The Japanese Journal of Genetics

GENETIC DIVERSITY OF THE CYTOPLASM IN TRITICUM AND AEGILOPS. III. ON THE ORIGIN OF THE CYTOPLASM OF TWO HEXAPLOID AEGILOPS SPECIES

SEIICHI TSUJI, KOICHIRO TSUNEWAKI

1976 Volume 51 Issue 3 Pages 149-159
Published: 1976
Released on J-STAGE: May 21, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1266/jjg.51.149

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

Show abstractHide abstract

Genetic characteristics of the cytoplasms in two hexaploid Aegilops species, i.e., Ae. crassa (genome formula DDD²D²M^crM^cr) and Ae. juvenalis (C^uC^uDDM^jM^j), were investigated, by comparing the 18 characters of the normal and cytoplasm substitution lines of two tester cultivars, Chinese Spring and Jones Fife, of commoh wheat (AABBDD). For comparison, the cytoplasms of Ae. squarrosa (DD), Ae. umbellulata (C^uC^u), Ae. biuncialis (C^uC^uM^bM^b) and Ae. ovata (C^uC^uM^oM^o) were also studied. The genetic relationships among all these cytoplasms were estimated by two numerico-taxonomical methods. The results indicated that the cytoplasm of hexaploid Ae. crassa is highly similar to that of Ae. squarrosa. The Ae. juvenalis cytoplasm was most closely related to the crassa cytoplasm, and its relation to the squarrosa cytoplasm was not so close. The present results can best be interpreted by assuming that both the Ae. crassa and Ae. juvenalis cytoplasms were derived from Ae. squarrosa. Based on this and other information, evolutionary processes leading to the origin of these two hexaploid species were discussed.

View full abstract

Download PDF (1085K)
THE CYTOLOGICAL CHIMERAS IN ORIGINAL REGENERATES FROM TOBACCO TISSUE CULTURES AND IN THEIR OFFSPRINGS

HISAKAZU OGURA

1976 Volume 51 Issue 3 Pages 161-174
Published: 1976
Released on J-STAGE: May 21, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1266/jjg.51.161

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

Show abstractHide abstract

A cytological analysis was made with root-tip meristematic cells of regenerated plants and their offspring originated from tissue cultures of Nicotiana tabacum cv. Wisconsin No. 38. Each original regenerate showed a wide range of variation in chromosome number, irrespective of combinations or concentrations of growth regulators used for regeneration. Two regenerates designated Nos. 1 and 2 were used for the analysis of further generations. In the first selfed generation (S1), all the progenies of both Nos. 1 and 2 exhibited variable chromosome numbers. Five plants derived from No. 1 had 43.0±1.0 chromosomes on the average, while two plants from No. 2, 63.7±1.9. The majority of S1 plants of No. 1 showed normal or hypoploid chromosome numbers, whereas hyperploid numbers were common in S1 plants of No. 2. In the second selfed generation (S2), the chromosome number of all the progeny plants of No. 1 stabilized to 48, whereas all the S2 plants of No. 2 exhibited still highly variable chromosome numbers. Moreover, all the plants belonging to the No. 1 lineage were almost normal physiologically (pollen and seed fertilies, plant height, leaf color, leaf from, inflorescence shape and etc.). In the No. 2 lineage, in contrast, these characteristics segregated frequently, and most of the plants exhibited, more or less, some anomalies. Observations of mitotic anaphase revealed that there exist considerable irregularities such as anaphase bridges. These results indicate that the lineage of No. 2 possesses some genetical and/or physiological factor(s) leading to the cytological instability. From the reciprocal crosses between No. 1 and normal plants, existence of a cytoplasmic effect on the cytological stabilization was also presumed. To determine the existence of the gene(s) involved in the present cytological chimerism, further studies on the crosses involving the No. 1 lineage are required.

