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Volume 15 (1971)
- Issue 4 Pages 175-
- Issue 3 Pages 109-
- Issue 2 Pages 51-
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Volume 15, Issue 4
Displaying 1-16 of 16 articles from this issue
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Kazushige SOGAWA1971 Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages 175-179
Published: December 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe quantitative and qualitative changes of proteins, free amino acids, and sugar fractions in the leaf blade of rice plants infested with the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (STÅL), were examined. The amount of protein in the leaf blades showed a steady decrease in proportion with increased disease severity. Its concentrations in the chlorotic and browned leaf blades decreased by about 33% and 73% respectively when compared with healthy leaf blades.On the contrary, a remarkable accumulation of free amino acids was found in the chlorotic leaf blades, where the total free amino acid contents increased by about 4.1 times compared to that of the healthy leaf blades, and considerable amouts of arginine and amides such as asparagine and glutamine appeared. The browned leaf blades still contained about 1.8 times more free amino acids than the healthy ones. There was no definite difference in the total sugar concentrations between the healthy and chlorotic leaf blades, but the amounts of reducing sugars such as glucose and fructose which were very few in the former increased markedly in the latter. In the browned leaf blades, almost all sugars disappeared. It is reasonable to assume that the decrease in the protein level and the accumulation of free amino acids and amides in the infested leaf blades were due to disturbanses in protein metabolism as a result of the draining of free amino acids and a hormone-like substance to regulate protein synthesis in the leaf blade by the sucking of the brown planthopper.View full abstractDownload PDF (759K) -
II. Uric Acid Production in Relation to Protein MetabolismSumio TOJO1971 Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages 180-188
Published: December 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDifferences between sexes concerning the changes of uric acid and protein contents in the silkworm during its pupal stage, which have been described in a previous paper (TOJO, 1971), have also been evidenced through the following tracer studies. Active incorporation of 14C into uric acid during the 6 hours after 2-14C-glycine injection was observed in the male in the mid-pupal stage and again shortly before emergence, whereas in the female it was observed only in the late pupal stage, namely those stages coinciding well with the stages of rapid accumulation of uric acid. The incorporation of 14C into protein from injected 2-14C-glycine increases conspicuously from the mid-pupal stage, in the female, reaching a maximum at the 80% pupal durationstage. When protein was labelled with the injection of 2-14C-glycine into early male pupae, 14C was lost from the protein and appeared rapidly in the uric acid from the mid-pupal stage. In the female, 14C in both protein and uric acid changed only slightly. From the kinetic analyses of the above-mentioned tracer experiments, it was calculated that in the male, the protein synthesized during pupal period is 10% of total protein, while 37% of larval protein degrades to amino acids, causing an active catabolism to uric acid of larval protein without being reutilized. In the female, only 12% of total protein degrades to amino acid, which is efficiently reutilized for adult tissue formation. This was also shown in the investigations related to the distribution of protein among tissues in the female pupa. The above-mentioned differences between sexes are believed to be due to the small development of the testes in the male compared with the ovaries in the female. Based on a study of the changes that occur in the specific activity of protein and of free amino acids in the tissues of the female pupae that has been injected with U-14C-leucine, it can be suggested that the larval proteins are used for adult tissue formation, without being degraded to amino acids.View full abstractDownload PDF (1166K) -
Makoto NAKAJIMA1971 Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages 189-197
Published: December 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) and 5-bromouracil (BU) on growth, viability and induction of aberrant spots in the silkworm, Bombyx mori, were compared at different stages during the first instar. The strongest effect was observed when administered on the second day, at the middle of the instar, showing the lowest viability and highest mutability. At the last instar, the mean size of the spots induced by feeding on the first day was about twice as large as those treated on the third day. By estimating the bromine contents 14 hours after treatment, it was proved that the rate of BUdR or BU uptake on the second or third day was higher than that on the first day, and that the rate of BUdR uptake was several times higher than that of BU uptake in each period. This could be one of the reasons why treatment on the second day was more effective than that of the first day on inducing aberrant spots and larval death. The synergistic effect of γ-rays and BUdR on the production of aberrant spots was noticed when larvae were irradiated with γ-rays (800R) prior to the BUdR treatment on the first or third day, and also when larvae were irradiated after the BUdR treatment on the second day. It was suggested that these damages were due to the fact that the base analogues did form an integral part of the DNA structure, for the second day fell on the DNA synthetic period of the various tissues, more especially the epidermis, and as it had been said, more BUdR is incorporated into DNA, during its synthetic period or after γ-irradiation in microorganisms and culture cells.View full abstractDownload PDF (2349K) -
Hitoshi WATANABE, Ryuzo KOBARA1971 Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages 198-202
