We have designed a new stand age / volume formula based on YAMAMOTO-SCHUMACHER, the most accurate volume formula which considers stand age. By investigating the relationships between stand age and parameters a, b and c of the YAMAMOTO-SCHUMACHER formula, we learned that these parameters were functions of stands approximately 40 years of age or younger. On the other hand, this new volume formula was designed for stands over 40 years by regarding parameters as constant values. This was done by adjusting the YAMAMOTO-SCHMACHER parameters a, b and c of each stand between 38 and 42 years. Subsequent investigations showed the accuracy of this new volume formula to be quite high.

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The plane coordinates of principal points on photographs were calculated by resection and the errors examined.Eight plans were used by selecting known points to calculate the plane coordinates of the principal point. The difference in the methods was not significant at the 5% level. The errors became larger in proportion to the degree of the tilted photographs. The correlation coefficient between error and photograph tilt was 0.9932.

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This paper examines the difference in log volume, price and profit obtained from unthinned and slightly thinned hinoki(Chamaecyparis obtusa) stands, the site quality and tending of which were the same. The volume and price of the logs were estimated from height-diameter distribution on the Shinnshigeyama permanent plot,taking log assortment into consideration. In order to estimate the present value of afforestation costs,the wage base was used as deflatores. The internal rate of return(IRR) and net sustained yield were calculated by revenus, thinning and felling costs, and the present value of afforestation costs. The final yield of log volume and price for the unthinned plot are greater than for the thinned plot,but the total yield of the unthinned plot is less than that of the thinned plot.As IRR and net sustained yield for the thinned plot, which has income obtained from thinning, exceed those for the unthinned plot, the thinned stand is, therefore, more profitable than the unthinned stand.However, the thinned stand which has no income from thinning is less profitable than the unthinned stand. Where rotation age is about 40 years, reduction of felling costs increases the IRR more effectively than reduction of thinning costs. However,reduction of thinning costs increases the IRR if the stand is operated on a long rotation. Thinning must be carried out in stands with good geographical features and logging conditions.

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This paper discusses the consensus building process of recreation planning in the national forests of the United States by analyzing the activities of the first "recreation engineer", A. H. Carhart, who was employed after World War I . First, Carhart made a consensus with his supervisor regarding wilderness type recreation by supporting the suppression of the proposed summer home site. Second, in Superior National Forest, he proposed a much wider road-free canoe area and tried to persuade the Forest Service to agree by cooperating with environmental conservation organizations. Third, he formulated a recreation plan for San Isabel National Forest incorporating the wishes of the local community for their own camping grounds. This became the first attempt at public participation in a recreation plan for a national forest. Finally, he contributed many articles on national forest recreation to various periodicals in order to promote, not only recreation itself, but also to obtain a consensus on recreation planning among foresters in the Forest Service. His ideas did not receive immediate support from foresters, but this pioneering work laid down the foundation for the later establishment of wilderness areas.

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The Forest Planning System was transformed into an inducing one so that the natural environment of the forest contributes to the development of an economic society and the improvement of social welfare, based on the revised Japanese Forest Law (1974). As a result, it is more important to reach a consent among persons formulating the plan, and among the forest owner and the beneficiary concerned in practicing the established plan, than in the case of the conventional plan. In the former case, six steps have been prescribed for mutual consent. In the latter, in general, the administration has taken appropriate measures to achieve the forest consolidation goal and to induce forest owners to adhere to it. These measures consist of a kind of mediation plan by the administration, thereby promoting mutual consent by political exchange. The mediation plan generally consists of (i) financial support, (ii) forest management by the beneficiary, (iii) a region or an area agreement to promoteforest consolidation in cooperation with the beneficiary, (iv) mutual agreementby forest owners in a region or an area, and (v) the forest volunteer. This report also contains a discussion on the present situation and the following are pointed out as remaining problems: (i) the fact that the mediation method complement-ing forestry has become ineffective, due to the inactivity of forestry, (ii) the need to facilitate mutual consent and to maintain consent content upon agreement by systematizing various mutual content measures and (iii) the need for institutional research on how to change the external economy of the forest into an internal economy where possible.

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