実験社会心理学研究
Online ISSN : 1348-6276
Print ISSN : 0387-7973
ISSN-L : 0387-7973
32 巻, 2 号
選択された号の論文の9件中1~9を表示しています
  • 「かや」のイメージに基く構想
    杉万 俊夫
    1992 年 32 巻 2 号 p. 101-105
    発行日: 1992/11/20
    公開日: 2010/02/26
    ジャーナル フリー
    A new perspective on group dynamics is proposed rejecting the traditional notion of interaction among individuals. This new perspective emphasizes the dynamic interaction between a canopy (or canopies) which represent phenomena shown by a collectivity of individuals as a whole, and the behavior of each individual within that collectivity. It is suggested that multiple canopies, partially overlapping one another, both affect and are affected by the individuals which they encompass, to varying degrees. The concept of canopies is useful in exploring a wide range of group and social phenomena.
  • 山岸 俊男
    1992 年 32 巻 2 号 p. 106-114
    発行日: 1992/11/20
    公開日: 2010/02/26
    ジャーナル フリー
    The goal of a micro-macro social psychology proposed here is to study macro behavior (as distinct from micro or individual behavior) as an unintended consequence of individuals' social action. The “unintendedess” of macro behavior relevant to micro-macro social psychology emerges from the interdependent nature of social action. It is suggested that the rational choice theoretical framework provides a useful conceptual tool to analyze this interdependence responsible for the“unintendedness” of macro behavior, since individuals' action can be analyzed as conditions for others' rational choice.
  • 局地的同調傾向の個人差の影響について
    大浦 宏邦
    1992 年 32 巻 2 号 p. 115-128
    発行日: 1992/11/20
    公開日: 2010/02/26
    ジャーナル フリー
    Opinion distributions in a society consisting of 1, 600 people were simulated using a cell-automaton model. In the simulation, each person was assumed to hold one of two opinions at a certain point of time, and to change his/her opinion according to an assigned probability function. One of three types of probability functions, representing three types of long-term attitudes, (i. e. supporting the first of the two opinions, supporting the second of the two opinions, and neutral) was assigned to each person, using a predetermined ratio. The results showed that, when the ratio of the three attitudes were varied, a society was likely to face one of the following three situations in the near future: (1) a single type of opinion distribution was expected to be attained, (2) two types of opinion distributions were expected depending on the initial situation, and (3) every possible opinion distribution was expected with almost the same probability.
  • 矢守 克也, 杉万 俊夫
    1992 年 32 巻 2 号 p. 129-144
    発行日: 1992/11/20
    公開日: 2010/02/26
    ジャーナル フリー
    'Banded structure', shown by a collectivity of pedestrians on a large crosswalk, had been documented in a previous observational study (Yamori & Sugiman, 1990). In the present study, such self-organized collective structure is called a macro-behavioral pattern (MBP). One of the essential properties of MBP is that individual behavior (micro) and MBP (macro) determine each other. A MBP is originally generated through the accumulation of individual actions however, once it is established, it, in turn, constrains individual behavior. In the current study, the dynamic interaction between micro and macro behaviors was simulated in a computer model. The size of the area subjected to information processing by each pedestrian when deciding the direction to move was assumed to be restricted by the extent to which 'banded structure' was established. The results showed that the 'banded structure' observed in the previous study could be reproduced by the computer model. Furthermore, the model, which explicitly formulates the micro-macro link, makes it possible to examine the conditions under which' banded structure' is generated.
  • 女性の自尊心の基盤に関する実験的研究
    八木 保樹
    1992 年 32 巻 2 号 p. 145-159
    発行日: 1992/11/20
    公開日: 2010/02/26
    ジャーナル フリー
    Ninety-six female subjects in Experiment I, after exposed to the essay of a woman showing successfully either femininity or masculinity, read the criticism which was seemingly well-grounded or crudely negative against the way of life expressed in each essay, i. e., femininity or masculinity, and evaluated that woman along a variety of trait adjectives. At that evaluation, about half of Ss were told that they might take the criticism into consideration for their information and the form with the criticism was attached to the answer sheet, i. e., evaluations of Ss appeared to be grounded upon the criticism., but The rest of Ss read the criticism in the situation ostensibly unrelated to their evaluations and the answer sheet was independent of the criticism. Individual difference was assessed by a self-esteem inventory. From the viewpoint of self-evaluation maintenance or social-comparison jealousy, a woman who has desirable traits that Ss do not have is ego-threatening and Ss harbor the motive to derogate that woman but wish to conceal it. But in the situation where their evaluations appeared to be grounded upon the criticism, compared to Ss who read the crudely negative criticism, Ss who read the seemingly well-grounded one are, so to speak, provided with socially acceptable rationalization for derogation, so they can let out that motive. The results were as follows. Low self-esteem Ss had that motive toward a woman showing femininity and high self-esteem Ss had that motive toward a woman showing masculinity. These mean that women heighten self-esteem by acquiring femininity: Against popular view of fear of success, femininity is the most important as the basis of self-esteem. This reasoning was confirmed in Experiment II.
