This paper attempts to research and evaluate the case of joint operation by inhabitant and administration of local government at Fukuokaken Seiho-oki Earthquake on 20th March in 2005, and then, consider argument and issue to take suggestion for disaster operation of local government from now on.

The recent emergency response manuals have been highly completed as an individual operational level. Manuals are regularly revised and improved so that municipal employees can operate more efficiently. Thus, a new method is required in order to inspect the consistency and the flow among those qualified manuals. In this study, by adopting inverse operational approach, we visualized an information process shown in manuals as "Production Line". This enables us to inspect the details of input/output in each process. In this way, we could point out the leaks of actions in the process and clarify necessary improvements on forms.

For business continuity management, it is essential to pick out the most important operations. This fact is approved in the international standard. However, it doesn't supply any specific method and the ways of picking out are left to the judgments of each organization. This study offers the effectiveness and properness of the impact analysis method, by carrying out a workshop using division of duties, and by analyzing the results of it.

In this research, the present situation of governmental measures against compound disasters and mega-disasters and the evaluation of their probability are dealt with by the method of questionnaire survey for prefectural and metropolitan governments. Approximately 30% of governments have experienced the compound disasters, and recognize that the compound and mega disasters will happen in the next fifty years. However, the measures against compound and mega disasters have not been prepared yet in each local plan for disaster prevention.

The eyeglasses industry is one of the local industries in Sabae city of Fukui, which occupies high domestic share in Japan. As a lot of enterprises are accumulating in same district, they are afraid of heavy damage due to an expected disaster. This paper aims to grasp important problems which hinder the business continuity of the local eyeglasses industry after a disaster. In order to understand the structure of the eyeglasses industry, we conducted interview and questionnaire survey on owners of the enterprises. Based on the obtained data, we described the supply chain of the local industry on some diagrams, and examined influences of damage on each types of the industry.

This paper introduces the current situation of the measures for evacuation support for vulnerable people to disasters and difficult cases, and suggests some administrative and legal problems from the viewpoint of how to promote the measures for evacuation support at the local level. The author discusses administrative and legal procedures that should be completed by municipalities to provide local community with the personal information of vulnerable people to disasters and how to offer nursing-care services to elderly people and disabled people, etc. after evacuation.

For detailed seismic hazard mapping, the revised method to construct the 50m-mesh engineering geomorphologic classification map is proposed using the existing 250m-mesh map, high resolution satellite (QuickBird) image and digital elevation model (DEM). The spatial spectral characteristics of the satellite image at different geomorphology units are examined by using two-dimensional Fast Fourier Transformation (2D-FFT). The 50m-mesh map for Tsurumi ward, Yokohama is constructed based on the spectral decays computed by 2D-FFT and the topographic information for each geomorphologic unit. The map is compared with the manually classified map, showing the accuracy rate of 85% over the area.

In Japan there is much damage to lives and property due to natural disasters such as land and mud slides as a result of torrential downpours and typhoons every year. As a soft countermeasure for the disaster, disaster preparedness education about landslides such as problem-finding and problem-solving oriented evacuation drills should be promoted. Therefore, landslide control drill was held on May 27, 2007 in Tawarayama Hot Spring in Nagato City in order to grasp the present situation of disaster prevention in the area. Furthermore, the authors also developed computer simulation model by using Cell Automaton model . This paper describes outline of its experiment and its simulation by using Cell Automaton.

The purpose of this study is to clarify the factors of the daily accidents in non-exclusive area that occurred in the Tokyo special wards using the characteristics data in the area. This study would help the fire department respond the accidents at the early stage. Finding a strong correlation between the characteristics of the railway stations and the accidents, the author made a hypothesis about the relation. The principal factors are poeple's moving, congestion, limited space and difference in level of walking spapce. Lastly, this paper proposes some suggestions regarding the prevention of the daily accidents and the responses of the fire department given from the detailed analysis of the stations.

This paper shows analysis of causal model that put mortality as dependent variable and put age, household income, and total collapse percentage of houses as explaining variable in Higashinada-ward, Nada-ward, Hyogo-ward, Nagata-ward, and Suma-ward in the 1995 Kobe Earthquake. As a result, we notice the causes of accrual of death toll are defferent in each wards. For example, in Higashinada-ward, household income under 2 million yen and over 10 million yen affect the death.

