Two evacuation methods in emergent situation were compared in a field experiment. One was a traditional method, named “Follow-direction evacuation method”, in which each leader indicated an exit for evacuees with loud voice and large gesture, also himself moving toward the exit. The other was a new method, named “Follow-me evacuation method”, in which each leader acted on one or two evacuees to follow him and actually took them to the exit. In Follow-me method, the leader neither called out to many evacuees nor indicated the direction of the exit.
Field experiment was conducted in a shopping underground arcade, eight meters wide and seventy-five meters long, with forty-two evacuees Scattered uniformly. Leaders were eight workers in the shopping arcade. Four of them led evacuees to the south exit with Follow-direction method and the other led evacuees to the north exit with Follow-me method.
As a result, Follow-direction method evacuated fifteen evacuees in eighty-five seconds from beginning of alarm, while Follow-me method evacuated twety-seven evacuees in sixty-five seconds. Effectiveness of Follow-me method was considered as an effect of small groups which were instantly generated around the leaders.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the reliability and validity of the revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (Russell, Peplau & Cutrona, 1980), based on several criteria. Nine hundred and seventy-five subjects were administered the revised scale along with other instruments for measuring loneliness.
The main results obtained here were as follows:
1) Chronic alcoholics showed the highest loneliness scores. The middle-aged were more lonely, on the average, than college students.
2) A significant sex difference was found only in the case of college freshmen; male freshmen show higher loneliness than female freshmen.
3) The UCLA Loneliness Scale has high internal consistency, with a coefficient alpha of. 871 and a test-retest correlation over a 6-month period of. 546. The reliability coefficient assessed by the split-half method was also very high (r=. 829). Accordingly, the results appear to provide clear evidences of the reliability of the revised measure.
4) The validity of the revised UCLA loneliness scale was assessed in several ways. The relationship between scores on this scale and measures of social activities and relations were examined as the main test of concurrent validity. Lonely people reported more limited social activities and relations, and they tended to regard their parents as being disagreeable, cold, and untrustworthy. Substantial correlation (-. 42) was found between loneliness scores and the measure of self-esteem. Lonely people had lower self-esteem than people who were not lonely. Furthermore, lonely people had more medical and psychological problems than their less lonely peers.
Overall, these findings lend support to the validity of the revised Loneliness Scale.

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The purpose of this study was to examine whether the just world interpretation of a derogation phenomenon in the Lerner-Simmons paradigm is valid.
107male and female undergraduates listened to a tape ostensibly recording the scene of a paired associate learning experiment with an imagine-self set (ISset) or watch-him set (WHset). Next, they evaluated the personal value of the learner (SP) under C (no shock), ES (error shock correspondence), or RS (random shock) conditions.
The results of 48 male subjects showed relatively clear tendencies as follows.
(1) ISset observers produced high relative impression value (RIV) for SP in all conditions. High RIV was connected with the perception of SP's performance in both C and ES conditions, and also with a positive attitude toward the learning experiment in the ES condition. In the RS condition, however, high RIV was connected with a negative attitude toward the learning experiment. Therefore, high RIV in the ES condition was thought to be a result of positive acceptance of the learning experiment, while in the RS condition it was thought to be a reflection of the sympathy for SP involved in an unjust experiment. However, in the RS condition, opposing Lerner's assertion, a belief in a just world operated to inhibit sympathy.
(2) WHset observers produced slightly high RIV in the ES condition, but relatively low RIV in the RS condition. In the latter condition relatively low RIV was connected with a positive attitude toward the learning experiment. It was thus inferred that extreme derogation of SP didn't occur because it was possible to restore justice by distortedly viewing the unjust learning experiment as just. In addition, in ES and RS conditions, the observer with a firmer belief in a just world tended to derogate SP more extremely.

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French (1956) 's paper on the “formal theory of social power” and its development by Harary (1959) were reexamined and criticized.
It was made clear from the comparison of French-Harary model (FH model) with Umino (1981a) 's “decision-making process model (U model) ” that FH model was a special case of U model. Expressing interaction process in terms of U model, which includes several parameters such as the coefficient of unconformity, the coefficient of the perception of mutual distance, and etc., U model enabled us to explain such kinds of interaction as repulsion and over-conformity. It also specified the difference between pattern of relations and the intensity of relations.
Several incomplete points and/or defects of FH model were also pointed out. In the cases of French's paper, complete proofs of theorems 1, 2, and 7 were given. The incompleteness in theorem 6 was corrected, with the proof of the revised theorem. According to Harary, FH model was represented in terms of Markov chain. The present paper made clear the differences between the two models; FH model as well as U model was difference equation system of deterministic process. Inconsistency in axiom 3′ was also pointed out.

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A panic experiment using rats as experimental subjects demonstrated that the grouped rats in a kind of modified maze box showed a serious panic behavior, on the occasion of escaping from a real imminent fire in the box. None of grouped rats could not escape alive from the fire, although one of them had ever have the same experience and he could have performed very well (Abe, 1978), Abe suggested those different results between the individual and the grouped condition were due to the heavy conformity of grouped rats caused from the panic situation.
The aim of the present study was to examine strictly the effects of psychological interference upon the conformity in grouped subjects, without the contaminated effects from the physical interference Abe mentioned. The experimental procedure used in the present study was a kind of escape training situations. Two homogeneous groups of five rats of Wistar strain each were used, and those were not different substantially in their experimental procedures (Table 1., and Fig. 2.). The apparatus used was amodified shuttle box (Fig. 1.), and each rat of the same group was observed together in that box. After some preliminary training sessions, the experimental sessions were carried out. Those consisted of two phases of 30-sec sessions each. In the first phase (choice phase) with tone signal presentation, five rats of two groups could freely move about both compartments of the box, without physical interference. At the end of that phase, the tone stopped and then another phase (outcome phase) started. Each animal was confined forcedly within either of the compartments according to his own choice. The illumination in one compartment was changed into low level (5 lux), but another was still high level (500 lux or 5000 lux) at an even chance, respectively. Each rat could escape at the chance level from the high illumination, regardless of his behavior as “stay-in-the-same-compartment” or “move-to-theadjacent-compartment”.
The main findings were as follows.
(1) A higher degree of behavioral conformity in grouped rats than the chance expected was observed (Fig. 2., Fig. 3., & Table2.).
(2) The behavioral conformity was not affected by the success or the failure of their choice.
(3) The behavioral conformity was furthermore enhanced with introducing the unexpected and occasional increase of the highly aversive illumination.

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[in Japanese]

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