  • 自己生成効果のネットワーク理論による検討
    厳島 行雄, 和田 万紀, 末永 俊郎
    1992 年 32 巻 2 号 p. 160-170
    発行日: 1992/11/20
    公開日: 2010/02/26
    ジャーナル フリー
    To investigate the underlying mechanisms which produce self-generation effect from a network theory of memory, two experiments were undertaken. In Experiment 1, Ss produced 10 persons' names which had positive affect and they were given 10 names which had neutral affect by an experimenter. Then Ss constructed sentences using the names which were generated or given with an object (noun) and its modifier. In Experiment 2, the same procedure was adopted, however, this time Ss produced persons' names which had negative affect. Incidental free and cued recall tests showed strong self-generation effects in both experiments. These results were explained in terms of higher activation of the nodes in the memory network. Higher recall results of Experiment 1 in every recall condition compared to those of Experiment 2, were explained in terms of memory organization differences depending on the difference of affects between two Experiments. The self-generation effect in the modifier recall were explained by spreading activation from the related node, such as nouns. The organizational aspect of the memory was also explained in terms of the degree of the connection of nodes in the network.
  • 渡部 幹
    1992 年 32 巻 2 号 p. 171-182
    発行日: 1992/11/20
    公開日: 2010/02/26
    ジャーナル フリー
    According to some theoretical research in social dilemmas (SD), “the trigger strategy”, in which an actor cooperates as long as all other members cooperate in an iterated SD, is very effective in solving the free-rider problem. When all members adopt“the trigger strategy”, cooperation is reasonable, because as soon as someone defects, all other members immediatly defect. Thus, no one can be a free-rider. The purpose of this research was to test this theoretical hypothesis experimentally. In short, we tested whether members came to adopt strategies like“the trigger strategy”in an iterated SD. The results of this experiment supported the hypothesis. The most basic strategy of all submitted strategies was“GENERALIZED TIT-FOR-TAT”, in which an actor decides between cooperation or defection based on the number of cooperators in the past trial. As the experiment continued, this“GENERALIZED TIT-FOR-TAT”strategies came to be like“the trigger strategy”. This transformation may be explained by the transformation of“elementary cooperation”into“instrumental cooperation” (Yamagishi, 1986).
  • 小久保 みどり
    1992 年 32 巻 2 号 p. 183-195
    発行日: 1992/11/20
    公開日: 2010/02/26
    ジャーナル フリー
    本研究では, 環境不確実性と意思決定過程への参加が職務満足感に及ぼす効果を検討した。分析のためのパラダイムとして, 期待理論の一つである組織論的期待理論 (坂下, 1985) と, Schulerモデル (1980) を選択した。さらに, それらをもとに環境不確実性と意思決定過程への参加が職務満足感に及ぼす効果を表す新しい期待モデルを構築し, その妥当性の検証も行った。
    環境不確実性と意思決定過程への参加が職務満足感に及ぼす効果について, 仮説4をたてた。仮説4を導くために役割知覚を使って前提というべき仮説1, 2, 3をたてた。以下に示すこれらの仮説を検証するために, 調査を行った。
    仮説1環境不確実性が高くなるほど, 役割知覚は減少するであろう。
    仮説2環境不確実性は, 役割知覚を媒介して職務満足感を減少させるであろう。
    仮説3意思決定過程への参加は役割知覚を増大させるであろう。
    仮説4環境不確実性と意思決定過程への参加が職務満足感に及ぼす効果は次のようなものであろう。
    (1) 環境不確実性の大きい場合も小さい場合も, 意思決定過程へ参加することは職務満足感を増大させるであろう。
    (意思決定過程への参加は職務満足感に対して正の主効果を持つであろう。)
    (2) 環境不確実性が大きい場合に意思決定過程へ参加するよりも, 環境不確実性が小さい場合に意思決定過程へ参加するほうが, 職務満足感は大きいであろう。
    (環境不確実性は職務満足感に対して負の主効果を持つであろう。) (3) 環境不確実性が大きくなるほど, 意思決定過程への参加が職務満足感を高める効果はより大きくなるであろう。
    (意思決定過程への参加と環境不確実性は職務満足感に対して正の交互作用効果を持つであろう。)
    調査の結果, 四つの仮説はほぼ支持された。
    新モデルについては, 環境不確実性が役割知覚, (E→P) 期待, (P→0) 期待を媒介して職務満足感を増すという新しいルートについて証明された。
  • 1992 年 32 巻 2 号 p. 204
    発行日: 1992年
    公開日: 2010/02/26
    ジャーナル フリー
feedback
Top