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Volume 32 (1988)
- Issue 4 Pages 245-
- Issue 3 Pages 169-
- Issue 2 Pages 97-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 32, Issue 4
Displaying 1-19 of 19 articles from this issue
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Kuniaki MATSUURA1988 Volume 32 Issue 4 Pages 245-251
Published: November 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFenitrothion is a chemical which is used for the control of pine wilting disease. It was spread uniformly on pine twigs for analyzing the relation between the dose applied on the twigs and the area of maturation feeding and lethal time. The average period of maturation feeding throughout the 5 days was reduced to half of that of the control at the dose of 0.3μg/cm2. At the dose of 0.44μg/cm2, all of the tested beetles died within 3 days and the area of maturation feeding was 0.67±0.52cm2 (male) and 0.87±0.53cm2 (female), corresponding to one tenth of that of the control. It was considered that the insecticidal activity of fenitrothion applied on the branches corresponded to about 20% of the oral absorption of this chemical when the insects swallowed the outer bark at the time of maturation feeding. Contact toxicity and vapor action were not observed. For doses ranging from 0.44 to 3.0μg/cm2, the average amount of chemical absorbed ranged from 0.06 to 0.18μg/insect. Based on these results, the average oral toxicity of fenitrothion for the male at 1 day was estimated at 0.16μg/insect and that of the female at 0.18μg/insect. It is concluded that the concentration of this chemical on the twigs should range from 0.44 to 3.0μg/cm2 or higher in taking account of the relation between the inhibition of the area of maturation feeding and the lethal time.View full abstractDownload PDF (911K) -
Yasushi WASHIZUKA, Yoshio IIJIMA, Masahide NISHIMURA1988 Volume 32 Issue 4 Pages 252-259
Published: November 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDistribution of nutrients (P, N, K, Ca, Na, Al) at different elevations in a forest ecosystem was examined in Oita Prefecture in 1987. The altitude and the forest type were as follows: 50m-Campus of Nippon Bunri University: mixed forest of sweetleaf, sakaki and eurya, Akasako: pure forest of white cedar and cryptomeria: 300m-Gosho Toge: pure forest of Japanese chestnut oak; 820-850m-Mt. Tsurumi: mixed forest of broad-leaved trees and pure forest of white cedar, coniferous and broad-leaved trees; 1, 050-1, 150m-Mt. Tsurumi: mixed forest of broad-leaved trees. The contents of Ca in the L-layer and of Al in the F- and H-layers decreased with the increase in the elevation, whereas the reverse phenomenon was observed for the content of Mg in the L-layer. The concentration of Mg increased with the elevation. The content of Ca in the trees decreased with the increase of the elevation. The content of K in the insects was highest at 50m elevation and that of Ca in field mice decreased with the increase in elevation.View full abstractDownload PDF (778K) -
Xu Gen SUN, Norizumi SHINKAJI, Hiroshi AMANO1988 Volume 32 Issue 4 Pages 260-265
Published: November 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSeasonal development and biological characteristics of the diapausing and non-diapausing populations of Panonychus citri were investigated in two pear orchards, located in the northern part of Chiba prefecture. Females of the diapausing population started to deposit overwintering (diapausing) eggs in mid-September on twigs, and the population showed a conspicuous increase in late October and early November. Overwintered eggs began to hatch in mid-April with a peak in late April. Thus, the diapausing population could complete its life cycle on pear all the year round. On the other hand, the eggs deposited in late fall by the females of the non-diapausing population hatched by the end of January, and none of them survived on the tree until the next spring when the buds started to open. It was suggested that the occurrence of the non-diapausing population on pear may be associated with the presence of immigrants from evergreen trees in the vicinity.View full abstractDownload PDF (743K) -
Kenichi KANDA1988 Volume 32 Issue 4 Pages 266-271
Published: November 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMost of the first instar larvae of the armyworm, Pseudaletia separata WALKER, remained mainly within folds of half-expanded leaves and under leaf-sheaths in orchardgrass, and within the former in Italian ryegrass. In the subsequent instars, they showed a diurnal change in habitat, selecting darker lower parts of grass crown and debris on the ground in the day time, although the second instar larvae alone were found also in half-expanded leaves of potted plants. In more sparsely grown swards, larvae in older instars tended to select refuges closer to the ground, and some larvae in the sixth (last) instar penetrated into the soil. Detailed observation showed that the third instar larvae moved up to the margins of leaf-blades to feed after sunset, and left these areas for the refuges around sunrise. Under artificial illumination, the larval feeding activity remained high during the dark phase in general, and was also observed during the light phase at the younger stage. In an experimental chamber, the larvae were attracted to the area with light in the first two instars, and thereafter they selected the dark area with the increase in age. By providing a narrow space between a leaf and a glass wall, a high larval thigmotaxis was detected at the younger stages. In captivity, the first instar larvae which remained concealed among leaves averted predation by a wolf spider, Pardosa laura, while those exposed on isolated leaves were completely consumed by it. Based on these results, the factors responsible for the age-specific and diurnal changes of larval habitats were discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (1178K) -
