This paper provides a method to estimate local chronological development of the recovery process under large earthquake disaster in real time manner using time-series data of electricity consumption. The index of recovery, recovery rate, is defined as ratio of the actual GRP(Gross Regional Product) after the disaster to the hypothetical GRP which would have been achieved in case there is no disaster. Since the GRP shows a strong correlation with the electricity consumption of the region, we can estimate the GRP in real time from electricity consumption in impacted area. Then the spacio-temporal patterns of recovery from the earthquake were estimated.

In this paper, we collected the statistical data of damages due to natural disaster occurred in Japan during 26 years from 1970 to 1995 in order to prepare the data base for the statistical data of natural disaster among to the administrative divisions of Japan. This data base is very important to the future research programs for the development of the methodology of disaster prevention potential evaluation technique and analysis of effect due to the fittest investment for disaster prevention. As the types of natural disasters, we treated and summarized into five kinds of disasters, namely typhoon, heavy rain, earthquake, heavy snow and the other phenomena.We could almost complete the first-step of data base preparation and investigated a brief and basic analysis using the statistical data of damages due to natural disasters from this data base.

We selected 5sites,that is Niigata. Tokyo. Nagoya. Osaka and I Fukuoka. as study areas. Then we investigated the regional differences of the seismic load by calculating on the condition which the probability of damage corresponding to the damage of the low-middle RC building is equal in each site. Conclusions are as follows: (1) Recommendations for Loads on Huildingsbv A.I.J. adopt 100years return expected valueas the basic valueofthe seismic load. When the zoning factor of th seismic load is made only 1. the return period is insufficientfor 100years and necessary for about 300years.(2) As for the present design by 2 steps. thouuh recommendations by A.l.J.are effective against the regional dietbrences toward the design of the first step. another zoning factor is necessary for the design of the second step.

At the Hanshin Great Earthquake, street- blockade happened frequently.This study is a fundamental study to develop the quantitative method for the assessment of urban disaster prevention within a local area road network from the viewpoint of street-blockade by using a percolation model. The analysis for the characteristics of each existing method for the assessment is introduced to clarify the position and objection of this study. Then, the influential indicators of the assessment in urban disaster prevention are extracted in order to apply these indicators into the percolation model. As case studies, by applying this method for evaluation into the districts, the performance in disaster prevention within a local area road network are compared and discussed.

This paper proposed a discrimination method of liquefaction induced by the strong ground motion by using monitored records of surface ground accelerations. When the liquefaction occurs, a predominant period of the earthquake time history tends to lengthen. But the phenomena that the predominant period becomes long occur also when the earthquake record contains surface waves. In this paper, we improve the existing technique by taking into account the period characteristics of the up-down component. As this technique adopts non-stationary spectrum, the judgement can be carried out without gathering all time history of the earthquake data. It is suitable for the real-time earthquake disaster prevention.

Seismic microzonation is important for earthquake vulnerability assessment and development of earthquake resistant city planning. Some different approaches to seismic microzonation are geological classification of soil condition, microtremor observation, theoretical calculation of transfer function and a questionnaire survey on seismic intensity. We applied these methods to Zushi City and verified the usefulness of microtremor.

The correlation of the new J.M.A. instrumental seismic intensity with the former J.M.A･Seismic intensity and ground motion parameters is examined. The 215 strong-motion records with the intensity of 0 to 7 are used for the analysis. The instrumental seismic intensity computed from the records agrees well with the former seismic intensity determined from human response or observation of damage. The instrumental intensity shows slightly higher correlation with peak ground velocity than peak ground acceleration, and shows highest correlation with the parameters such as the product of the peak velocity and the peak acceleration.

After the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Disaster, the fire spreading risk in congested wooden building zone has been widely recognized. There was no simple index, however, to evaluate the fire spreading risk and the effect of urban improvment program toward fireproof zone. This paper aimed to introduce two indexes of "Fire-proof Index" and "Average Distance between Buildings" for the evaluation. These two indexes were chosen in reference of the fireproofing projects in Tokyo. The actual values of the indexes were measured on the Geographic Information System of Tokyo. Then multiple regression analysis was applied to evaluate the indexes using the fire spreading simulation system.

