Human beings have overcome various critical situations for the society. A present critical situation for human society is exceeding our desires on materials what the earth can support. We should change our major resource utilization from non-recycle at present to recycle types as soon as possible in order to open 22^<nd> century with a great hope. Forest resources, one of the most important recycle type resources, have to be developed in various new types of resource utilization other than the current types such as housing, furniture, fuel and so on. Furthermore a new type of forest planning accommodating the new types of resource utilization as well as the traditional types is urgently required. This article is a hearty hope made by an ecologist for the forest scientists.

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We calculated the logging cost in clearcutting using the Endless Tyler system and tower yarder system under various stand and setting conditions using existing logging costs functions, and showed the quantitative effects of variables, including the volume on setting, volume per tree, mean yarding distance, and width of setting, on the logging cost using quantification theory I. Efficient logging required a volume on setting of about 400m^3 in the Endless Tyler system or about 60m^3 in the tower yarder system, and a volume per tree of about 0.8m^3. In the tower yarder system, the effect of the mean yarding distance was also large. The effect of the width of setting was small. Next, we evaluated the sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) plantations in the private forests in Sanpoku Town, Niigata Prefecture. A fairly large proportion of stands had a smaller volume per tree or volume on a stand than desirable. Nevertheless, in many cases, the logging volume was sufficient for efficient cable logging when adjacent stands were combined as one setting.

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This study aims to clarify the relationship between silvicultural practices and national/public subsidies in private plantation forests in Gifu Prefecture, Japan. Regression analysis was conducted to study this relationship using historical records of silvicultural practices and forestry statistics. The result showed that national subsidies could significantly explain regional silvicultural practice area implemented by private expenses, financing and subsidies. However, most of the silvicultural areas did not show a relationship with public subsidies. Therefore, a national subsidy would be more important for silvicultural practices in private forests than would public subsidies. This finding is helpful in further developing the subsidy system for cost-effective long-term forest management in Japan. We consider public investment an effective way to subsidize aggregated forests covered by their respective forest management plans, in order to develop matured plantation forests, which is a fundamental goal of the current national forestry policy.

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After foundation of the People's Republic of China, the need of reviving the economy made the government paying attention to expand overall forest exploitation of North-East China. The main objectives of this paper were to find out the actual situation, promoted factors of forests exploitation in North-East China, and temporal characters within the first half period of planned economy from 1949 to 1962. For this purpose, then forest policy, production technology, change of timber production and growing stock amount, and the possible requirements of forest management such as institutions, labors etc were investigated. The result reveals that machinery promotion, labor force supply, and spreading/popularizing clear cutting works etc were done to achieve the national requirement of wood quantity to increase the forest industries annually as per national timber production plan, and hence mass production of mature wood and improvement of labor productivity was carried out. Therefore, in the earlier period of planned economy of Socialism, exploitation of the forest was considered as the base for supply of the resources required for promotion of national construction through high growth of resources. As a result, wood harvesting was given top priority and the forest resources exploited extensively as per exploitation management.

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This study aims to clarify the actual condition and problems of join cultivation of Suosuo and Congrong practiced by Nouboku-rinka (farming households dependent on grazing and forestry) and private enterprises after adopting the expansionary policy on afforestation of arid regions by the Chinese government. In this regard, Alashan left banner of Alashan League, Inner Mongolia was selected as the study area. We investigated joint cultivation pattern of Suosuo and Congrong practiced by the Noubokurinka and other private enterprises. Based on the analysis of the data following facts were clarified : (1) Two types of management system are identified between private enterprises and Noubokurinka: One is the contract cropping, another is the hired labor by private enterprises. The contract cropping can increase the Noubokurinka's income. The hired labor type can ensure Noubokurinka to obtain employment firstly and get stable income thereby. (2) This study reckoned few problems regarding this joint cultivation system such as because the Noubokurinka are lack of investment capital, they can not introduce the new varieties in time, and can not enhance the productivity rapidly. Besides, as the mechanized management has not been realized yet, current large-scale cultivation management is just only an accumulating stage of small-scale management. The result is that only the household with many labor forces might carry on a large-scale management, this is just the theory of small-scale peasant economy put forward by Chayanov. Further more, with the development of the market economy, the planters tend to aging. So the problems of labor forces and successors may gradually appear in near future. From now on, in order to continually develop the private enterprise of cultivation of Suosuo and Congrong, much more support is required not only from the private enterprise, but also from the government. For example, supply of the seeds at free of cost, support more people to join, develop equipments that can save labor force and reduce the labor intensity i.e. realizing mechanization in the cultivation process. At the same time, the government and the private enterprise need to conduct technological innovation in cultivation and management processes, improve present working conditions, increase household income. Nevertheless, initiatives need to be taken to attract more people towards the private enterprise led cultivation of Suosuo and Congrong a introducing new management systems.