View full abstract

Download PDF (3395K)
GENETIC DIVERSITY OF THE CYTOPLASM IN TRITICUM AND AEGILOPS

V. CLASSIFICATION OF 23 CYTOPLASMS INTO EIGHT PLASMA TYPES

K. TSUNEWAKI, Y. MUKAI, T. RYU ENDO, S. TSUJI, M. MURATA

1976 Volume 51 Issue 3 Pages 175-191
Published: 1976
Released on J-STAGE: May 21, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1266/jjg.51.175

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

Show abstractHide abstract

We are attempting to produce nucleus-cytoplasm hybrids in all possible combinations between the nuclei of twelve strains of common wheat covering the wide range of its genetic variation, and the cytoplasms of 22 species of Triticum and Aegilops (including one synthetic amphiploid) representing almost all basic genome types known in the two genera. Though their production is still far from completion, comparative studies of the hybrids under development indicated that great genetic diversity of the cytoplasm exists among the species of the two genera, and their cytoplasms can be classified into several major plasma types. The results of the studies were reported here. First, brief description was given to individual cytoplasms as to their genetic effects on the character expression of common wheats. Second, genetic similarities between the cytoplasms were evaluated in two ways, (1) from their effects on 15 characters of CS and (2) from their effects on the self ed seed fertility of twelve common wheats; both evaluations were made in the form of genetic distance, based on which the cytoplasms were clustered. From these results, the following eight major plasma types were distinguished: (1) A type-the cytoplasm of T. boeoticum (haploid genome constitution A), causing growth depression, severe winter killing, variegation in winter and severe male sterility, (2) C type-the cytoplasm of Ae. caudata (C) causing pistillody, male sterility and haploid formation, (3) C^u type-the cytoplasms of Ae. umbellulata (C^u), Ae. triuncialis (CC^u), Ae. biuncialis (C^uM^b), Ae. columnaris (C^uM^c) and Ae. triaristata (C^uM^tM^t2), causing growth depression, variegation in winter, male sterility and haploid formation, (4) D type-the cytoplasms of Ae. squarrosa (D), Ae. cylindrica (CD), Ae. juvenalis (C^uDM^j), Ae. crassa (DD²M^cr), and Ae. vavilovii (DM^crS^p), causing no remarkable effects, (5) G type-the cytoplasms of T. dicoccoides var. nudiglumis (AG) and T. timopheevi (AG) causing anther malformation and male sterility, (6) M type-the cytoplasm of Ae. ovata (C^uM^o) causing extreme delay of heading and male sterility, (7) S type-the cytoplasms of Ae. speltoides (S), Ae. kotschyi (C^uS^v), Ae. variabilis (C^uS^v), T. dicoccoides var. spontaneo-nigrum (AB), T. dicoccum (AB), and common wheat (ABD) with no remarkable effects, and (8) S¹ type-the cytoplasm of Ae. sharonensis (S¹) causing growth depression and male sterility. Five additional cytoplasms studied by previous workers were also classified according to these types. From the genetic similarities observed, descents of the cytoplasms in polyploid species were clarified, , tracing their origin back to one of their parental species.

View full abstract

Download PDF (1786K)
GENETIC DIVERSITY OF THE CYTOPLASM IN TRITICUM AND AEGILOPS

VI. DISTRIBUTION OF THE HAPLOID-INDUCING CYTOPLASMS

K. TSUNEWAKI, Y. MUKAI, T. RYU ENDO, S. TSUJI, M. MURATA

1976 Volume 51 Issue 3 Pages 193-200
Published: 1976
Released on J-STAGE: May 21, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1266/jjg.51.193