In order to understand residents' consciousness for taking residential earthquake safety measures, we conducted a questionnaire survey targeting the citizens of Shizuoka city, Chiba city and Mito city. Based on the obtained data, we examined correlation between respondents' willingness to pay for taking the measures and some factors including stereotypes of natural disasters and disaster risk perception. Then, we examined closely influences of the factors upon the willingness by comparing path coefficients of a structural equation model.

This study aimes to clarify how much local governments achieved to designate extra shelters against people for special needs in emergency. It's hard environment for seniors or disabled persons to stay at general shelters such as gymnasiums, class rooms in school or other public facilities for weeks or longer. To avoid their unexpected death or serious trouble with other evacuated people the Cabinet Office established the guidline on extra shelters which specialized for such people with special needs in case of disasters. Through questionnaire research against all prefecture governments and city governments with over hundred thousand population , we found some critical issues to realize smooth support environment in shelters.

Both environmental factor and community factor are effective for crime prevention. However, there is not so much empirical study of community factor. This study tries to reveal the complex dynamics of environmental and community factors on burglaries. Field research outcomes shows the community factor is a fundamental element for enchantment of community crime-prevention. It is analogized that it makes amends for incomplete environmental considerations in environmental factor by enforcing community factor by the resident, and the number of burglary was able to be suppressed.

This paper utilizes data from Hyogo Ward in Kobe City to implement the person-in-environment model of vulnerability. 612 persons with physical disability were surveyed regarding their personal information, disability and level of care needed, degree of social isolation, housing condition and special needs for mobility/daily living. The results were quantified and scores from the 5 variables were combined to calculate the overall degree of gathered were combined to calculate the overall degree of special needs. From this a multi-hazard mapping of social vulnerability was conducted to visualize the geographic distribution of PSND's. As a result, we were able to identify persons with high degree of special needs in times of disaster.

After local governments respond to disasters, they should record their lessons and experience. In this research, we tried to develop an effective procedure to transfer the responders' experience to non-experienced responders by constructing the knowledge assets of their work contents and lessons learned from their real response. As the result of this research, we got two conclusions. One is the knowledge collected from the experiences in Kashiwazaki city at the 2007 Niigataken Chuetsu-oki earthquake was effectively transferred to the non-experienced responders for Kashihara City. The other is that we proposed the evaluation framework the progress of strategic knowledge transfer based on the observation of behavioral traits in the non-experienced responders.

The Victims with special needs require the support for going through each phase; 1) move to evacuation site, 2) live in evacuation shelters, 3) live in temporary housings, 4) rebuild the life. The final destination of those supports must be the self-reliance efforts to realize rebuild the life after disaster; however, the process is never planned as the whole. Japan Association of Certified Care Workers sent the professional volunteers to the disaster-stricken area of the Niigataken Chuetsu-oki Earthquake in 2007. We interviewed some of them to build the hypothesis and surveyed 50 of them to clarify the situation on the evacuation site. We also found the 7 Livelihood Domain JACCW Model could be used as the framework to support the victims with special needs after the disaster.

The objective of bridge management is to allocate and use the limited resources balancing between lifetime reliability and life-cycle cost in an optimal manner. In this paper, estimation of the road bridge's life span based on practices of bridges replacement was attempted and the survival curve of the bridges was also estimated by KaplanMeier's method. We suggested a new bridge management method by using the modern portfolio theory in financial engineering and a evaluation of promotion efficiency of renewal of the future bridge.

Border roads between Ishikawa / Toyama prefectures suffered from heavy rain in July, 2008, and suspension of traffic lasted for a long term. Correspondence based on road disaster prevention inspection is performed to secure a reliable road network. In addition, prior traffic control is performed sometimes in the abnormal weather such as heavy rains. In this study, we evaluated a regulation standard rainfall value for a prior traffic control by comparing the situation of the rain with the damage to the road in this heavy rain. We also analyzed precision of the road disaster prevention inspection based on the actual damage to roads. Moreover we considered how to deal with the security of a border road between prefectures in the abnormal weather such as heavy rains.