Kenichi OZAKI, Naoto KAMATA, Naliaki YOSHIDA1988 Volume 32 Issue 4 Pages 272-276
Published: November 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAdelges japonicus forms bud galls on its primary host, Picea jezoensis. The density and dispersion pattern of the galls were observed in young plantations of P. jezoensis, after an invasion of A. japonicus to the plantations. Although the timings of aphid invasion were different among the nine study plots, the gall densities changed in similar patterns, that is, they increased markedly till 1981, and were subsequently stable. While the distribution of the galls per tree was apparently contagious, the local aggregation of the galls was not significantly high. Height and height increment of the infested trees were significantly larger than those of the uninfested ones.View full abstractDownload PDF (514K) -
Satoshi KONO1988 Volume 32 Issue 4 Pages 277-282
Published: November 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of the population density on the bionomics and demographic parameters of the bean bug, Riptortus clavatus THUNBERG was investigated. The insects were fed on dried soybean seeds and reared at different densities, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 40 individuals in an incubator at 26°C and under a 16L-8D photoperiod. The influence of the density on the developmental velocity was not significant. The developmental period of the immature stages was about 24.5 days in the most of plots with the density. The survival rate was markedly affected by the density. The daily number of eggs laid by a female was also affected by the density. The mean daily number of eggs at a density of 2 individuals was lower than that at a density of 5 or 10 individuals. The influence of the density on the weight differed between the sexes. Biotic performance of the males was considered to be affected more directly than that of the females under the crowded conditions. Net reproductive rate (R0) and rate of increase (r) were also affected by the density. The maximum values of R0 and r, i.e. 214.26 and 0.1206, were obtained at a density of 5 individuals. Significant correlations were observed for the relationship between the density and the maximum oviposition period, the maximum longevity of the females, the weight of the males, and for the relationship between the rate of increase and fecundity of the females.View full abstractDownload PDF (748K) -
Hajime FUGO, Toshikazu OSHIKI1988 Volume 32 Issue 4 Pages 283-290
Published: November 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffect of imidazole compounds (KK-42 and KK-62) on the pupal-adult development of brainless pupae of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, was investigated. The duration of the pupal-adult development of the pupae treated with the imidazole compounds was prolonged. Especially, the influence of the KK-42 treatment on the development was more conspicuous than that of the KK-62 treatment. When KK-42 or KK-62 was applied to the pupae whose brains had been extirpated just after pupation, the pupal-adult development was arrested in almost all of the insects. Higher rates of dauer pupae were obtained by the injection than by the topical application of the imidazole compounds. In the pupae which received more than 25μg of KK-42 immediately after brain extirpation pupal-adult development was not initiated. However when the brain extirpation was performed 5 days after the KK-42 treatment, the pupae started to develop into adults. Although the application of exogenous 20-hydroxyecdysone was able to induce the pupal-adult development in the KK-42-treated brainless pupae at any time, the response of the animals to the exogenous prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) was not restored until 6 to 7 days after the KK-42 treatment. It is suggested that the brainless pupae treated with KK-42 may be useful materials for the bioassay of PTTH and for investigations on insect hormones.View full abstractDownload PDF (1088K) -
16. Distribution among Leaf, Flower and Fruit on Eggplant and Sweet PepperAkira KAWAI1988 Volume 32 Issue 4 Pages 291-296
Published: November 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo analyze the distribution of Thrips palmi on eggplant and sweet pepper in relation to the density, 4 plots with different densities of the insects were set up in a plastic house in which eggplants or sweet peppers were cultivated, respectively. Each density level was maintained by spraying insecticides. In the eggplant plants, adults of T. palmi were most abundant on leaves, and larvae were most abundant on leaves and flowers. More than 99% of the total population infested leaves and less than 1% infested flowers and fruits, regardless of the population density. In sweet pepper plants, adults were most abundant on flowers, and larvae were most abundant on fruits. About 50% of the adults and 80% of the larvae of the total population infested leaves and about 50% of the adults and 20% of the larvae infested flowers and fruits, regardless of the population density.View full abstractDownload PDF (689K) -
