This study attempted to investigate the effects of PM organizational development (PMOD) in super market organization.
The main results were as follows:
(1) Two stores were facilitated by PMOD (Experimental stores), and experimental stores produced more effectiveness than control stores (35 stores)
(2) There were two groups of supervisors; those who participated in PM sensitivity traning course (PMST groups) and the others who did not (non-PMST groups). So in PMST-groups was shown more effectiveness than in non-PMST-groups.
(3) The effects of PM survey feedback and PMST were also examined on the leadership scores and the cognitive discrepency scores between selfrating and rating by surbordinates. PMST groups were higher in the score of leadrship P and lower in the score of the cognitive discrepancy of leadership M. But PM survey feedback effect was not clear.
(4) There was a difference of organizational leadership structure between two experimental stores. One was P-type leadership structure andother was M-type leadership structure. But after PMOD, two stores had become to PM-type leadership structure equally.

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The purpose of this study was to explore individual differences in tendency to restore balanced state (Heider, 1946, 1958), as applied to both real and fictitious p-o-q triads. According to the previous investigations, balance hypothesis has been substantiated only when sign of p's relation toward o is positive. Therefore, the present study dealt with triads where p liked o.
One hundred and fifty-three girls' highschool students served as subjects (Ss). In real situations, they were, first, asked to rate each classmate on a three-point-scale: “Like”, “Neutral”, and “Dislike” . Data concerning p's sentiments toward o and q were thus collected. Ss were given, a week later, the “relation-perception test” which had been prepared for each particular S, and where Ss were requested to guess o (liked person) 's sentiment toward q (liked or disliked persons) on a five-point-scale. Individual score for tendency to balanced state was determined from each S's responses to the test. In fictitious situations, o and q were hypothetical, instead of real, persons. Ss were asked to assess o's most probable sentiment toward q in general.
Ss were broken up into three groups according to their scores in cognitive complexity test (ERCQ) after Crockett (1965).
The results obtained were as follows: (1) In fictitious situations, Ss low in complexity were more prone to rely on the balance schema than those intermediate; (2) in real situations, on the contrary, Ss high in complexity were more prone to rely on the schema than those intermediate or low; and (3) it was suggested that the relationships between cognitive complexity and tendency to balanced state were curvilinear.
From these results, some implications of the balance schema were discussed.

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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the generality of dimensions in personality perception. Specifically, we aim to analyze the dimensional stability through the subjects developmental stages, and through various stimulus persons used. Grade students and undergraduates served as Ss. Numbers of Ss in each of four age groups were nearly from 100 to 200.
Eight stimulus persons were presented: father, mother, siblings, friend, school teacher etc. Fourty five personality traits selected from results in the preliminary experiment were used. After the similarity data between any two traits were transformed into the distance data, Carroll & Chang's (1970) multidimensional scaling, “INDSCAL”, was applied. Five dimension-solution was chosen.
The major results obtained were as follows:
(1) The content of five dimensions was interpreted as “social evaluation”, “potency”, “personal likability”, “pleasantness”, and “brightness”, respectively. There was partly found a peculiar pattern in the configur tion of latter two dimensions.
(2) Each dimension was substantially independent of one another. The order of five dimensions described in (1) had positive monotonous relationship with relative importance in the sense of weight value.
(3) Analyzing the weights, it was found that “social evaluation” was the most important for all age groups. With increased age levels, the weights in “potency”, “personal likability”, and “brightness” increased, while that in “pleasantness” decreased.
(4) For each stimulus person, the most important was “social evaluation”, the next important was “potency”, and the third important was “personal likability” . For “pleasantness” and “brightness”, there were found considerable differences in importance among stimulus persons.