This study proposes safety assessment method in Earthquake Disaster for road considering use on daily life to presuppose that roads using usually in daily living are selected in disaster term. It assesses roads in Mineoka area in Hodogaya ward, Yokohama city as study area by three indexes and examines effective use of this method. The three indexes are daily use, risk and importance. It makes possible to add priority by a view of disaster management as regional area to assessment of road risk in earthquake disaster considering daily use of roads. It makes clear that it can be possible to assessment of roads importance in earthquake disaster to catch impact of blockade as a ripple effect for regional area.

Earthquake damages to collocated lifeline facilities within a certain distance cause physical damage spread as well as conflict in repair works. In order to avoid such negative effects, this study aims to develop a probabilistic model to evaluate the potential risk of coincidence of damage to different lifeline facilities. First, occurrence rates of coincidence of damage to two different systems are derived assuming the uniform, independent and random occurrence of damage. Next, the basic model is extended to deal with non-uniform occurrence of damage depending on the spatial distribution of earthquake ground intensities and that of vulnerability of lifeline facilities. Examples for the Tokyo metropolitan area are shown to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed model.

The unprecedented rainfall attacked the southwest area of Kochi prefecture on September 6, 2001. The area suffered heavy flood damages, however, nobody became victim of the disaster. In this paper, actions of residents during the flood were analyzed and ten lessons were extracted from the analysis. Moreover, how the flood experience has influenced on the consciousness and corresponding actions of residents to prevent disasters was summarized through the follow-up hearings and surveys.

It is crucial to accumulate experiences in emergency responses and share with others to prepare for disasters. Butauthorities in charge of disaster preparedness have yet to implement effectual disaster-prevention systems. It is often because many of them are untrained local officials who are reshuffled periodically. The study aims to develop a training system under which emergency management personnel can acquire skills necessary in a time of disaster. It also explores ways to draw up an efficient management system that will constantly reinforce and enhance lessons obtained from actual experiences of emergency responses.

This paper shows the method of education program and material for disaster mitigation and preparedness using victims' experiences of regional historical disaster; the cases of the 1944 Tonankai Earthquake and the 1945 Mikawa Earthquake which occurred in Aichi prefecture. This method consists of five steps: 1)analyzing students' and teachers' needs for education for disaster mitigation and preparedness, 2)designing educational programs and materials which indicate knowledge or lessons of disaster, 3) developing educational materials using victims' story and pictures, 4)implementing programs using materials, 5)evaluating educational effect.

An unprecedented damage losses is expected as the worst scenario of a M7.3 earthquake hit Tokyo Metropolitan. In response to this, MEXT started a new research program of which all authors in the paper participated. Under this research program, we adopted the logistic process of Theory of Constraints to clarify the problem schemes from near-field earthquake in Tokyo metropolitan area. We had 4 rounds of comprehensive workshop with more than 80 experts in various related fields and 3 rounds of facilitator workshop to created problem schemes. As a result of this workshop, 2,989 entities were identified, with problem schemes of 14 Core Conflicts were elaborated.

The Indian Ocean Tsunami which occurred on December 26^th, 2004, was one of the biggest disasters which hit developing countries recently. Huge amount of international assistances were provided to affected areas. Five years have passed, and many international donors have completed their duty and left the country. It seems that people's lives returned to normality, but is this the end of the entire recovery? In this study we focus on the people's life recovery. First, we clarify the consistant critical elements for life recovery of disaster victims in Indonesia through field survey. Then we analyze the result in terms of social capital theory.

Massive natural disasters, such as the Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004 and the large-scale earthquake in southwest China in May 2008, have occurred worldwide in recent years. For the smooth recovery of the society in the affected area, not only the Government of the devastated country but also the international organizations, such as United Nations, donor countries and NGOs, have played important roles. However, it is sometimes the case that close coordination among them has been neglected and the duplication of inputs from different organization has been reported. The optimum relationship and coordination among the central and local governments, and the international organizations is studied in this paper.