Kazuya NAGAI, Takaaki HIRAMATSU, Takashi HENMI1988 Volume 32 Issue 4 Pages 297-299
Published: November 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of flufenoxuron (benzoylphenylurea) on Thrips palmi was examined in relation to the ecdysis and metamorphosis of the larvae, and the survival rate and fecundity of the females by using the dipping test for eggplant leaves. Flufenoxuron inhibited the ecdysis of the 1st instar larvae and metamorphosis of the 2nd instar larvae into pupae, but did not affect the survival rate and fecundity of the females. The effect of flufenoxuron on the field population of T. palmi was also examined. Flufenoxuron suppressed the population increase in the same way as the organophosphorus insecticide sulprofos which killed directly the thrips, although the suppression by the former was comparatively slow.View full abstractDownload PDF (379K) -
Kazuya NAGAI, Takaaki HIRAMATSU, Takashi HENMI1988 Volume 32 Issue 4 Pages 300-304
Published: November 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe predatory effect of Orius sp. on the population density of Thrips palmi KARNY on potted eggplants was evaluated in a screenhouse. Since the O. sp. was controlled by spraying of fenthion (emulsion), which did not affect appreciably the population density of the thrips, the young eggplants infested with both T. palmi and O. sp. were treated with the insecticide to evaluate the predatory effect of O. sp. The population density of the thrips on the eggplants treated with fenthion increased rapidly, whereas the population density on the plants without chemical treatment remained at very low level. In the next study, 1 adult and 5 larvae of O. sp. at a density of 1.2 per leaf were released on potted young eggplants which were infested with about 60 T. palmi per leaf. After 13 days the population density of the thrips decreased to 0.3per leaf which corresponded to a rate of 1.5% of that on egg-plants on which the predator had not been released. These results showed that the introduction of O. sp. lowered the population density of T. palmi on eggplant.View full abstractDownload PDF (542K) -
Kenpei HONMA1988 Volume 32 Issue 4 Pages 305-309
Published: November 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn Japan, the garden springtail (Bourletiella hortensis FITCH) had been considered to be a pest of various vegetables and crops, especially sugar beet, in the seedling stage. However, in the laboratory tests, this species hardly fed on the seedlings of sugar beet. On the other hand, it injured the seedlings of cucumber, radish, rape, Rorippa islandica and common chickweed. In the microscopic examination, spores, pollen, fragments of hyphae and moss, and particles of soil were frequently found in the alimentary canal of B. hortensis. Fragments of spiral trachea of the vascular plants were frequently detected in individuals caged with cucumber seedlings, but rarely in individuals caged with sugar beet seedlings. Therefore, this species does not appear to be economically important for sugar beet cultivation, though secondary injury that would enlarge the scars caused by the flea beetle may occur.View full abstractDownload PDF (1831K) -
Ken'o TOMITA, Yoshimitsu IWASHITA1988 Volume 32 Issue 4 Pages 310-316
Published: November 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffect of physical and chemical treatments on the viability and antigenicity of Enterobacter sp. and Serratia marcescens was studied. The surviving cells were examined based on the number of living cells, and the antigenicity of the bacterial cells was observed by electrosyneresis and the fluorescent antibody method. The UV-irradiated bacterial cells could not tolerate the treatment for 30min, while the antigenicity was maintained during the treatment up to 12hr. Treatment with ultrasonic wave, for 10min at 20kHz did not affect the bacterial strains at 50W but the number of surviving cells decreased from 100W upward. However the antigenicity was maintained. The bacterial cells were sterillized by incubation in a water bath at 60°C for 5min. The antigenicity of the bacteria was maintained by treatment with air heated at 90°C for 10min and water heated at 70°C for 60min. The bacteria were not affected by freezing-thawing applied four times but were affect by freeze thawing applied more than eight times. When the two bacterial strains were treated for 60min in three buffer solutions with a pH value in the range of 1.2 to 12.9, the number of surviving cells decreased at pH values of 1.2, 2, 3, 12 and 12.9 and their antigenicity was lost at pH1.2. They survived in a buffered solution at pH4 to 11. The treatments with sodium hypochlorite, phenol and sodium hydroxide sterilized both of the bacterial strains and also destroyed their antigenicity. Cells subjected to treatments with mercury chloride, ethyl alcohol, hydrogen peroxide and formalin, did not survive but the antigenicity was not lost in these treatments. Methylene blue, crystal violet, acetic acid and calcium hydroxide reduced the number of surviving cells but the antigenicity was maintained, in these treatments. Enterobacter sp. was sensitive to tetracycline and Serratia marcescens was resistant to penicillin.View full abstractDownload PDF (868K) -
II. Cross Resistance Patterns to Anti-acetylcholinesterase Compounds in Organophosphate-Resistant StrainsMasahiko KUWAHARA, Ken HANYU1988 Volume 32 Issue 4 Pages 317-320
