巻号一覧
31 巻 (1991 - 1992)
- 3 号 p. 187-
- 2 号 p. 85-
- 1 号 p. 1-
前身誌
31 巻, 3 号
選択された号の論文の8件中1～8を表示しています
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KIRIKO SAKATA, MASARU KUROKAWA1992 年 31 巻 3 号 p. 187-202
発行日: 1992/03/01
公開日: 2010/03/17
ジャーナル フリーSex differences in leader behavior were examined in terms of the sex role expectations through two experiments. The types of social power, leadership style in the PM theory, and influence tactics adopted by the leader were indices of leader behaviors. The independent variables were sex role attitudes of the leader and the masculinityfemininity of the task. The four types of opposite-sex pairs were created based on subject's sex role expectations: both traditional, traditional male and non-traditional female, non-traditional male and traditional female, and both non-traditional. Each pair took the role to give directions to the third person who had to perform an assigned task. It was hypothesized the ways that male and female leaders play leader behaviors would be compatible with their sex role expectations, i. e., female leaders would adopt indirect and relation-oriented behavior and male leaders would do direct and task-oriented one. The following results were obtained. (1) Both males and females indicated their high influencing intent when the task was expected to be suitable to their sex. (2) Especially, males tends to change leadership style following the masculinity-femininity of the tasks. (3) Differences in the sex role attitudes were found in direct tactic use reported by the leader, but not in results from behavioral observations. (4) Female avoided to be recognized as a leader and voluntarily served tea during breaks, however, they practiced direct and task-oriented leadership more than male counterparts in performing their tasks. The importance of masculinityfemininity of task and its relation to female leaders' task-oriented behaviors were discussed.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (2412K) -
KOICHI OKAMOTO, EISAKU TAKAKI1992 年 31 巻 3 号 p. 203-210
発行日: 1992/03/01
公開日: 2010/03/17
ジャーナル フリーCollege students' response to Picture Creativity Test, Unique Uses Test, and Unreal Imagination Test was evaluated according to four criteria; fluency, flexibility, originality, elaboration. A factor analysis indicated, contrary to a conventional assumption, factors composed of the scores within the test types rather than those composed of the scores that shared criteria over the test types. This factor structure justified creation of standardized summation scores for each test type; Picture Creativity Score, Unique Uses Score, and Unreal Imagination Score. Their correlational pattern with the Need for Uniqueness and Sensation Seeking was examined for a better understanding of the nature of those creativity scores. Implications of these analyses to the future research of creativity are discussed.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1077K) -
SHINICHIRO OKAMOTO1992 年 31 巻 3 号 p. 211-221
発行日: 1992/03/01
公開日: 2010/03/17
ジャーナル フリーThe main purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of the requester's consideration for the requestee's costs on expressions of request in the Japanese language. Subjects described orally (Experiment 1) or in written form (Experiment 2, 3) what they would say in fictious requesting situations. Experiment 1 showed that when the requests were addressed to an intimate equal-status requestee, subjects employed indirect forms more often as the request size increased. Experiment2 replicated the above results for the requests addressed to a high-status requestee as well. The Experiment 3 showed that subjects used direct forms more in non-serious situations than serious situations either for an equal-status or a high status requestee. The results of three experiments gave ample support to our general prediction that the more the requseter needed to show consideration for the requestee's costs, the more often he/she would use polite (indirect) forms.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1630K) -
TAKAYA KOHYAMA, TAKEHIRO FUJIHARA1992 年 31 巻 3 号 p. 222-230
発行日: 1992/03/01
公開日: 2010/03/17
ジャーナル フリーThis study was based on Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM), which is a general theory of attitude change, and investigated effects of motivation and ability to process information on issue-relevant elaboration and attitude change. It employed need for cognition, which is a disposition about engaging in and enjoying effortful analytic activity, as a motivation factor and distraction during presentation of message as an ability factor. The result of elaboration confirmed the postulate on variation in elaboration proposed by the ELM the extent of elaboration became high when motivation and ability were relatively high, and the extent of elaboration became low when motivation and/or ability were relatively low. On the other hand, the result of attitude change didn't correspond with previous studies based on the ELM; not only subjects in relatively high elaboration (HM·HA high motivation-high ability condition) but also subjects in relatively low elaboration (LM·LA and HM·LA) changed their attitude by argument quality, especially through the strong message. Furthermore, the path analyses revealed that elaboration had an important role as a mediator between attitude and motivation or ability; they didn'taffect attitude directly but could affect it through the medium of elaboration.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1378K) -
