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Volume 9 (1965)
- Issue 4 Pages 251-
- Issue 3 Pages 151-
- Issue 2 Pages 73-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 9, Issue 3
Displaying 1-14 of 14 articles from this issue
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IV. Some Observations on Egg Population of Mamestra brassicae (L.) in Cabbage FieldsSadao HIRATA1965 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 151-161
Published: September 25, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSome observations on the egg populations of the cabbage armyworm, Mamestra brassicae, were made mainly in cabbage (Brassica oleracea) fields at Kyoto in 1955 and at Hirosaki in 1958, 1959 and 1963.
The oviposition period lasted about a month in both the first and second generations. (The species has generally two generations a year in Japan: the first one appears from spring to early summar and the second one in autumn).
Eggs are deposited as a batch. The size of a single egg-batch of the Hirosaki population varied from 2 to 201, with an average of 40.2 in the first generation, and from 13 to 540, with an average of 171.7 in the second generation (e.g. in 1959). However, there is a local difference in the size of egg-batches, the average being somewhat larger in the Kyoto population (see also Fig. 3).
The number of eggs found per cabbage plant was usually 40 or less. When outbreak occurred, however, more than 100 eggs were deposited per plant in every field so far examined, and in certain cases even 700 or more eggs were counted. It seems that the distribution of an egg population in a locality was of uniform pattern in the former case but it became patchy in the latter.
Some eggs were deposited on the goose-foot (Chenopodium centrorubrum) growing near the cabbage fields especially when the conditions of the cabbage fields were not so favourable for oviposition.
The duration required for hatching of all eggbatches was about 25 days in the first generation and was about a month or more in the second.
It was usual that the distribution of egg batche in a single cabbage field changed from a cluster pattern into a uniform one towards the end of the first oviposition period.
It is remarkable that in both the first and second generations about 22 per cent of egg-batches found on plants disappeared whereas the rest were intact without any partial loss of eggs. This complete disappearance of egg batches may be due partly to the pre-existing larvae of this species on the plants.
Trichogramma fasciatum and T. sp. are known as egg-parasites, but detailed data on the role of them on the dynamics of the armyworm population are not obtained.View full abstractDownload PDF (1260K) -
Sumio NAGASAWA, Hiroshi SHINOHARA1965 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 162-165
Published: September 25, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSJoint physiological effect of a mixture of apholate and metepa on the hatchability of eggs deposited by treated azuki bean weevils has been tested by dipping method. The experimental data obtained were analysed statistically by FINNEY'S method regarding quantitative observation. The relations between concentrations of chemicals and the average number of larvae hatched out per single pair of weevils could be fitted satisfactorily by the three parallel probit regression lines shown as equations: Y1=2.7649-2.9394x, Y2=3.6541-2.9394x, and Y3=2.9590-2.9394x (subscript numbers 1, 2 and 3 denote apholate, metepa and their 1 to 1 combination respectively). If apholate and metepa act similarly, the regression line for the mixture could be predicted as Y3'=3.1335-2.9394x. The value of synergism Δs calculated from these empirical and theoretical equations was -0.1745 and it showed weak synergism. Variance of Δs was calculated by the following equation which was slightly modified the equation (8.11) in FINNEY'S Probit Analysis: The test of significance of Δs which was carried out as a χ2 test taking χ[1]=Δ2s/V(Δs)=3.64 showed the indication of synergism was not significant at Pr=0.05, so that apholate and metepa jointly acted in a similar way on the hatchability of eggs of the azuki bean weevil.View full abstractDownload PDF (391K) -
Kazumitsu OKUI1965 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 166-169
Published: September 25, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the previous papers (OKUI, 1963, 1964), the author reported on the aggregative behaviour of silkworm. This behaviour is primarily induced by contact of individuals regardless of age. However, when the silkworm attains the fifth instar, some morphological sexual difference becomes apparent. It is therefore interesting to know whether or not this sexual difference has any influence upon the aggregative behaviour of the fifth instar silkworm.
Experiments were carried out with four groups. The aggregative rate of the male group after 60min. was 85.0%, while that of the female group was 82.5%. In other two groups where individuals of both sexes were mixed, observation was made in two different arrangement of individuals. In A-type mixed group, males and females were arranged alternately, while in B-type mixed group, males were placed in two rows on the left half of the experimental plate and females, also in two rows, on another. The aggregative rate after 60min. was 84.4% in the A-type and 90.6% in the B-type.