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The purpouse of this study is to examine expenmentaly the relationship between belief formation and observed frequency of object-attribute link. In experiment stimulus frequency enough to form the belief which is called “threshold of confident response” was measured.
Subjects were instructed to infer whether certain box included only white stones by observing the drawing stones in turn. The value of threshold of confident response was sufficient number of stones for inferential judgement.
Two experimental conditions were distinguished. In Constant condition the number of stones in box was constant and subjects knew that number On the other hand, the stone number was variant and unknowable in Variant condition. Constant condition further divided into three conditions: Constant 10, Constant 20 (same Ss; 153) and Cornstant 30 (Ss; 62). Variant condition was held twice for different subjects (Variant I; 64 Ss, Variant II; 255 Ss).
The major findings were as follows:
(1) Threshold of confident response in constant condition bore a close resemblance to half of stone number contained in box.
(2) Threshold of confident response in Variant I and Variant II was 6.571 and 8.717 respectively, and this difference was significant statistically, But these two values were both higher than Constant 10 and lower than Constant 20.
(3) Threshold of confident response was distributed normally.
(4) Threshold of confident response was subject to wide fluctuations in each trial.
(5) Threshold of confident response showed individual difference.
These findings indicated that fixed amount of prior observations were required to form the inferential belief and that it was efficient to use the conception of threshold for explanation. Futher, it was suggested tha there were two types of threshold, relative threshold and absolute threshold. Finally, logistic curve was proposed as theoretical model that well fit the confident response of the middle term.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of perceived likelihood of escape in simulated panic situation on degree of jam and percentage of group members escaping within a specified time.
In this study, subjects were in emergency where they had to escape within a time (24 seconds) in order to avoid electric shock. In addition to this, subjects were in bottle-neck situation where there was only one outlet through which they were able to escape one at a time. If only one subject pressed the escape switch for 3 seconds, the subject could escape. If, however, two or more subjects pressed the switches, a jam occured. Any subject could not escape while jam continued.
Subjects were 160 male undergraduates, one experimental group was composed of four subjects, and forty groups were employed.
Four conditions were created as following.
(1) High condition (the condition where perceived likelihood of escape was high), (2) Medium condition (the condition where perceived likelihood of escape was medium), (3) Low condition (the condition where perceived likelihood of escape was low) and (4) Control condition. Perceived likelihood of escape were manipulated by the instructions before the trial.
Results were as following.
(1) In the pre-trial questionnaire, it was verified that the smaller the likelihood of escape were instructed by experimenter, the smaller subjects' perceined likelihood of escape were. Degree of jam were the largest in Low condition, and the smallest in High condition. Percentages of subjects escaping were the highest in High condition, and the lowest in Low condition.
(2) In Control condition, perceived likelihood of escape were smaller than in Medium condition, and langer than in Low condition. Degree of jam in Control condition were larger than in Medium condition, and smaller than in Low condition. Percentage of escaping in Control condition were smaller than in Medium condition, and larger than in Low condition.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of career goal setting on his present working life adjustment. In this study, the term career goal means the goal that one set voluntarily about his future working life, such as promotion, improvement in his professional skill, starting his own business, and so on.
Respondents were 390 employees of the private enterprises.
Hypotheses examined were as follows:
(1) Those who set some goals about their future working life (goal-setting group) will be more adjustable to their present working life than those who set no goals (no-goal group).
(2) Of goal-setting group, those who perceive that their present job executions link with theirgoal attainments will be more adjustable than those who don't have such perception.
(3) The relationship between the present working condition and the present working life adjustment is stronger for no-goal group than goal-setting group.
The results obtained were as follows:
Hypotheses 1 and 2 were supported as a whole. Namely when one set some goal in his career, and when he perceived high instrumentality of his present job execution, he showed better adjustment to his present working life. Results about the intensity of the relationship between working condition and working life adjustment were not clear. Further examination was needed about hypothesis 3.
The necessity of the condition analytic examinations about the differences of goal setting effects by the following three factors was discussed. These were the complexity of the task in which one set goal, the difficulty of the goal, and the time span of the goal. Furthermore the necessity was mentioned for the examination about the factors which induced career goal-setting.

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The purpose of the present study was to investigate experimentally the effect of leadership behavior in a simulated panic situation on escaping behavior. The percentage of successful escaping, the degree of jam, and the occurrence of the aggressive and concessive response were examined. Sujects of 132 university students were divided into groups of six members of the same sex. One of the six members was elected leader of the group. The leader could freely speak and give directions to the other five members of the group. The (leader) “non-segregated” situation and the “segregated” situation were established as the two experimental conditions. In the non-segregated situation, the leader was in the same room and could directly observe the disposition structure of the group members. In the segregated situation, the leader was in another room and could hardly get any clues to the disposition structure of the members.
The results obtained are as follows.
1. The ratio of successful escape was higher in the non-segregated situation than in the segregated situation, with the control group with no leader being the lowest. The degree of jam, on the other hand, was the lowest in the nonsegregated situation and the highest in the control group.
2. Where the leader gave concrete and powerful statements and directions-where the leader could definitely indicate the refugees (IND), order them (ORD), support their escape (SUP), and facilitate it (FAC), the ratio of successful escape proved to be higher. Where the leader mumbled (MUM) or forced the members to concede to him or her (CON), the ratio was lower.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the mechanism of group polarization phenomenon from a social comparison view point. Specifically, this study was conducted in order to examine whether opinion comparisons based on ability comparisons were significantly related to the mechanism of polarization phenomenon.
Subjects were 125 female undergraduate students, and were randomly assigned to one of four conditions.
Conditions: 1) where subjects refer to target persons having higher ability than theirs (H condition), 2) where subjects refer to target persons having similar ability to theirs (M condition), 3) where subjects refer to target persons having less ability than theirs (L condition), 4) control condition.
Subjects in the experimental conditions were exposed to opinions elicited and averaged from target persons in the above 3 conditions, and CDQ (Choice Dilmma Questionnaire) were used as task materials. Because the differences between M condition and L condition in ability were not significant, subjects in H, M, and control conditions were used for analysis.
The following results were obtained:
1) An opinion change towards risk (i. e. polarization) was more prevalent in the M condition than in the H condition, but this tendency could not be absolutely confirmed.
2) The positions of subjects' pre-test attitudes tended to influence the extent of polarization.
3) Comparison with others' opinions in itself occured in the H condition more than in the M condion, that is, a tendency was shown against opinion change.
4) With more opinion change more confidence in the subjects' opinions was shown, that is, the more the extent of polarization, the more the intensity of polarization. These results suggested that opinion comparisons based on ability comparisons could be related to the mechanism of group polarization phenomenon.

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[in Japanese]

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