“KAZINOKI” “KÔZO” and “TURU-KÔZO”, the material for making KÔZO-paper, Shifu-fabric etc., are quite different species of the moraceous genus Broussonetia, but generally they are called together by one Japanese name “KÔZO” [_??_] among the Japanese paper-makers, foresters and cultivators. I made a brief sketch on these three species of Broussonetia from the morphological and the taxonomical standpoints and also attempted to introduce concisely their various vernacular names for those who have interest in “KôZO”. [Biological Institute, Tôhoku Universty.]

View full abstract

According to the publication by the Committee on Nomenclature, I. A. W. A. (Glossary cf terms used in describing wood, 1933), three types of wood rays are recognized. In this they described a homogeneous ray as “a xylem ray composed of radially elongated cells” and a heterogeneous ray as “a xylem ray composed of cells of different morphol gical types, typically with the cells of the multiseriate part radially elongated and those of the uniseriate parts vertically elongated or square”.
It wouid now appear that, after seventeen years, it is time that these definitims should be amended, for in the intervening years much intensive anatomical work has been accomplished, and workers in many parts of the world are finding it increasingly difficult to accept these definitions. Objections to them have been pointed out from time to time.
It is clear from the examples given by Dr. M. M. CHATTAWAY how very inexact the present terms are, and how difficult to apply, even for descriptive purposes.
A suggested altaration of CHATTAWAY is:-
Homogeneous ray “a xylem ray in which all the cells which are contiguous to the same elements are morphologically or functionally similar”.
Heterogeneous ray “a xylem ray composed of cells which, when contiguous to the same elements are composed of cells of different functional or morphological types”.

View full abstract

As the result of our vegetational survey, the following types of communities are recognized from “Chichibu” district, which is located to the Pacific slope of Kantô range, central Japan.
The montane belt, bellew 1600m alt.
Tsuga Sieboldii community, on mountain ridges
Tsuga-Betula-Fagus-Rhododendron community
Quercus-Tsuga-Ainsliaea community
Chamaecyparis obtusa community
Fagus crenata community, on the deep soil of mountain sides
Fagus crenata-Sasamorpha community
Fagus crenata-Fagus japonica-Sasamorpha community
Fagus-Quercus-Sasamorpha community
Fraxinus commemoralis community, on the moist gravellous soil of the valley
Fraxinus-Aesculus-Pterocarya-Acercommunity
Chamaecyparis pisifera community
Subalpine belt, 1600-2500m alt.
Tsuga diversifolia community, bellow 2000m alt.
Abies homolepis community
Larix Kaempferi community
Picea bicolor community
Betula Ermani community
Thuja Standishii-Pinus pentaphylla community
Tsuga diversifolia community
Abies Veitchii-Abies Mariesii community, above 2000m alt.
Abies Mariesii community
Abies Veitchii community
Pinus pumila-Vaccinium hirtum-Vaccinium Vitis-ldaea community, above 2500m alt.
Pinusa pumila-Rhododendron chrysanthum-Empetrum nigrum-Cetraria crispa-Cladonia alpestris-Cladonia rangiferina community
Pinus pumila-Rhododendron Fanriei-Pleurozium Schreberi-Hylocomium community

View full abstract

This paper includes next articles
(1) Brief explanation for the constructions of the power chain saws (Fig. 1-3) (inserted in the preliminary Journal)
(2) Comparison of cutting speed between the power chain saw and the hand saw (Fig. 4).
(3) Actual examples about the logging capacities under the logging operations which used the power chain saws and used hand saws (Table 1 & 3 inserted in the preliminary Journal Fig. 5).
(4) General consideration about logging efficiency, and equations whion calculate it.
(5) Comparison between the article (3) and the results which calculated by the substitution of proper numerical values to the equations (Fig. 7 & 8).
(6) Work analysis for logging operation which used the power saw (Fig. 9) and study which is shown that the efficiencies of any works in h the operation must be raise the whole logging output.

View full abstract

This experiment is about the shrinkage and swelling of the veneer and plywood of HINOKI-wood (Chamaecyparis obtusa S. et Z.) in some directions. The veneers used were cutted 2 mm thick and in different directions with respect to the tree. The plywood were made up of 3 layers (tangential veneers of each 2 mm thick) with the grain of core or core and backveneer at an angle with the surfaceveneer (see Fig. 8, 9) and glued with milk-casein.
The results are as follows;
1) W. L. Greenhill's theoretical formula (1940)
α_θ=1-√cos²θ(1-α_r)²+sin²θ(1-α_t)² which denotes the relation of the shrinkage in certain direction on transversal section to the angle θ which is bearing between the growth-rings and the direction above mentioned, coinsides nearly with the empirical data, not only in a palne of radial-tangential axis (Fig. 5), but also in any plane of radiallongitudinal axis (Fig. 3), tangential-longitudindinal axis (Fig. 4), and in any other plane which contains the longitudinal axis and the axis on a plane of radial-tangential axis (Fig. 6).
2) Then we obtained a stereographic projection of the anisotropic shrinkage of HINOKI-wood (Fig. 7) where the main axes are the ordinary 3 directions of wood structure.
3) Shrinkage of upper-mentioned 3 plied plywood in a certain direction is less than shrinkage in same direction of any consisted veneers or is equal to the minimum value of them (Fig. 10).

View full abstract