The difference in aggregative rate between either two of these four groups was not found statistically significant. It is therefore likely that all group showed a same tendency of aggregation.
Next, the mode of the first contact between silkworms in the mixed groups was closely observed. The approach of male and female occurred completely by chance. Any neighbouring individuals came in contact, neither specific attraction nor repulsion in sexual level being observed.
These results indicate that the aggregative behaviour of the silkworm is a phenomenon caused simply by coming in contact of two or more individuals regardless of sex.View full abstractDownload PDF (400K) -
Terumaro SUZUKI, Toshinobu MURAI1965 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 170-178
Published: September 25, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effectiveness of the pesticides applicated to partial small area in the large field, e.g. paddy fields, is affected by non-applicated area, from where pests invade every moment. Therefore, the whole large-area application for instance, aerial application or some of large-scale ground applications, seems to be more effective than partial small-area application.
In this paper, the authors estimated mathematically the effectiveness of whole large-area application in comparison with partial small-area application, by using the equation derived from the two dimensional diffusion formula applicable to fumigant diffusion. In this equation, deposit of chemicals, as the function of effectiveness, its gradual decrease in the field, and other factors influencing effectiveness are taken into account.
The tables are calculated by substituting one or two figures for each factor, which show that the effectiveness of whole large-area appliction is 0∼50% higher than that of partial small-area application. The earlier applied and the later determined, the more distinct the effectiveness of whole largearea application becomes.View full abstractDownload PDF (897K) -
I. Analysis of Illumination Effects, and Influence of Light Elements on Moths' ActivitiesKen'ichi NOMURA, Shingo ÔYA, Ichirô WATANABE, Hiromi KAWAM ...1965 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 179-186
Published: September 25, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn mountainous districts of Japan, fruit-piercing moths such as Adris tyrannus amurensis STAUDINGER, Calpe gruësa DRAUDT, Oraesia excavata BUTLER and others are important nocturnal pests for various fruits. The authors studied some fundamental problems of the orchard illumination, one of the useful methods for controlling them, by means of many experiments and observations. The results obtained are summarized as follows.
1. According to many experiments, the relationship between the moths' activities and the physiological condition of compound eyes, namely dark or light adaptation, was considered, and it was recognized that their activities were controlled remarkably in the eye condition of light adaptation, even if under dark environment.
2. Under the illuminated environmet the activities of moths with light adaptation eyes were inhibited more remarkably. It is considered as an important reason for the illumination effects.
3. The influence of light elements, such as wave ength, brightness, illumination level and light energy, on the change to light adaptation from dark adaptation were examined by the filter method mainly. From these experiments both the wave length and the illumination level were pointed out as important elments concerning the promotion of light adaptation. It is concluded that the range between blue and yellow of wave length is more effective as well as higher illumination level in general.
4. In order to compare with the practical effects of different wave length, the authors practised some field experiments by using of several kinds of fluorescent lamps. Among these lamps, the yellow colored lamp, the dominant wave length is about 580mμ, was most effective due to the inhibition of moths' coming and piercing.
5. Considering the influence of illumination on other nocturnal pests in orchards, the authors recommend the yellow colored lamp mentioned above or the incandescent lamp as an available light for the orchard illumination.View full abstractDownload PDF (1036K) -
Osamu MORIKAWA1965 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 187-190
Published: September 25, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe activity of triosephosphate dehydrogenase in Panagrellus redivivus GOODEY and its inhibition by EDB were measured. It was shown that the optimum pH of this enzyme was at 5.3 approximately. The initial rate of reaction in the optimum pH was linear. Following time elapse, there was gradual establishment of an equilibrium. When the amount of enzyme protein ranged from 1 to 4mg albumin equivalent, the activity was proportional to the amount of protein.
Triosephosphate dehydrogenase in P. redivivus was inhibited by EDB either in vitro or in vivo.
In vitro inhibition of the enzyme by various molar concentrations of EDB was very similar to the result obtained for the American cockroach, and In-50 value neighboured to 10-5M in both cases.
The mortality of P. redivivus by treatment with EDB was closely paralleled with the inhibition of triosephosphate dehydrogenase.View full abstractDownload PDF (396K) -
1965 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 190
Published: 1965
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (75K) -
Sinzo MASAKI, Takasi SAKAI1965 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 191-205
Published: September 25, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to elucidate the nature of aestivation diapause in Mamestra brassicae (LINNÉ) series of insectary breeding and laboratory tests were carried out. In the insectary, the Hirosaki strain displayed three different patterns of development in the pupal stage: non-diapause, summer diapause and winter diapause. The first two types occurred under the influence of the long days in summer and the last one was induced by the short days in autumn.