Published: December 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffects of virus infections on the synthesis activity of hemolymph proteins in the silkworm, Bombyx mori L., were studied by means of agarose-gel electrophoresis and autoradiography of the electrophoretic pattern with 14C-amino acids. In the nuclear-polyhedrosis larva, hypoproteinemia was detected by electrophoresis after the mid-stage of infection and incorporation of 14C-amino acids into hemolymph proteins was markedly on the decrease, indicating that an inhibited synthesis of hemolymph proteins was induced by the virus infection. On the other hand, the electrophoretic pattern and the concentration of the hemolymph proteins from the cytoplasmicpolyhedrosis larva, even in the late stages of infection, were similar to those from the uninfected larva. Autoradiographs of the electrophoretic pattern with radioactive amino acids also indicated that the synthesis activity of hemolymph proteins of the diseased was comparable to that of the uninfected larva.View full abstractDownload PDF (3309K) -
Atsushi KOKUBO1971 Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages 203-210
Published: December 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMortality factors of the pine-moth, Dendrolimus spectabilis BUTLER were studied in the suburban area of Chiba City near Tokyo. The generation mortality rate often amounted to more than 99 per cent of the initial number of eggs laid. Egg mortality caused mainly by hymenopterous parasites was rather small. However, great mortality occurred in the early larval stages. The high mortality rate of young larvae seemed to be mostly due to climatic conditions. On the contrary, most of mortalities in the middle and the later larval stages were brought about by biological agents-insect predators, parasites and diseases. The main factor for pupal mortality was parasitic flies, but sometimes many pupae were killed by diseases which had occurred during the later larval stages. There were some differences between mortality factors of the present study and that of studies done in Kashima district, Ibaraki Prefecture which is located in similar stand conditions for the pine-moth. For instance, Telenomus dendrolimi (MATSUMURA) which was the most abundant egg parasite and showed the highest parasitism in Kashima have not been observed. On the other hand, the yellow muscardine disease, Isaria farinosa (DICKS.) FR. was usually found though it had never been seen in Kashima.View full abstractDownload PDF (921K) -
II. Interrelationships between Overwintered Larvae of the Japanese Wisteria Cottony Mealybug, Planococcus kraunhiae KUWANA, and the Elongate Cottony Scale, Phenacoccus pergandei COCKERELHaruhisa UENO1971 Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages 211-214
Published: December 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSurveys were carried out on 35 trees at the 18 year old japanese persimmon (Hiratanenasi) orchard, where the densities of the overwintered larvae of both species were considerably high. In early spring, both species lived upon the bud, but the distribution of each larvae on the bud, classified by its position on a twig, differed, namely in the case of P. kraunhiae its density on the top bud of a twig was significantly higher than on other buds at lower levels, and the case of P. pergandei it was approximately the same on all buds. Thus it may be said that the larvae of each species distributed independently on each bud, and the existence of another species on the same bud did not affect their behaviour in bud selection. In the orchard, the frequency distribution of the number of each larvae per tree seemed to agree with concentrated type. In each tree, the frequency distribution of the number of each larvae per bud varied with their density, namely when the density was low the type of distribution agreed with Poisson's curve but when the density was high (over about 0.5 per a bud) it deviated from Poisson's curve and fitted to the concentrated type. This trend was completely the same for both species.View full abstractDownload PDF (482K) -
Toshitsugu OKADA1971 Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages 215-221
Published: December 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSoil samples containing cysts of the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines ICHINOHE, were taken from a field of soybean plants. They were stored in sealed vinylon bags at 5°C and the initial moisture was maintained all through storage. Just before the experiments, the cysts were collected from the stored soil samples, and the eggs were freed from them. Five series of experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of combinations of the three factors, namely the temperature of kidney bean root diffusate, temperature of pre-soaking water and pre-soaking period on the hatching of free eggs. The eggs were pre-soaked in water at constant temperatures of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 or 35°C, for various periods up to 100 days, and soaked in the root diffusate at constant temperatures of 20, 25 or 30°C. The rate of hatching from the eggs reached the highest when the eggs were presoaked in water at 25°C or 30°C for 1 to 4 weeks and soaked in the root diffusate at 25°C. The hatching rate in water, however, was extremely high when pre-soaked at 25°C than at 30°C, so that the hatching rate in the diffusate became lower at 25°C than at 30°C. Therefore, it is a suitable method to pre-soak in water at 30°C for obtaining larvae of a relatively uniform stage during a short period in the diffusate at 25°C. One week was found to be enough as pre-soaking period when conducted at 30°C.View full abstractDownload PDF (935K) -
Joji AOKI1971 Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages 222-227
Published: December 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIdentification were undertaken on 17 isolates of the insect pathogenic fungi isolated respectively from the naturally infected larvae of 8 lepidopterous species. In the slide-culture tests, 9 isolates were identified as Beauveria bassiana, and the remaining isolates were species of the following genera: Isaria, Spicaria, Metarrhizium, and Hirsutella. B. bassiana were isolated from the following insect species: Dioryctria splendidella, Dendrolimus spectabilis, Phassus excsescens, and Euproctis pseudoconspersa. These representatives identified in the present investigation were compared with the cultures of B. bassiana isolated from white muscardine larvae of Bombyx mori. On artificial media and on killed pupae of Bombyx mori most isolates of the B. bassiana representatives were characterized by producing flat, mealy, pulverulent growth, whereas the remaining isolates formed elevated, cottony, floccose growth. All of them, however, produced pale yellow spore masses, while the cultures isolated from Bombyx mori produced white spore masses. In isolates from the above wild insects, sporogenous cells generally occurred on the globose vesicles, on the conidiophores, and directly on the mycelium within the typical Beauveria clusters. These varied from globose to cylindrical shapes. On the other hand, the hypha-like sporogenous cells occurred singly on the mycelium in isolates from Bombyx mori.View full abstractDownload PDF (1691K) -