For formulation of the business continuity plan, the concept of the project management was adopted as part of the business impact analysis. As a result Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) was formulated. Moreover, Project Management Sheet (PMS), adding the Gantt chart to WBS, was proposed, and emergency response manual that consists of PMS, WBS and an existing manual was hierarchized. In addition, necessary human resources was analyzed based on PMS, and the relocation policy of staff was examined based on ICS. This paper reports on these examination techniques through the case study at Osaka Municipal Waterworks Bureau.

This paper addresses the effects to industrial companies due to interruption of industrial water supply during the 1995 Kobe earthquake. Needs of industrial water are classified by the types of the business resiliency of companies analyzing the damage of company facilities, lifeline interruption and their response. The amount of water outage and cost due to the business interruption are evaluated by the type of business resiliency. Oil insdusties were serious for industrial water outage. Moreover, the effects by the recovery strategy of the industrial water suppy at the earthquake are also evaluated in terms of the amount of water outage, days of business interruption and cost.

A liquefaction potential map of a wide area is very useful for evaluating risk of liquefaction for the dwelling houses. In this study, the liquefaction potential map is developed by overlaying three maps including a PGV (Peak Ground Velocity) map, a liquefaction map from the past earthquakes and a land classification map. The damage ratio of the dwelling houses are evaluated as a production of three results which are the liquefaction susceptibility by the PGV at the ground surface and the ratio of liquefaction area in grid cells of 30 arc-seconds latitude ×45 arc-seconds longitude and the damage ratio of the dwelling houses in a liquefaction area from the past earthquakes. The prediction of this evaluation procedure shows a good agreement with the damage ratio of the dwelling houses for the 1987 Chiba-ken toho-oki Earthquake.

Damage of small diameter water supply pipelines during the 2004 Niigataken-chuuetsu earthquake is investigated especially focusing on relationship between location of the pipeline's damage and ground condition. Through the damage investigation, it is clarified that damage was concentrated in some local areas such that embankment, alluvial fan, flooding plane and so on. Next, amount of pipe-joint separation was roughly gauged from photographs of pipeline's damage and relative ground displacement was examined regarding non-excess probability. Further,numerical simulations of T-shaped small diameter PVC pipelines subjected to seismic wave and slope displacement were conducted to evaluate efficiency of a new elongated expansion joint.

We had experienced many kinds of disasters and national, local governments implement various kinds of countermeasures. Though one of them is building information system against disaster, these systems are tools for estimating damage shortly after disaster occurred,, and GIS is not still used well emergency response and management effectively. Through our activities on disaster site by using GIS, information system is required “speed to build” and “flexibility to use” at the same time. In fact, it is difficult to build fixed information system met the necessary system requirements. The purpose of research is to build standardized information processing based on location information for local governments that they should prepare in advance.

This paper aims to construct a quantifying method to measure a community's disaster recovery potential. In constructing a quantifying method, the indexes were selected from literature surveys, and the weight of each index was determined by an expert questionnaire survey using AHP. Also, in order to reinforce a communities disaster recovery potential before an occurance of a disaster, a relative analysis between a community's potential and social capital is executed by a questionnaire survey to residents in the Suginami-Ward in Tokyo. It became clear that in order to reinforce a community's disaster recovery potential, it is important to strengthen the network between the residents.

Adapazari-city lived in 35 million people was damaged hardly by 1999 Maramara Earthquake. 3988 people died and various recovery policies has been implemented. In this study, building appearance survey conducted in disasterstricten area over 3 years. Under building regulation limited 2 building stories, 28 percent of sample data have been rebuilt. On the contrary, 12.2 percent of that has not been rebuilt. In conclusion city-reconstruction measures in Adapazari has been took into consideration.

This study analyzes the change due to reconstruction project based on a total spatial restructuring of disaster-stricken villages and its impact on residents.We interviewed 24 residents in Genkai island, Fukuoka City. Clarified points are as follows: 1) The spatial change caused migration of people, significantly reshuffling the neighbor relations theretofore. In general, people who settled in public housing moved a longer distance. 2) Reasons for having chosen the public housing are mainly financial reasons and as well as existence or nonexistence of an heir. 3) Although the exterior space was grossly changed, there is no serious impact on daily lives. 4) However, pre-quake neighbor relations are left unrecovered because the common space to support opportunities for casual contacts between people was lost.