The occurrence of summer diapause in the long-day pupae was influenced by extrinsic as well as intrinsic factors. Thus a high temperature in the pupal stage tended to increase both the incidence and intensity of summer diapause. The incidence as well as the intensity was also correlated with the latitude of the sample source and the aestivation became more pronounced in the south. The pupae from southern Honsyu underwent a longer period of aestivation than did those from northern Honsyu, and the strains from Hokkaido were slightly affected by this kind of retardation.
The summer diapause was drastically reduced in its intensity by a brief exposure to low temperatures immediately after pupation, and in certain cases it was completely averted. On the other hand, the winter diapause which had been induced by a short photoperiod persisted for several months at the same temperatures.
Based on these results, the seasonal life cycle of the moth at different latitudes in the Japanese archipelago was discussed and schematically represented.View full abstractDownload PDF (1923K) -
Masaru OSAKABE1965 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 206-210
Published: September 25, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSeasonal fluctuation of population density of tea red spider mite, Tetranychus kanzawai KISHIDA, in the tea plantation was observed. The annual average numbers of the tea red spider mite per leaf were 0.3-1.3 in 1952-1959 and 3.5-6.2 in 1960-1961 in the tea plantation at Kanaya; and the population density of the mite had a tendency to increase from 1952 to 1961.
The population density of the tea plantation varied with seasons. The mite population increased twice a year at Kanaya, the first population increase occurred from March to June, and the second from September to November. The population density was higher in spring than in autumn.
The seasonal fluctuation of mite population varied with the tea growing areas. The mite population density was high in spring and in autumn in the most of tea growing areas, with an exception in Mie and Nara, where the mite had also high population in summer.
It seemed that the mite population in the tea plantation is controlled by the host suitability of the tea leaves for increase of the mite population.View full abstractDownload PDF (504K) -
I. Growth and Development of Two Species of Scolytid Beetles Reared on Sterilized Tea PlantsTakeshi KANEKO1965 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 211-216_1
Published: September 25, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. Two species of ambrosia beetles, Xyleborus compactus and Xyleborus germanus, were successfully reared in test tubes under the laboratory conditions. X. compactus was supplied with steam-sterilized tea twigs, and X. germanus with steam-sterilized tea roots or tea twigs as food materials; then the growth and development of the beetles was observed.
2. The overall development of X. compactus from egg to adult requires about 17 days at temperature of 25°-26°C. The egg period was about 4 days. The larval period was 9 days (the first instar, 2 days; the second, 3 days; and the last, 4 days). The pupal period was 4 days. The sex ratio in one brood was 3:2 (_??_:_??_). Approximately 14 to 16 eggs were laid by one female.
3. The overall development of X. germanus from egg to adult required 15 days at temperature of 24°C. The egg period was about 3 days. The larval period was 7 days (the first instar, 2 days; second, 2 days; last, 3 days). The pupal period was 5 days. Sex ratio of emerged adults was 9:1 (_??_:_??_) in the first generation and 8:1 (_??_:_??_) in the second.
4. Growth, development, and oviposition of X. germanus varied with the kind of wood material. The beetle seems to prefer root to twig. Roots are more moist than twigs, and may be favorable for growth of ambrosia fungus spores on which the larvae feed.
5. The number of eggs laid by a female of X. germanus was ranging from 33 to 50. The mother beetle adjusts the number of eggs to be laid according to space of her gallery and diameter of wood material. The growth rate and size of a brood reaching maturity vary considerably even in the same climatic conditions, and it is believed that such variations depend on the growth of the ambrosia fungus which depends on the conditions of wood material.
6. Comparison between outbreeding and inbreeding rearing tests on X. germanus showed no difference in growth, development, and fertility of the insect. None-copulated young female was able to puncture the surface of wood material, but the pits were shallow and growth of ambrosia fungus spores did not occur.
