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Volume 50 (2010 - 201･･･
- Issue 2 Pages 135-
- Issue 1 Pages 2-
Volume 50, Issue 1
Displaying 1-10 of 10 articles from this issue
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Original Articles
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Megumi Komori, Koji Murata2010 Volume 50 Issue 1 Pages 2-14
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: August 19, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study examined whether people could spontaneously infer other people's emotions from situational information, and how perspective taking would influence such inference using a memory task. In study 1, participants were presented episodes in which characters go through a variety of emotion-provoking situations. Their recall of emotions was higher when the emotional descriptive words were presented as recall cues, than without cues. In study 2, people recalled emotional face-name pairs better if previously exposed to an emotion-congruent episode featuring the same target names. Instructions on perspective taking given before the episodes promoted recall (study 1), and focusing on situations generally improved memory (study 2). The facilitation effect revealed in these studies suggests that we could spontaneously infer other's emotion from information about their surroundings, along with the possibility that perspective taking focuses the perceiver's attention to the situation, resulting in the enhancement of spontaneous emotion inference.
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Yoshie Matsumoto, Nobihito Jin2010 Volume 50 Issue 1 Pages 15-27
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: August 19, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn actual society, social dilemmas are thought to be resolved through interdependency between group leaders, who punish defectors, and group members, who support these leaders. The aim of this study was to examine conditions in which interdependency arises between group leaders and members through evolutionary gaming simulation. In our simulation, there were 20 groups that consisted of 20 members and one leader. Leaders were able to punish not only defectors but also individuals who do not support them. Computer simulations were conducted, which revealed that when certain conditions are met, leaders arise who punish both defectors and individuals who do not support them, and that by doing so, most members are coerced to cooperate with and support the leader, thereby resolving the social dilemma. In particular, a necessary condition was that leaders are not able to keep his/her position unless s/he maximizes both individual and group gains.
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Go Murai, Kimihiro Inomata2010 Volume 50 Issue 1 Pages 28-36
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: August 19, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSLeadership has a huge effect on group behavior, as well as individual behavior within the group. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors leading to effective leadership of captains of sport teams. Data was collected from 808 participants out of 116 questionnaires distributed to members of nine different team sports, asking them about effective leadership. Factor analysis revealed that effective leadership consists of five factors: "goal-facilitating", "harmonizing", "encouraging", "expertise of one's own sport", and "competent performance". These results were largely consistent with previous studies. Cronbach α coefficient and Pearson's correlation coefficient by test-retest method were calculated in order to examine the reliability of the scale. Relatively high coefficients on both measures were attained, indicating that the scale has a certain extent of reliability. Criterion-related and content validity were also examined, as well as sex differences.
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Mie Tamura2010 Volume 50 Issue 1 Pages 37-48
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: August 19, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this study was to examine how people make consensus estimates about outcomes (`success' or `failure') of their own, an in-group member's and an out-group member's performance within an intergroup context. In our experiment, "in-group" and "out-group" categories were defined according to the minimal-group paradigm. The participants were given arbitrary feedback on one of the performance outcomes regarding their own self, an in-group member and an out-group member, and assessments of consensus estimates for both in-group and out-group were observed. The results indicated that when they were informed of their own performance outcomes, they perceived high consensus for their own outcomes in the in-group (false consensus effect), but not in the out-group. On the other hand, when the information given was about the outcomes of an in-group member, they made a contrasting estimate against the out-group, while they had high consensus for outcomes similar to an in-group member in assessments about in-group. This contrast was also observed when the information given was about an out-group member. In this case, participants perceived high consensus about outcomes similar to an out-group member in assessments about out-group, but low for in-group. We discussed the differences in consensus that we observed between self-referent and other-referent information.
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Mizuka Ohtaka, Kaori Karasawa2010 Volume 50 Issue 1 Pages 49-59
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: August 19, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPrevious studies on attribution and helping have examined people's judgment on whether the poor deserve government support (Zucker & Weiner, 1993), and the determinants of attitude towards social policy benefitting the poor (Applebaum, 2001). However, even those who deem the poor as undeserving of government support may favor social security, if they judge them as unable to solve their poverty, and hence they may attribute the responsibility for a solution to the government. This study examined the process in which people form their attitude toward social security from the viewpoint of solution responsibility (Brickman, Rabinowitz, Karuza, Coates, Cohen, & Kidder, 1982; Karasawa, 1991) by conducting secondary analyses of social survey data. The results indicated that compared to those with high income, those with low income tend to attribute responsibility for a solution to the government, and are more likely to support social security. Implications toward contemporary Japanese society, in which income disparity is increasing, were discussed.
