The present study investigated how an individual was informationally influenced by the opinion of a similar or dissimilar other. Subiects independently judged the relative subsequent success of two teacher applicants. Each subject then exchanged his judgment with one other subject. Half of the subjects were told that they would share their judgment with another who had similar viewpoints concerning the image of “a desirable teacher”, half, that they would share it with another who had dissimilar viewpoints. The subjects then received the other's judgment, which agreed or disagreed with his own. The influence of the other's judgment was measured by changes in confidence about the subject's own judgment. The results were generally found to support the attribution theory predictions that a dissimilar other's agreement would raise confidence more than a similar other's agreement and that a similar other's disagreement would lower confidence more than a dissimilar other's disagreement. It was also found that asimilar other was liked more than a dissimilar other whether he agreed or not.

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The purpose of the present study is to examine effectiveness of the “individual scales method” for analyzing people's cognitive structures. Ss, thirty-three male undergraduates, rated thirtytwo SPs on their own “individual scales. ” Then, they rated traits on which their individual scales based on twenty common scales.
Data on rating SPs were factor-analyzed for individual Ss. Factors extracted thus were interpreted and were clustered using data on rating traits as a mediator. Major findings obtained are as follows:
1. Range of numbers of individual's factors extracted was one to seven, and its mode was four.
2. Though contents of the factorsextracte dvaried widely, most of them were found to contain somewhat evaluative tune. Some factors, however, were interpreted as connected with a mixture of potency and activity, rather than with evaluation.
3. Most of the factors extracted from the present method were able to be pigeonholed according to the “fundamental three dimensions in perceiving personality” (Hayashi, 1978a; 1978b).

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This study aims at examining the effects of self-esteem on attributions of others' success or failure. Subiects were 180 7th grade pupils, whose self-esteem scores measured by a questionnaire were high (H-SEs), moderate (M-SEs), or low (L-SEs). Ss were informed of performances of 4 stimulus persons (SPs) on anagram tasks and asked to attribute each of them. Two SPs succeeded in all four trials, and the other two failed. Attributions were measured by 7-point ratings on each of 5 factors: ability, effort, task difficulty, luck, and physical and mental conditions. Then Ss performed anagram tasks and attributed their own performances.
Major findings were as follows.
1. H-SEs attributed SPs' success less intensely and SPs' failure more intensely to internal factors than M-SEs and L-SEs.
2. Generally SPs' performances were attributed more intensely to intenal factors than to external factors, while the inverse relationship was found as to Ss' own performances.

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The logarithmic relationship between frequency of stimulus exposure and liking of those stimuli is referred to as the mere exposure phenomenon. Moreland & Zajonc asserted that there is an independent effect of exposure frequency on liking that is not operated by subjective recognition; in other words, there is a by-pass from stimulus frequency to liking, besides the pass through subjective recognition. Birnbaum & Mellers viewed familiarity and liking ratings as measures of subjective recognition that is a presupposed underlying process, and claimed that one factor intervenes the effect of exposure frequency on liking and stimulus recognition. According to Birnbaum's notion, the small discrepancy between theoretical and obtained correlation matrix among variables originated in one-mediator model may be caused by the fact that some of the dependent variables are non-linearly related to the single factor.
After having carried out a series of linear structural relationships analyses by maximum likelihood methods, Moreland & Zajonc verified that the two-mediator model provided a significantly better degree of fit to their obtained data than the one-mediator model did.
For the purpose of resolving these opposite arguments, two kinds of experiments were done. Subjects were confronted with prior exposures of 5 nonsense figures of 0, 1, 3, 9 and 27 frequencies in the first experiment, and then 5 nonsense words were given to them using the same frequencies in the second experiment. Consideration was paid to the fact that the subjects had never seen the same stimulus at five kinds of frequencies twice. Following these exposures, the subjects made stimulus recognition and liking ratings for the same stimuli as those that were presented the last time and for different stimuli from the ones that were showed for the first time.
In the experiment of nonsense figures, the improvement in attractiveness associated with repeated stimulus exposure brought with it an increase of stimulus familiarity. Relating the rated attractiveness and recognition of the stimuli in the prior series to their frequencies, the correlation between the rating measures was somehow inflated, relative to Moreland & Zajonc data. On the other hand, the correlation between exposure frequency (log [raw frequency+1]) looked small compared with Moreland & Zajonc data.
For nonsense words, the relationship between familiarity and frequency remained almost monotone, and there was a tendency toward reverse U-shaped relationship among affect and frequency.
With respect to the correlation matrix of the obtained data, a computer program, LISREL IV was run. As a result, it looked as if the onemediator model worked better than the two-mediator model, although the differences weren't terribly large in the case of nonsense figures. Moreover, it was found that the promise of the two-mediator model could still hold in the case of nonsense words, together with the former case. It was concluded that properties of the stimuli which need either the one-mediator or two-mediator should be specialized.

