Distributed information systems are inevitable to establish integrated systems such as CIM & SIS. The requirements for distributed systems are easy integration, efficient development and operation. The previous paper [Design for Distributed Information Systems Based on Standardization of Methodologies] [5] investigated the availability of the method named [A-BOIS] which we originaly developed. This paper evaluates [Technological Standardization for Distributed Information Systems] and programming methods such as [Prototyping] and [SKeleton] which were applied to the developnent and operation of multi-located production contorol systems. These technologies mentioned here were successfully contributcd to the development and operation of the distributed systems. The users of these technologies are systems analyst, systems engineers and progranrmers. In case, users understand these technologies, they can understand almost all the works for developing information systems. For SE these are inevitable technological tools to develop more effectively informations systems.

The development of information technology has been producing a variety of supporting tools and infrastructure for human communication. It has also been changing the nature of human communication itself, the activities within groups of people, and the structure of social organizations on a global scale. In this sense, the history of human communication cannot be discussed without an analysis of the development of information and communication environments.

This paper will develop a systems analysis of the relation among human activities, supporting tools and social infrastructures for communication. It will also argue for systemic properties to be used as an analytical method to compare existing communication services, such as postal sevices, telephones, television, bulletin board systems, etc. Through these discussions this paper will attempt to present a theoretical structure which can help us design and evaluate future information and communication environments.

This paper deals with the problem to design a system for bankruptcy estimation based upon neural networks. At first, the design of multilayer neural networks having inputs of numerical financial ratios is discussed. It is preferable to control the optimization of variables in neural netowrks automatically and also it must be considered the performance of neural netowrks depends how we select the financial data, such as kinds of financial ratios and categories of business. Therefore, the system proposed in the paper utilizes subsystems which take specified action if a set of given conditions are satisfied (production rules). In the next step, a kind of reasoning is utilized to improve the output of multilayer neural network, on the basis of categorical data of companies. More precisely we select a group of companies for which the neural netowrk often give incorrect decision, and then we apply reasonig subsystem using production rules so as to increase correct decision. To compare the performance of the system treated here, the same examples for bankruptcy estimation are analyzed by the system and by the software package for multivariate analysis. As a result, it is seen the rate of correct estimation of the system is improved better than conventional multivariate analysis.

This article presents a solution for the problems concerning the discord between Information Technology (or Information System) and the needs that management organizations have for Information Technology.

We conclude that the causes of the discord are: the over-emphasis on Information Technology, the lack of consideration for the management atmosphere, the misconception of business organization and, the lack of consideration for the changes in management environment. Furthermore, the ability to deal with changes in management quickly and flexibly is essential for the elimination of discord. So in order to improve this ability, CASE and Reengineering are expected to develop an effective technology. However, with these technologies alone, we cannot eliminate all causes of the discord.

Therefore, to eliminate causes of discord, it is necessary to create useful interaction between organization and technology, and then to bring about the development of both organization and technology effectively.

For the above purpose, we should consider the development of Information System not as a conclusional project based on the concept of Life Cycle, but as a methodology which performs two approaches simultaneously and succesively. One approach is to make Information Systems adapt to an organization, and another is to make an organization adapt to the Information Systems.