium, some part of the feed reacted with the medium and was reduced to titanium metal. However, a major portion of the feed was reduced on the metal wall of the reaction container. When solidified TiCl4 was charged into the medium mixed by the mixer, titanium deposit in powder and sponge form was obtained. The amount of titanium power was increased with increasing rotation speed of the mixer. The mixture of molten salt and liquid metal is shown to be useful as a reaction medium for titanium powder production, however, the titanium deposit was found to adhere to the reaction wall under certain conditions.
  • 小野 元, 千葉 晶彦, 李 星国, 花田 修治
    2000 年 64 巻 10 号 p. 948-954
    発行日: 2000年
    公開日: 2008/04/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    In order to study mechanisms of high temperature deformation of NiAl intermetallic compound with a B2-type crystal structure, internal stresses (σi) and effective stresses (σe) have been estimated by stress-relaxation tests conducted in the temperature region from 1223 to 1373 K. Two methods, i.e., Kikuchi’s method and Li’s method, are used to analyze the results of the relaxation behavior. The mobile dislocation densities remain constant during the relaxation tests in the temperature range tested so that Kikuchi’s method and Li’s method is relevant for analyzing the relaxation behavior of NiAl. The internal stresses and effective stresses estimated from the two methods are in relatively good agreement with each other. The ratio of internal stress σi to flow stress σs, (i.e., σis) indicates that the flow stress includes the effective stress and that the pure metal type and alloy type high temperature deformation mechanisms coexist in high temperature deformation. Activation volume of the mobile dislocation is 102∼103b3, indicating that effective stress in NiAl is related to dragging stress of jogged screw dislocations. Thus mobile dislocations in NiAl at high temperatures move viscously as a result of the dragging stress acting on jogged screw dislocations and not as a result of the lattice friction associated with the Peierls stress.
  • 2000 年 64 巻 10 号 p. 955a
    発行日: 2000年
    公開日: 2008/04/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    エラータPDF参照.表記の論文中,NiPめっき層の回折斑点の解析結果に誤りがあることが判明しました.論文のNi3Pは,他論文の引用分を除き,Niであると訂正します. (誤)Ni3P (正)Ni
  • 2000 年 64 巻 10 号 p. 955b
    発行日: 2000年
    公開日: 2008/04/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    エラータPDF参照.日本金属学会誌 第64巻 8号(2000)の目次およびp641の著者名の表記が間違っておりましたので,上記のように修正いたします. (誤)里 達夫 (正)里 達雄
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