7. The boring activity of X. germanus in the third generation was rather declined, and growth of ambrosia fungus became poor in this rearing tests. Some unknown substance contained in fresh wood material seems to stimulate growth of ambrosia fungus and promote the vitality of newly emerged female adults.View full abstractDownload PDF (1958K) -
I. Cell Migration from the Explanted Tissues of Diapausing LarvaeJun MITSUHASHI1965 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 217-224_4
Published: September 25, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTissues of Chilo suppressalis diapausing larvae were cultivated in vitro. Various tissues were dissected out of larvae under aseptic conditions. Fragments of isolated tissues were then subjected to trypsinization, and cultivated in the synthetic medium by changing the medium once a week. From nervous systems, three types of cells were obtained. Heart and alary muscles also produced three types of migrating cells. Alimentary canals, Malpighian tubules, fat bodies, and silk glands each liberated one type of cell. Male and female gonads gave rise to three and four types of cells respectively. No cell migration occurred from explanted salivary glands and prothoracic glands. The wandering cells and the large epithelial cells obtained from the explanted ovariole tissues are the most promising for subculturing and establishment of cell-lines, because they were able to survive for long periods and multiply by mitoses. Spermatocysts developed into spermatids in a medium which contained neither insect hemolymph nor purified insect hormones.View full abstractDownload PDF (6787K) -
Sôchô NASU1965 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 225-237
Published: September 25, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTransovarial passage of rice dwarf virus in the green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps UHLER has been studied electron microscopically. The rice dwarf virus particles were found to enter oocytes from the mycetocyte of ovariole, although this may not be the only possibility. In the cytoplasmof the germarium, mycetocyte, and pedicelcells of ovariole, the virus particles and virus-like small particles were found. When H- and L-symbiotes invade the mycetocyte of ovariole from hemolymph, the virus particles enter the mycetocyte simultaneously. The symbiotes soon filled up the mycetocyte and then the virus particles become to be found on the surface membrane structures of L-symbiotes, or between the neighboring symbiotes. The mycetocytes of ovarioles containing the symbiotes and virus particles entered oocytes at the yolkforming stage. This is the only evidence to prove the way of transovarial passage of rice dwarf virus in N. cincticeps.
During embryonic development of the host insects, the virus particles multiplied at first in the mycetomes, and then in the cytoplasm of various germinal cells. Rice dwarf virus seems to multiply in cells of mycetome, fat body, ventriculus, Malpighian tubules, salivary glands during the post-embryonic development of the host leafhoppers. In most of organs in which the virus particles were found, the particle seem to multiply in special electron-dense areas consisting of certain number of bacteroid symbiotes and multiplex membrane structures surrounding them, although some particles in a linear arrangement were found in a free state out of the areas. The virus-like small particles were also found in the same electron-dense areas of viruliferous leafhoppers. The virus particles in a linear arrangement are usually accompanied by sheath-like substructures.View full abstractDownload PDF (43394K) -
Kenji UMEYA, Eiichi IMAI1965 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 238-246
Published: September 25, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe azuki bean weevil (Callosobruchus chinensis L.), develops well when fed on the azuki beans but not on the kidney beans, which contain unknown substances inhibiting its early development. On the other hand, the Mexican bean weevil (Zabrotes subfasciatus BOH.), is able to develop on the kidney beans as well as on the azuki beans, the larvae developing more rapidly on the former beans. In order to determine the plant part that is responsible for synthesis of the critical substances, grafting was introduced and the resulting seeds were submitted for feeding to the weevils. The kidney bean plant was used as a stock and the azuki plant as a scion, and the leaves of the scion or stock were removed as follows:
A-leaf treatment--the leaves of the kidney bean stocks were removed.
K-leaf treatmet--the leaves of the azuki scions were removed.
AK-leaf treatment--all leaves were left intact.
When the two species of the bean weevils were fed on the beans harvested from these grafted plants, it was found that the A-leaf beans were similar to the normal azuki beans in their effect on the development of two species of weevils. On the other hand, the beans of the K- and AK-leaf plants resulted in the decreased percentage of adult emergence of the azuki bean weevil, but in the increasing growth rate of the Mexican bean weevil. Such effects are essentially similar to those of the normal kidney beans.
From these findings, it is concluded that the substance in the kidney beans, which inhibits development of the azuki bean weevil, is derived mainly from the metabolic activity of the kidney bean leaves, and that the different chemical composition of the two species of beans which cause the different growth rate of the Mexican bean weevil is also ascribed to the function of leaves. The root system seems to be of little importance for the synthesis of these critical substances.View full abstractDownload PDF (2500K) -
II. Spore Storage Organ of Tea Root Borer, Xyleborus germanus BLANFORDKazuo TAKAGI, Takeshi KANEKO1965 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 247-248_2
Published: September 25, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (3247K)
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