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

Show abstractHide abstract

A common wheat Triticum aestivum strain Salmon is known to produce haploids in response to some alien cytoplasms. In the present study, the distribution of the haploid-inducing cytoplasms to this wheat was investigated using 19 species belonging to two genera, Triticum (wheat) and Aegilops. The cytoplasms of seven Polyeides species (Ae. umbellulata, Ae. biuncialis, Ae. columnaris, Ae. triaristata (6x), Ae. kotschyi, Ae. variabilis and Ae. triuncialis) and one Cylindropyrum species (Ae. caudata) of Aegilops induced haploids at various frequencies (7.1% the lowest and 33.6% the highest). One species of each Polyeides (Ae. ovata) and Cylindropyrum (Ae. cylindrica), and all species of Vertebrata (Ae. squarrosa, Ae. juvenalis and Ae. crassa (6x)), Sitopsis (Ae. speltoides and Ae. sharonensis), and Triticum (T. boeoticum, T. dicoccum, T. timopheevi and T. aestivum) tested produced no haploids, except for a single plant. Thus, the distribution of the haploid-inducing cytoplasms is confined to the Polyeides and Cylin-dropyrum sections of Aegilops. It was assumed that the plasmagene(s) for haploid induction of Ae. umbellulata Ae. biuncialis, Ae. columnaris, Ae. triaristata (6x), and Ae. triuncialis of the Polyeides, and Ae. caudata of Cylindropyrum has a common origin with each other, while the gene(s) of Ae. kotschyi and Ae. variabilis of Polyeides has a different origin.
Three pollen parents of T. aestivum; Salmon, Chinese Spring and Jones Fife showed different haploid-inducing powers in the order of Jones Fife (22.0%), Salmon (18.3%) and Chinese Spring (12.3%). All the haploid-inducing cytoplasms except one (Ae. umbellulata cytoplasm) produced twin and triplet seedlings at high frequencies (2.8-14.3%). Ninety-two per cent of the twins were the haplo-diplo type, and all the triplets were the haplo-haplo-diplo type. The production of the twin and triplet seedlings of these types is intimately related to the induction of haploid parthenogenesis by the cytoplasms.

View full abstract

Download PDF (698K)
CHROMOSOME STUDIES IN THE JAPANESE VESPERTILIONID BATS:

I. KARYOTYPIC VARIATIONS IN MYOTIS MACRODACTYLUS TEMMINCK

YOSHITAKA OBARA, TAKAFUMI TOMIYASU, KAZUO SAITOH

1976 Volume 51 Issue 3 Pages 201-206
Published: 1976
Released on J-STAGE: May 21, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1266/jjg.51.201

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

Show abstractHide abstract

The karyotype of the vespertilionid bat, Myotis macrodactylus TEMMINCK, has been examined in the specimens from two localities (Akka; 5_??_ 1_??_, and Ashiro; 4_??_) of Iwate Pref., Japan. Eight (4_??_ 4_??_) of them had the consistent karyotype of 2n=44 (FN=52) and no chromosome abnormality was observed. Their karyotypic profiles were almost identical with those described by earlier investigators. On the contrary, the remaining two (1_??_ 1_??_) evidently revealed unusual chromosome constitution; heteromorphism of the pair No. 5, which is most probably explicable by the pericentric inversion mechanism, was found in one female from Akka, and normal diploid/ hyperdiploid mosaicism was observed in one male from Ashiro. In the former case no change was found in the chromosome number as well as in the fundamental number (2n=44, FN=52), and in the latter case the hyperdiploid cell was featured by one extra minute chromosome.
The results obtained seem to present evidence for that occurrence of interpopulational karyotypic variation is not infrequent in Myotis macrodactylus. Thereby, cytogenetic instability of this species is suggested.
Cytotaxonomic relations among the species of Myotis so far studied are discussed in relation to the stability of their karyotypes.

View full abstract

Download PDF (1573K)
ABSENCE OF EXCISION REPAIR IN NAEGLERIA GRUBERI

SHUNZO OKUBO

1976 Volume 51 Issue 3 Pages 207-211
Published: 1976
Released on J-STAGE: May 21, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1266/jjg.51.207

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

Download PDF (403K)
AN ELECTROPHORETIC VARIATION OF THE MYOGLOBIN IN LOACHES, MISGURNUS ANGUILLICAUDATUS

MASAO KIMURA

1976 Volume 51 Issue 3 Pages 213-215
Published: 1976
Released on J-STAGE: May 21, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1266/jjg.51.213

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

Download PDF (963K)

Register with J-STAGE for free!