I. General Stucture of the BrainYoshiaki KONO1971 Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages 228-239
Published: December 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAnatomical changes of the brain and changes in the size of the motor neurones and neurosecretory III-cells were investigated in non-diapause and diapause individuals. The ultrastructure of the brain cells was also observed. The optic lobes developed in its size at the lateral sides of the brain hemispheres and the lateral ocelli of larva moved in and attached to the lateral surface of the optic lobes during the prepupal stage. One day after pupation, suboesophageal ganglion assumed a more anterior position, lying immediately ventral to the brain. These anatomical changes occurred in both non-diapause and diapause individuals. After the third day of pupation, neuropile of the optic lobes and motor neurones in the posterior and optic sides of the brain developed conspicuously in non-diapause pupa but not in diapause ones. Neurosecretory III-cell showed differnt changes in size from those of the motor neurones. Electron microscopic observation showed several types of glial cells, that is, perineurium cells with characteristic endoplasmic reticulum, two types of giant glial cells distinguished by their electron densities, and common glial cells filled with free ribosomes. Common neurones, motor neurones containing many mitochondria, and developing optic lobes were also described.View full abstractDownload PDF (11689K) -
Kageyuki YAMAOKA, Tuneo HIRAO1971 Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages 240-247
Published: December 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe S.M. GIX recorded from the nerve bundles of the isolated GIX of females in Bombyx mori changes the discharging activity by copulation. To analyze the mechanisms underlying the phenomenon, effects of various concentrations of Na+ and K+ in the extraganglionic fluid on the S.M. GIX-activity were examined and compared between virgin and copulated females. In standard Ringer's solution the S.M. GIX-activity of the copulated female was higher than that of the virgin female. In the 1mM and 10mM Na+ added Ringer's solution the S.M. GIX-activity of the copulated female was exceedingly higher than that of the virgin female. In the 1mM and 10mM K+ added Ringer's solution the S.M.G IX-activity of the virgin female was higher than that of the copulated female. According to the results, it was concluded that copulation seemed to change certain humoral conditions in the female. It was also postulated that the change of certain humoral conditions brought about by copulation had its effect on the selective permiability of Na+ and K+ by the nerve sheath surrounding the nervous system. This causes the Na/K ratio of the extra-neuronal fluid in the GIX to be changed from its ratio before copulation, and therefore, it may be understood that the S.M. GIX-activity is changed by copulation.View full abstractDownload PDF (1114K) -
II. Estimation of Population Density within Orchard by the Sequential Sampling Based on MeancrowdingMasateru YAMADA, Norio SEKITA, Nobuyuki OYAMA1971 Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages 248-258
Published: December 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe distribution pattern of the apple leaf miner, Lithocolletis ringoniella MATSUMURA, was
analyzed by the *m-m relationship proposed by IWAO (1968). As a primary sampling unit a standing apple tree was randomly selected in a given orchard in all cases, while the secondary unit was varied case by case: for the first generation a leaf cluster and for 2-4th generations a leaf at the middle part of a shoot. In the fourth generation a leaf on a secondary growth shoot was also taken as the secondary unit independent from the one on an ordinary shoot if such shoots were abundant in a given tree. The values of α estimated for within-tree distribution were larger than zero in all cases while the values of β were larger than unity in the first and in 2-4th generations but smaller than unity in the secondary shoot growth in the last generation. The reasons for these were discussed in detail. All the values of both Α and β, estimated for pooled distribution, were larger than those for within-tree distribution except for β in secondary growth shoots. Using these values, some examples of stop line of sequential sampling, proposed recently by KUNO (1969) to estimate the mean density in a given orchard were shown.View full abstractDownload PDF (1265K) -
Iwao TATEISHI1971 Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages 259-262
Published: December 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
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Hikaru KAZANO, Masaru ASAKAWA1971 Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages 262-264
Published: December 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
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Hirotada TAMURA1971 Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages 264-266
Published: December 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
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Masaki YUKINARI1971 Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages 266-269
Published: December 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
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Kenji KOYAMA1971 Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages 269-271
Published: December 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (339K)
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