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Following the preceding experiment, it was examined whether the just world interpretation of a derogation phenomenon in the Lerner-Simmons pradigm is valid.
49 male undergraduates listened to a tape ostensibly recording the scene of a paired associate learning experiment, and evaluated the personal value of the learner (SP). Unlike the preceding experiment, observers checked the SP's response one by one, to make the correspondence of error and shock salient. Additionally, it was examined how derogation influenced the subsequent ratings for SP.
The results showed the following tendencies.
(1) In the ES condition, in. which no derogation occurred, shocks were perceived as positively facilitating the learning, and RIV (relative impression value) for SP was connected with a positive attitude toward the learning experiment. Therefore, the perception of injustice was thought not to occur from the first. This inference was also supported by the evidence that RIV for SP had nothing to do with an observer's belief in a just world.
(2) In the RS condition with derogation, shocks were perceived as obstructing the learning, and low RIV for SP was connected with a negative attitude toward the learning experiment. The observer with a firmer belief in a just world tended to derogate SP more extremely. Therefore, as Lerner asserted, the derogation of SP was thought to occur to reduce perceived injustice.
(3) Alternative explanations for derogation in the RS condition-“SP's behavior-derogation”, “harm-doer feeling-derogation”, and “empathysympathy” hypotheses-were examined, but neither were thought to be valid.
(4) Regarding derogation effect on the subsequent ratings, it was found that derogated SP in the RS condition tended to be compensated later, contrary to Lerner's assertion.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of three variables on changes in leadership functions among a group of managers.
The three variables investigated were job rotation among the managers, similarities between initial and subsequent jobs of rotated managers and the number of years of service of non-rotated managers.
We administered a leadership survey (PM leadership survey Questionnaire-Misumi, 1970) to 800 workers at a marine transportation company; the workers rated the leadership of their managers twice with a two-year interval between administrations.
The Results were as follows:
1. The group of non-rotated managers had a highter correlation to the M function than the group of rotated managers.
2. The rotated group with similar jobs showed a higher correlation to the P function than the rotated group with dissimilar jobs, but there was no significant difference between the two groups.
3. The rotated group which served for over a year in the same position showed a higher correlation to the P function than the group of rotated managers who had one year's service or less.
4. The rotated group which served for over a year, and the group with similar jobs showed higher scores on the planning factor and were rated more expert than the rotated group which served less than a year, and the group with dissimilar jobs.
5. The group of rotated managers showed a more positive change in the M function than the group of non-rotated managers, but there was non-significant difference in the P function between the two groups.
6. In the non-rotated group, the P function rose significantly in accordance with an increase in the years of service at a particular position.

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The present study investigated persuasion facilitating effects and their mediating mechanisms under irrelevant fear-arousing situations. It was hypothesized that persuasion facilitating effects produced by irrelevant fear arousal, as compared to those produced by relevant fear arousal (fear-arousing in communication), were short lived and lacking continuity. Three independent variables were used: relevance of fear to persuasion topic (relevant and irrelevant), intensity of fear arousal (high and low), and time (immediately, one week, and four weeks after persuasion). The results of this experiment showed that irrelevant fear arousal facilitated immediate persuasion effect but not delayed effect, and that relevant fear arousal facilitated both immediate and delayed effects. But the relation was not observed between irrelevant fear arousal and distraction phenomena which was hypothesized to mediate persuasion facilitating effects. We proposed that more direct measures of distraction should be used.

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