This paper aimes to clarifiy the positioning of disaster mitigation activity of department stores in the corporate social responsibility(CSR) from the consuming public point of view. The author interviewed some persons in charge of CSR regarding CSR activities and it became clear that department stores didn't have certain opinions how they should prepare against disaster as services for cosumers. This paper shows that consumers of department stores ask them disaster mitigation activity at the highest priority compared with other CSR activities through a qurstionnaire survey to consumers in the the Metropolitan area. And some suggestions are proposed for the future disaster mitigation activities of department stores.

This research has a aim at gentle city planning to the person, a quantitative, objective evaluation new method was designed about "Traffic and barrier-free" that was those elements for urban area construction. To realize this purpose, it adjusted to a small and medium-sized city in the big city outskirts, and to verify effectiveness and the practicality of the technique in an actual field investigation. The result was displayed in flat and visual by using GIS (Geographical Information System), and the result was analyzed. As a result, these techniques are comprehensible in the local populace quantitative and objective the result of the survey. It was able to be confirmed that it was the useful one as the explanation tool in the city planning at the consensus building.

As a result of natural disasters such as earthquakes, municipalities have to deal with a large amount of paper documents such as damage reports. It costs considerable efforts to input information written on the paper documents into computers to process the data in them within a limited time. In many cases, addresses are used as the location information, and electronic maps like GIS can make the data-processing operation more efficient. This paper proposes the new method that automatically retrieves investigation results and location data by QR codes that are related to the sets of investigation reports and affected area maps.

Kiyono et al. ²⁾³⁾⁴⁾ have been developed the evacuation simulation based on the Distinct Element Method(DEM) for the crowd behavior in a confined space, such as building or underground. In this paper, the DEM evacuation simulation model is extended to evacuation from a tsunami disaster in an open space. Two case studies are conducted. First, a region, where the tsunami disaster is expected near future and the disaster mitigation plan is available, is analyzed. In the second case study, one dense populated area in Padang, Indonesia, is picked up and the evacuation simulations are done. We had a field survey for collection the data needed for the simulation since the information related to evacuation had not been opened for public yet.

Dissemination of seismic technologies to people and community is a key issue to reduce earthquake disasters as well as development of appropriate technologies in developing countries. This paper is a case study on a JICA project for dissemination of technology in Peru, which includes construction of model houses. During the project Pisco Earthquake hit the project area. This paper covers evaluation of the project, survey on performance of model houses in Pisco Earthquake, investigation on influences of the project in reconstruction of houses after the seismic event, and studies on dissemination of technologies of non-engineered houses to people and communities.

This paper discusses effective strategy of seismic strengthening houses for reduction of death toll. In the first part, we construct the equations by which the death toll in a single house unit can be estimated with considering the rate of seismic strengthening. In the second part, we apply the equations to the area in Owariasahi city and estimate death reduction in order to figure out the effect of seismic strengthening strategies. As a result we simulated that when the seismic repairing of houses is planned in target districts the strategy giving priority to vulnerable houses is more effective to decrease the death toll than any other strategies having no priority on structural strength of house.

In nine recent earthquakes after the 1995 Hyogo-Ken Nanbu Earthquake, 114 fatalities have been reported. We surveyed the occurrence situation of 114 fatalities. Publications by the governments, newspaper articles, and reports on the damage investigation are collected. Information on fatalities such as age, sex, place, and cause are examined. As a result of the survey, fatalities in recent earthquakes include a lot of indirect death. And many of indirect deaths are observed among senior citizens.

It is important to manage hospital information neatly so that the disaster medical activities are smoothly done at the great earthquake. The purpose of this paper is to develop the hospital information system for disaster core hospitals in Japan. The developed system is composed of the public information from the Web site and the private information from the hospital's field work, and includes a digital map and the diagnosis index for safety and resiliency of hospitals. It is shown that this system is useful to gather the information quickly at the great earthquake disasters.