In comparison with evacuation behavior in the case of building fire, evacuating pedestrian velocity is set more seriously by crowd density in the case of urban conflagration; therefore, it is very important to grasp the relation between pedestrian velocity and characteristics of crowds while handling the urban evacuation. On this study, due to make sure if there is any difference on crowds' density and pedestrian velocity between different countries, the comparing investigation in Osaka of Japan and Taipei of Taiwan was done. What the purpose is to make clear the regional characteristics of urban evacuation between Japan and Taiwan.

Great Hansin-Awaji earthquake showed various effects of the urban disaster.Most of those were not imaged on the people. From that disaster, what happen in the disaster area are required・In this study, as the result of analysis of the newspaper topics, it was found that various information and topics about the hard life that effected from disaseter in Hansin area. But these weren't commnicated to out of the area. These information are most effective for people to improve antidisaster sences and ability. These information through the mass media should be communicated to all of the area, teach the daily life that effected from disaster to people.

The purposes of this study is to define the dissatisfaciton of the sufferers towards the disaster restorarion and reconstruction measures and to clarify the main causes of dissatisfaciton. My survey was carried out by distributing questionnaires to the sufferers in Okushiri, Hokkaido and in Kobe, Hogo. As the results, main causes of dissatisfaciton is more influenced by the present livelihood than the degree of the damage itself. The factor that most influences the present livelihood is the timing for resuming work.

With this study, we conducted a survey using questionnaires on restoration public housing after the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Disaster to investigate some problems in the process of rebuilding lives after the earthquake for the people living in restoration public housing. We separated some stages in evacuees' lives by the change of their space for living and the process of the lifeline restoration. On the day of the earthquake, the most serious problem was "safety," and it changed to "necessities of HIe" after one week, "life in future" at the shelters, and they demanded "administration support" when in restoration public housing.

Based on a random sampling survey on the "'Individual Recovery Processes from the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji earthquake disaster'", people in the impacted area can be divided into 4 groups depending on the severity of housing damage and their life stages. An 80% of the severely damaged victims were forced to relocate their home・For then. the need for information regarding housing damage peaked at the first one week after the earthquake, and nearly half of the victims made up their minds with regards to where thev live within one month after the earthquake.

The number of strong motion records in the 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu Earthquake was not large enough to estimate the detailed spatial distribution of strong ground motion. Hence additional information, e.g., building damage ratio, results of questionnaire survey, is often employed for the estimation of strong motion distribution. This paper analyzed the building damage data in Akashi City, in which the structural type and construction period of each building are included. Using the fragility curves developed for Nada Ward of Kobe City and the building damage data for Akashi City, the strong motion distribution in Akashi City was estimated and the results were compared with other research results.

The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake clarified that the disaster prevention plans of local governments couldn't function in the actual disaster. The most problem of the present disaster prevention plans is considered that the seismic assessment result does not connect to the contents of disaster prevention plans. In this paper, we abstract the main problems concerning with the present disaster prevention plans of a local government and we consider that the computer system can resolve these problems. Here, we developed the new concept system: that is the seismic damage assessment system enhanced by planning support system which is available to the all local governments on a personal computer.

This study examined actual conditions of lifeline functions when lifeline systems were suspended by disaster Research was classified to seven items about the water, the gas, and the electricity in occasion of apartment of the Great Hanshin Awaji Earthquake. At first, the influences by suspendsion of lifeline systems and its countermeasures were surveyed, then, the extent of dissatisfaction to the countermeasure was analyzed.From the result, which the need for water was highest, it had become clear that countermeasure about the water supply should be increased.

The purpose of this study is the production of a knowledge for preparedness of recovery and reconstruction measures.In this case study of the 1995 Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, we estimated the degree of social/economic damage such as the decrease of population, amount of sales, number of shops and factories, manufacturing products and so on after the earthquake by 18 municipal regions that were damaged severely. Additiionally we analysed the relationship between those damages and characteristics of local economy and society. As a result, the degree of population decrease is related closely to houses damage ratio, owner-occupied house ratio and low-income ratio.The damage of manufacturing is also related to damage ratio of buildings, but not to productivity. The damage of retail is related to the decrease of population as regional consumers.

This paper clarifies the conditions of information circulation after the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, and proposes a new communication system between postmen and disaster victims. Although it was difficult for people to obtain disaster information after this earthquake, they directly informed others of what they needed to know. From this, we got the idea of applying a daily postal service system to disaster communication. This is based on the proposition that people can obtain and send information through a postman when a disaster occurs. It is possible to cope with most difficult situations in a disaster using information which postmen receive during their daily work. The realization and availability of this proposal is supported by the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications.

