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Volume 52 (2012 - 201･･･
- Issue 2 Pages 79-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 52, Issue 1
Displaying 1-6 of 6 articles from this issue
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Original Articles
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Mitsuru Kurokawa2012 Volume 52 Issue 1 Pages 1-14
Published: 2012
Released on J-STAGE: October 25, 2012
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of a leader's management objectives, along with task difficulty on the leader's use of conflict resolution strategies toward their subordinates were examined through an experiment. Participants were 72 undergraduate students. They were assigned into decision making task groups consisting of one leader and two subordinates. Task difficulty was varied as "easy," and "difficult," and leaders were given "task-oriented" objectives, or "relation-oriented." In all conditions, leaders used cooperative strategy the most, and they perceived its effectiveness highest. In the difficult task, task-oriented leaders used competitive and accommodative strategies more, while relation-oriented leaders used accommodative strategy less. The effectiveness of the competitive strategy was perceived lowest in all conditions. In particular, the effectiveness of the accommodative strategy was perceived low in the difficult task. The relation between use of conflict resolution strategies and perception of their effectiveness was not clear, but it was suggested that the leader's management objectives, specifically in when the task is difficult, influences the use of conflict resolution strategies.
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Makoto Hirakawa, Hiromi Fukada, Masataka Higuchi2012 Volume 52 Issue 1 Pages 15-24
Published: 2012
Released on J-STAGE: October 25, 2012
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe influence of three situational factors, namely, relational distance, power discrepancy, and imposition, on the use of request expressions were investigated based on Brown and Levinson's (1987) theory. We examined the effects of the three variables on politeness and indirectness, and tested the theory including some crucial mediating variables. Two-hundred-sixty-five students completed a questionnaire, consisting of a hypothetical situation. Path analysis revealed that the three variables had positive effects on politeness, but none on indirectness. Moreover, contrary to Brown and Levinson's claim, relational distance and power discrepancy had a direct effect on politeness. These findings confirmed the theory's predictions about the three factors influencing the use of request expressions, but fell short of supporting its premises about the dimensions that are influenced, and the processes of influence. It was suggested that the theory requires further testing and refinement.
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Takumi WATANABE, Kaori KARASAWA2012 Volume 52 Issue 1 Pages 25-34
Published: 2012
Released on J-STAGE: October 25, 2012
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis article examines the prediction derived from terror management theory that mortality salience increases self-ingroup overlap. The theory provides the notion that people support their cultural worldview when mortality is salient. The authors tested how people in fear of death become attached to their ingroups with respect to cognitive overlap of the self and ingroups. The overlap was measured by assessing the mental representations between the self and ingroup. Response time analysis showed that participants in the mortality salient condition rated self-ingroup matching traits faster than they did mismatching traits, whereas mortality salience did not affect self-outgroup overlap. These results confirmed our hypothesis that the fear of death invokes enhanced self-ingroup overlap whereby people defend their cultural worldview. The findings were discussed in the context of the relationship between terror management and overlaps of the self and ingroup.
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Takumi Miyamoto, Tomohide Atsumi, Katsuya Yamori2012 Volume 52 Issue 1 Pages 35-44
Published: 2012
Released on J-STAGE: October 25, 2012
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDisciplines dealing with human science have an action research feature, since their research characteristically require collaborative processes between researchers and their subjects, much in contrast with the natural sciences which distinctively separate researchers from the target of observation. This paper sheds light on unique perspectives and roles of action researchers by featuring a case of on-going action research in a community affected by the Niigata Chuetsu earthquake. We refer to the interpretation of Osawa (2005) on the legend of Tono by Yanagida that: i) social construction, developed from our experiences, creates dual levels of "language" and "body;" and ii) these two levels exist in both the internal world of an individual and the social world to which s/he belongs. We then conclude that the action researchers bear the role to restore `otherness' confined in the individual's level of "body" for his/her betterment, and hence, a multi-positioned perspective, which we call mikos' perspective, becomes important. In addition, we underscore that these researchers have an obligation to report their findings retrospectively so that future action processes will benefit from the newly acquired perspectives for application toward improving society.
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Masakuni Tagaki2012 Volume 52 Issue 1 Pages 45-62
Published: 2012
Released on J-STAGE: October 25, 2012
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this research was to examine optimal means of drawing input from community members for municipalities concerned with drafting policies for people with disabilities. The needs and issues of people of various disabilities were focused upon, and a case study of an "advanced" residents' meeting held in a particular municipality was conducted. The meeting was initiated by local government staff and the author, but residents soon took over leadership of the discussion, and active exchange of ideas between residents regarding the common needs linked to their different disabilities were achieved. This study re-examined the validity of the over-simplified dichotomy of able-bodied people versus the disabled, by looking at the diversity of needs and experiences of those with different disabilities. As a result of this meeting, the local government committed itself to removing illegally parked bicycles and motorcycles from public walkways, and publishing disaster prevention materials as part of municipal policy, allocating public funding. However, the policy making process was not the ultimate goal of the meeting, but making sense of the daily experience of people with disabilities was. The respect gained toward the diverse needs of the disabled, and sharing amongst them their particular problems proved this type of meeting to be a very important activity for other municipalities.
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Yukiko Uchida, Yumi Endo, Yasufumi Shibanai2012 Volume 52 Issue 1 Pages 63-75
Published: 2012
Released on J-STAGE: October 25, 2012
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe examined the effects of the quantity and quality of relationships on well-being. In Study 1, participants identified and located their close relationships on a sociogram. Results showed that while the number of relationships (number of people identified) was not associated with well-being (life satisfaction, physical health, and positive affect), relational quality (positive emotions derived from the relationships) was. In Study 2, we examined the participants' relationships in general, so as to include a broader range of relationships, and also inquired upon their relational needs (need for expansion vs. need for stability). Results indicated that both quantity and quality of relationships were associated with well-being, with the former having a stronger influence for those who seek to expand their social relationships, and the latter having more influence for those who prefer to maintain their current stable relationships. Those who seek to expand their social relationships had higher levels of general trust, better relationships with more people, and a higher level of life satisfaction. The implications of the effect of social relationships toward well-being were discussed.
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