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A questionnaire survey by mail was done for all forestry owners'associations (FOAs) in Shikoku, to clarify the transfer of forest property rights and abandonment of reforestation efforts. The answers indicated that the main assets bought and sold are planted Japanese cedar or cypress forests, that these are 30-50th graders, that the main sellers are small-scale or very-small-scale forest owners, and that the main buyers are logging contractors. It is considered that abandonment of reforestation efforts easily happens after clear-cutting for a passive reason for forestry management. We also conducted a questionnaire survey and interview investigation on logging contractors, and found that they wanted to buy only standing trees, whereas forestland owners wanted to sell the trees with land.

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At present, Larch plantation management is having difficulties with short-rotation of conventional model and seeking long-rotation to obtain large diameter wood production. However, since there is short history of Larch plantation, not enough enrichment of this management and systematization efforts have been insufficient. Hence it is important to establish a management system for making long-rotation to obtain large diameter wood production true based on accumulated management. Therefore, in the studies, possible effects of the long-rotation management to obtain large diameter wood, stand structure and stand growth with silvicultural practices were analyzed taking low-density and many-thinning management through fixed point stand survey at Hase, Ina city of Nagano prefecture. The result revealed that large diameter wood over 40cm DBH at relatively early stage 60 years can be cultivated keeping stand density Sr 25% and stem-crown ration 50% having low-density and many-thinning in this management system. Moreover, excellent diameter growth and large timber production can also be expected even after 60 years. In conclusion, low-density and many-thinning management makes possible for long-rotation to obtain large diameter wood.

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After the Great Leap Forward Movement from 1958, forests felling and propagation balance adjustment was implemented as per central government policy (perpetual utilization). But, very soon, political movement influenced once again the large scale development of forest resources of North-East region. Purpose of this paper were to clarify forest development under the policy (perpetual use) of North-East region ; flow of first half and second half period (1963〜980) of concentrated planned economy ; actual situation of destructive forest development and their factors after that period ; and forest utilization temporal characters of that period. Change of the then forest policy, more the increase in wood volume production, forest area, decrease in volume and forest development advancement conditions (actual situation of several facilities, manpower) etc were also made clear. The result reveals that, controlled wood production once again increased with demand of industries, promotion of forest machines and supply of manpower advancement is required as a national policy. In addition, reckless deforestation and wastage inside wood production process etc resulted into serious damage to the local forest resources. Hence, it is concluded that the forest development of this period was controlled by the political movement, resource spoiling policy, man-made destruction. As a result, forest was greatly declined qualitatively as well as quantitatively.

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The objective of this paper is to define and classify the decision making system constructed among stakeholders for forest management in local communities and to discuss the characteristics of each type of the system. Through the references there are four kinds of the decision making system ; A : The institute to collect public opinion on forest management and planning, B : The committee for forest management organized by a local government, C : The conferential system managed by a Forest Volunteer Organization, and D : The joint management system which consists of the stakeholders in a local community. However, the system based on forest volunteer activities of local residents and citizens can be regarded as the C type or the D type. I analyzed the results of the questionnaire to 78 Forest Volunteer Organizations so as to know the details of the C type and the D type of the decision making system. In the C type system, the opportunities to participate in the committee for forest management are given only to the members of the Forest Volunteer Organization, and in some cases, the local government which established it. On the other hand, a lot of stakeholders take part in the steering committee in the D type system, such as enterprises, the office of a prefecture, the Forestry Agency and fishery cooperatives and so on. In both types, they try to build consensus on forest management among local people and other stakeholders. Finally, I designed the decision making system for participatory forest management which consists of core system (decision-making part for management) and circumference (consensus-building part). There seem to be four models in total ; (1) The local resident (citizen) - leading model, (2) The local government leading model, (3) The single conferential system model, which is managed only by the steering committee, (4) The multiple conferential system model. The first two models belong to the C type and the third and the forth belong to the D type.

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the change of mangrove forests distribution of Dong-zhaigang in the northern part of Hainan Island, China, and the historical changes in land use that have occurred in the Sanjian farm which was reclaimed from mangrove forests. In this study, on-site surveys and analysis of satellite image data by GIS were conducted. As a result, it was found that since 1980, the total area of mangrove forests has changed little, and the reclamation of mangrove forests in this area has been prohibited in officially designated nature protection areas. At the same time, part of the Sanjian farm has been found to be unsuitable for most crops due to the occurrence of acid sulfate soil, so paddy fields and palm trees there are being converted into fishponds.

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