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Tetsushi Omori2010 Volume 50 Issue 1 Pages 60-75
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: August 19, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSResidents of Miyake Island, Japan, were evacuated from their home for 4 years and 5 months due to a volcanic eruption. However, even seven years passed since the eruption, the majority of the areas in Miyake Island are covered with poisonous gas exceeding safe standards. Residents of the Tsubota District are still working on recovery and reconstruction from this natural disaster. A survey was conducted in Tsubota District to probe into the former evacuees' mental health risks, based on GHQ28. It was discovered that 63.6% of the respondents scored higher than a score of 6.0, the GHQ28 threshold for diagnosing risk of non-psychotic psychiatric disorders. The elderly were especially susceptible to risk, with the over 60 years age group exceeding 6.0, regardless of sex. Relative risk ratios were calculated indicating that women were 3.8 times more at risk than men. Those with anxiety over their current and future livelihood, and recovery process from the disaster, were 3.3 times more at risk than those without. Also, those who had not been able to regain employment were 2.8 times more at risk than those who were.
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Takaaki Hashimoto, Kaori Karasawa, Mikitoshi Isozaki2010 Volume 50 Issue 1 Pages 76-88
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: August 19, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSGiven that college student clubs have traits characteristic of both formal organizations and informal groups (Arai, 2004), the present study defined these clubs as "semi-organizations," and proposed a psychological model of commitment of members. Based on the three-dimensional organizational commitment model (Allen & Meyer, 1990), a "student club commitment scale" was constructed, which was administered to 205 college students who had memberships within a club. The data indicated that commitment to clubs subsumes three dimensions: affective, normative, and group-identification commitment. Furthermore, we investigated the antecedents for each commitment dimensions, with special emphasis on "group formality", a variable indicating the degree to which a certain club resembles a formal group. As a result, we discovered that affective commitment was predicted by social and task cohesions, and also, there was a marginally significant effect of the interaction between group formality and task cohesion. With regard to normative commitment and group identification commitment, group formality and social cohesion were their significant predictors.
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Kuniaki Yanagisawa, Takashi Nishimura, Mitsuhiro Ura2010 Volume 50 Issue 1 Pages 89-102
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: August 19, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study examined the effect of self-esteem on selection of close/non-close others as interaction partners, and the moderation effect of social rejection on those selecting interaction partners using the "Settoku Nattoku Game" (SNG; Sugiura, 2003). We conducted a SNG in which 90 undergraduates participated. Following the features of the SNG, we set our dependent variable as the number of others that the persuader persuaded, and conducted our analysis separately for Session 1 (S1), and Session 2 (S2). As a result, for the selection of others at S1 (the start of the game), people with high self-esteem (HSEs) selected non-close others as interaction partners more than people with low self-esteem (LSEs) did. This pattern of difference was not confirmed for selection of close others. In addition, for S2, the frequency of being selected as interaction partner by others during S1, i.e. having had or not had social rejection, moderated the effects of self-esteem on the selection of other. In particular, with those who experienced social rejection, HSEs actively sought non-close others relative to LSEs. This pattern was not evident with those who had not experienced rejection, and there were no differences found regarding close others. On the basis of these results, we discussed the possibility that HSEs and LSEs take different approaches when interacting with others, and discussed the influence that social rejection has on their approaches.
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Hiroyuki Yoshizawa, Toshikazu Yoshida2010 Volume 50 Issue 1 Pages 103-116
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: August 19, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study examined the interactional model of best friend versus peer influence on antisocial tendencies, based on the social information-processing model. In study 1, the subjective interactional model revealed that peer influence was greater than the influence of a single best friend. In study 2, the objective interactional model revealed that best friend or peer antisocial tendencies mutually influenced each other, primarily at the cognitive level, but not at the behavioral tendency level. The difference in causal direction between the individual and his/her best friend or peer implied that the best friend's influence can be construed as intentional seeking for deviant others, whereas peer influence was construed as deviancy training.
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Short Articles
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Hiroki Takehashi, Kaori Karasawa2010 Volume 50 Issue 1 Pages 117-127
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: August 19, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe relationships amongst within-group communication, group identification, and perception of shared cognition were examined across the time. Data was collected three times from 269 participants during a simulated society game named SIMINSOC (Simulated International Society; Hirose, 1997). Results of structural equation modeling indicated that communication within the group strengthened group identification, which further facilitated the perception of shared cognition. Further, group identification was found to facilitate communication during subsequent simulation sessions. These findings suggest a process of mutually reinforcing, reciprocal relationship between communication and group identification, and the resultant formation of strong perception of shared cognition. We discussed the impact of this reciprocation process within a group setting, which involve cooperative behavior and group polarization in decision making.
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