This is one of the studies about Macro-zonation of potential seismic risk in urban cities. It is also an inspection of the accessibility and supportability, or the evaluation of potential survival with aid from circumstances in urban cities, in the particular 24 cities. There are two ways, sea traffic and land traffic. That depends on the quantity of getting aid and the needs, that derived from the preceding process Furthermore, it inspects support potential and reliability in each way. It is about the Japanese national and the city measure, making use of the various traits of each city.

Schoolchildren should learn not only knowledge about earthquake prevention but also how to cope with an earthquake. However, there is no effective educational tools. Therefore, we developed the new version software for eartquake preparedness education in order to learn behavior during and after earthquakes by introducing the style of TV games. This paper outlines summary of the new software development and its evaluation by using methods which are used in the field of educational technology. The results are also explained.

In order to reduce human casualties and to set up a correct estimation of death caused by earthquake, it is important to make clear the related factors effecting human casualty. This study focused on Nishinomiya City, which was one of the most heavily damaged city in the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Disaster and a construction of age and sex of the dead is investigated. The investigations prompted two conclusions: (1) The distribution of the earthquake mortality rate of the under-50-year-old age group exhibits a constant occurrence pattern of Weibull distribution, and that of the over-50-year-old age group exhibits an increasing occurrence pattern. (2) The high ratio of the aged living in relatively old houses is one of the reasons resulting in the higher mortality rate of the aged than that of the young.

The purpose of this paper is lo analyze factors in demand for relief goods in the Great Hanshin Awaji Earthquake Disaster during restoration period. Because demand for indispensable goods had changed as times passed, victims in emergency shelters were scarcity of these goods. We consider various factors in demand for indispensable goods. Factors in this paper are as follows: the number of victims living in a shelter, housing damage around each shelter, recovery of water supply in shelters and facility type of emergency shelters.

When the risk caused by earthquakes is investigated in some area, it is important to know earthquakes and estimation items considered in the earthquake damage assessments executed by the local governments.In addition. estimation methods used in the earthquake damage assessments are very helpful to evaluate the risk.We collected the newest reports of the earthquake damage assessments, and aspect the present situation of considered earthquakes. estimation items and estimation methods based on these reports. These are strongly effected the feature or problem of the Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake.Finally, we suggest about the prospects for the earthquake damage assessments.

This study aims at the development of the method of the "Regional Characteristic Evaluation", using the GIS.It will make the first action after an earthquake disaster attacked quickly. First of all, we selected the three wards (Asahi ward,Naka ward, Tsurumi ward) in Yokohama City as the study areas, and extracted the elements that will make disasters escalated in the wards. Next, classified the elements into the two types (Typel and Type2). Typel is the data handled as the mesh data, and Type2 is the data handled as the reality data. We analyzed Typel, using the factor analysis.And then, we evaluated disaster dangerousness in each area from the results and Type2.

In each region, research on the impact assessment method against strong earthquakes has been carried out and the plan for disaster prevention has been prepared based on the result. However, the prepared plan may not be sufficient,because it has been only based on an observation of a single research on the level of estimated damages. It is also important to consider the coordination among different municipalities in the region to work closely together in response to the damages, when preparing a comprehensive plan for disaster prevention for the region.As objectives of this paper, the ability to cope with the damages by single municipality is evaluated and the assessment method is also established to prove the usefulness of measures taken by the region-wide across municipality boundary.

Many cities were suffered from big disaster in Japan, and many reconstruction plannings were made at the time. This paper is written about comparative study on the reconstruction city planning of big fire and earthquake fire in Japan. Many plans were made in many cities, but their characters were different each other. The principal points were the system of cooperation with people living in the town, the budget for the reconstruction of the cities, and the urban planning for the safety and security. We compared many planning, and brought out the essence of reconstruction planning. We bring out some factors of deciding the reconstruction city planning.

On 17 July , 1998, a magnitude of Mw 7.1 earthquake occurred at or near the cost of eastern Sandaun Province, Papua New Guinea. It was closely followed by the tsunami which destroyed the villages of Sissano, Warapu, Arop and Malol,killing at least 2,200 people.This study clarifies the disaster management of this disaster especially focusing on the relief and recovery phase from the view points of the logistics and operation. The catholic mission made a important role for the relief activities and many international relief teams participated.The fear of victims against the tsunami is the first factor of the recovery process and all the affected villages have moved to the resettlement site located in inland. The land ownership was troublesome for selecting the resettlement sites.