YUICHI IIZUKA1992 年 31 巻 3 号 p. 231-239
発行日: 1992/03/01
公開日: 2010/03/17
ジャーナル フリーPredictions concerning the formation of impressions on the basis of the visual behavior of an observed person were tested in two experiments. Observers were shown a video recording of a conversation between two persons in which person looked at his or her partner or not depending upon the experimental conditions. In Experiment 1, selected stimulus dimensions of interpersonal gazing-amount of gaze, sexual composition of the interacting pair-were examined for their impact on the observer's evaluations. It was found that observer's evaluations with regard to sincerity, anxiety, and relaxation of a gaze pair were differentially affected by the degree of eye contact between the gaze pair. Experiment 2 examined whether observers would form different perceptions of the same visual dominance ratio according to the sex combination of the gaze pair. Observers viewed videotapes of a person whose visual behavior was systematically varied, apparently conversing with another person of the opposite sex. Male and female stimulus persons displayed three different visual dominance ratios: 60%/40%, 40%/60%, 20%/80%. When female stimulus persons of a gaze pair exhibited the high and moderate look-speak to look-listen ratio they tended to be rated by observers as more dominant than when they exhibited the low ratio. When male stimulus persons of a gaze pair exhibited the moderate ratio they tended to be evaluated as more dominant than when they displayed the high visual dominance ratio. When female stimulus persons of a gaze pair exhibited the high visual dominance ratio they were evaluated as dominant. However, when male stimulus persons of a gaze pair exhibited the high ratio they were evaluated as submissive.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1099K) -
SORO KANO1992 年 31 巻 3 号 p. 240-245
発行日: 1992/03/01
公開日: 2010/03/17
ジャーナル フリーFor the analysis of complex group structure, it is necessary to have of a method which can simplify the total structure, and extract the essential macroscopic characteristics. To that end, the CONDENSATION method, a method developed from a concept used in graph theory, is proposed. In this method, sub-groups composed of expanded mutual choice relationships were defind as“components”. A simplified macroscopic structure is described by a graph which is composed of the relationships between components. Further, a necessity of having specific dimensions which can describe the characteristics of the total structure is pointed out. For this purpose, five dimensions are proposed. They are, UNITY, CENTRALITY, POLARITY, HIERARCHY, and the DENSITY.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (889K) -
NAOKI KUGIHARA1992 年 31 巻 3 号 p. 246-255
発行日: 1992/03/01
公開日: 2010/03/17
ジャーナル フリーThe study investigated the effects of fear on collective escape from a computer simulated maze. TV monitors watched by subjects did not present a bird's eye view of the maze, but rather what they would see if they were actually inside the maze. In the maze, other body figures and behaviors were also shown. Subjects often got close, encountered, and collided with each other. The results were as follows: Fear (a) augmented traffic jams, (b) increased time and locomotion required to reach the exit, an effect that was especially prominent for those who escaped last, and (c) reduced rate at which the maze was learned.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1358K) -
HIROSHI AMANO, KIYOSHI ISHII, MITSUO MURAKAMI, KEIICHIRO TSUJI1992 年 31 巻 3 号 p. 256-262
発行日: 1992/03/01
公開日: 2010/03/17
ジャーナル フリーThe aim of the present study was to examine how the prior experience and social influence affect the escape in the emergency situation. An experiment was conducted with 3×2 factorial design on the prior experience (exploration, fear and no) and test situation (individual or collective). The mice of the CS strain were randomly assigned to one of the six groups. The prior experience was always given in individual condition. In the test, mice were required to escape from water gradually risen. Only the prior experience with environment facilitated the time for entrance to the safety zone (escaping time) in both individual and collective conditions. On the other hand, interaction effect was obtained for the time of climbing the slope (climbing time): Inthe collective situation, the fear experienced group climbed the slope faster than the other two groups, while in individual condition, group exploration experienced group showed faster running than the others. A possible explanation for these results was discussed in connection with implication of the measures and the structure of apparatus.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (771K)
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