Published: November 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe organophosphate (OP)-resistant strains were developed by repeated backcrossing of the F1 males of resistant progenies to susceptible reference females and selection with disulfoton, dimethoate and fenitrothion, respectively. Toxicity of 15OPs and 10 carbamates to adult females of these resistant strains, as well as a susceptible reference strain, was evaluated by the filter paper method. These OP-resistant strains showed a cross resistance to OPs and carbamates except oxime carbamates (methomyl, oxamyl, OK-135) and naphthyl carbamate (carbaryl), but the degree of resistance varied with the insecticides. These OP-resistant strains also showed similar resistance patterns to these insecticides, indicating that major factors for the resistance are commonly involved in these strains.View full abstractDownload PDF (475K) -
Hiroyuki KUBA, Hiroshi SOEMORI1988 Volume 32 Issue 4 Pages 321-324
Published: November 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMating frequencies and hatchability of eggs laid by females which had mated once were investigated using a wild strain (W) and a laboratory strain (L) (ca. 20 gen.) of the melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae. The hatchability of the eggs laid by the L-females whose copulation was interrupted artificially at various times and remating intervals of these females were investigated also. Mean mating frequencies of the L- and W-males were 0.391 and 0.141/day, respectively, while those of the L- and W-females were 0.054 and 0.031/day, respec-tively. Mean remating intervals of the L- and W-females were 18.2 days and 26.4 days, respectively. The hatchability of the females which had mated once in both strains began to decrease at 40 days after the 1st mating. In this experiment, the mean copulation duration was 10h 40min. The mating interruption experiment showed that a copulation lasting more than 30-min was needed to produce fertile eggs, and more than 80-min to maintain a high hatchability of the eggs. Most of the females which copulated for 0-160-min remated in their 1-2 days after the 1st mating, while the females in which the copulation had not been interrupted remated at ca. 13 days after the 1st mating. Thus, it is concluded that a certain length of the copulation duration may be necessary to inhibit the remating of female melon flies.View full abstractDownload PDF (512K) -
Naliaki YOSHIDA, Kaoru MAETÔ1988 Volume 32 Issue 4 Pages 324-327
Published: November 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe total dry weight of leaves of Picea spp. defoliated by a larva of C. isshikii was estimated at 1.4g. The theoretical developmental zero and the total effective temperature for the feeding period of the larvae were 7.2°C and 271.7 day-degree, respectively.View full abstractDownload PDF (533K) -
Kenichi KANDA1988 Volume 32 Issue 4 Pages 327-329
Published: November 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (316K) -
Sadao WAKAMURA1988 Volume 32 Issue 4 Pages 329-331
Published: November 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSApproximately 45% of the newly hatched larvae of Spodoptera exigua developed to adults on a simple artificial diet. The fecundity of these adults was higher than that of the wild adults derived from the 5th instar larvae collected in the Welsh onion fields.View full abstractDownload PDF (387K) -
Masao FUKUI, Hajimu TAKADA1988 Volume 32 Issue 4 Pages 331-333
Published: November 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe fecundity, oviposition period and longevity of Diaeretiella rapae (=Dr) and Aphidius gifuensis (=Ag) were examined under a 20±1°C, 15L-9D regime. Single newly emerged and female adults that had already mated were provided with 20 second or third instar larvae of Myzus persicae and honey droplets daily throughout their life. The aphids were then dissected to count the number of eggs deposited. The mean total number of eggs deposited per female was 238.7 (range 152-322) in Dr and 531.5 (290-865) in Ag. The mean oviposition period and the mean longevity of the female adults were respectively 11.1 and 14.7 days in Dr. The corresponding figures were respectively 14.9 and 17.6 days in Ag.View full abstractDownload PDF (352K) -
17. Relationship between the Density on Eggplant or Sweet Pepper and Rate of CopulationAkira KAWAI1988 Volume 32 Issue 4 Pages 334-336
Published: November 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo analyze the relationship between the density of Thrips palmi on eggplant or sweet pepper and the rate of copulation, 4 plots with different densities of T. palmi were set up in plastic houses in which eggplants or sweet peppers were cultivated, respectively. The density in each plot was controlled at around O.2, 0.1, 0.05 and 0.02 adults per leaf (eggplant) or per flower (sweet pepper) by spraying insecticides. In plots with low densities, the rate of copulation was low. The regression on eggplant was expressed as y=1-exp(-17.98x) (y: rate of copulation, x: number of adult females per leaf) and on sweet pepper as y=1-exp(-23.70x) (y: rate of copulation, x: number of adult females per flower). The low density effect strongly influenced the population fluctuations of T. palmi both on eggplant and sweet pepper.View full abstractDownload PDF (357K)
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