Mileage points and electronic money are called “Enterprise Currencies”. This paper surveys the present market of enterprise currencies in Japan. First, the total annual value of mileage points issued in 2007 amounted to over 680 billion yen, and the value of electronic money used in 2007 amounted to over 580 billion yen. Mileage points are issued primarily for the purposes of customer retention or the acquisition of customer information. Recently Japanese enterprise currencies have been introduced not only in the private sector like airlines, major home electronics retailers, but in the public sector. Japan’s use of enterprise currencies in the civil service sector and educational institutions is wider than other countries. Therefore, this paper aims to compare the market and the development of these currencies. In this paper, not only the scale but the range, alliances and capitalizing are shown. Moreover, the required evaluation method has been shown by Pugh’s Method, which is suitable to express complexity and ambiguity simply, and the typical examples can be applied. Furthermore, those problems and risks which are the issuer’s trust and so on have been shown clear by introducing the evaluation.

Mobility barriers and firm-specific barriers are the resources that are more or less hard to imitate among firms within an industry. This paper analyzes financial data of firms of financial sector, service sector, and manufacturing. By comparing the average profitability of each strategic group and the deviation of profitability among firms of the group, it argues that the degrees of effects of mobility barriers and firm-specific barriers are different among industries. This paper is unique for distinguishing mobility barriers from firm-specific barriers to think that the former explains the difference of average profitability among strategic groups within an industry and the latter explains the deviation of profitability among firms within a group. This proposition is a development of resource based theory. The actuality of the financial data analysis implies the reasonability of the proposition. Lastly, the paper proposes additional hypotheses on the determinative power of mobility barriers and firm-specific barriers.

Little is known about the configurations of the performance measurement indices that achieve an organization goal. As a reason for this, performance measurement systems (PMSs) have an effect on organizational behavior, and various factors’ uncertainties affect the effect. This paper discusses an effect of the uncertainties of the organization members’ characteristics with agent-based social simulation. We propose an analysis method of the uncertainties effects. This analysis method uses a landscape for possibilities that provides a panoramic view of the possible results under the considered PMSs. We apply this analysis method to a decision-making case of choosing a configuration of the PMS at a sales organization. We confirm that the existence of effects that the uncertainties of members’ characteristics affect, and find a mechanism to have an undesirable influence on organizational performance under the specific members’ characteristics structure.