巻号一覧
68 巻, 1 号
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REVIEW
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Koichiro TSUNEWAKI1993 年 68 巻 1 号 p. 1-34
発行日: 1993年
公開日: 2004/10/01
ジャーナル フリーThis article reviews our studies of plastome, chondriome and plasmon diversity among Triticum (wheat) and Aegilops species, and of interactions among wheat genomes and alien plasmons. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of chloroplast and mitochondrial DNAs of nearly all species of those genera were studied by means of restriction endonuclease analysis and Southern hybridization analysis. The results show that the plasmons of the two genera can be classified into 18 types, most of which appear to have diversified at the diploid level. The maternal lineages of most polyploid species, including emmer, timopheevi and common wheats, can be ascertained. These results have been supported by the observed differences in the effects of alien plasmons on various characters of 12 common wheats. The phenotypic outcomes of the interactions between wheat genomes and alien plasmons were, in some cases, novel; several may be of practical use. The genes involved in these interactions were analyzed using various aneuploids of a common wheat Chinese Spring.
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ARTICLES
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Hirohiko HIROCHIKA, Rei HIROCHIKA1993 年 68 巻 1 号 p. 35-46
発行日: 1993年
公開日: 2004/10/01
ジャーナル フリーTy1-copia group retrotransposons were searched for in 35 plant species by amplification of the reverse transcriptase coding region using the polymerase chain reaction. Sequences of the expected size were amplified from all of these plant species, including a liverwort, a horsetail, a bracken, gymnosperms and angiosperms. Sequences of 72 clones from 17 species were determined, all of which showed clear homology to the reverse transcriptase sequence of Ty1-copia type retrotransposons. More than half of the sequences carried stop codons or frame shifts. Twenty three new retrotransposon sequences with no interruption by these mutations were revealed. The mechanisms of the evolution of retrotransposons and accumulation of mutations were discussed.
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Hirokazu HANDA1993 年 68 巻 1 号 p. 47-54
発行日: 1993年
公開日: 2004/10/01
ジャーナル フリーThe gene encoding subunit 9 of Fo-ATPase of rapeseed mitochondria has been isolated. The complete genomic DNA sequence and CDNA sequence corresponding to the atp9 gene transcript have been determined by a method involving CDNA synthesis, using specific oligonucleotides as primers, followed by PCR amplification, cloning and sequencing of the amplification products. In comparison of CDNA sequences to genomic one, four modifications, C-to-U conversions, have been found. When compared with RNA editing patterns of atp9 transcripts among plant mitochondria, that of rapeseed atp9 transcript is more simple; there are only four editing sites on the coding region, and its termination codon is already encoded by genomic sequence.
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Kazuyoshi HOSAKA1993 年 68 巻 1 号 p. 55-61
発行日: 1993年
公開日: 2004/10/01
ジャーナル フリーThe chloroplast DNA (ctDNA) type was determined for most of Japanese potato varieties including both officially registered and unregistered varieties and those of unknown origin. Many modern varieties have T type ctDNA similar to the present European potatoes. Some varieties have W type ctDNA which was derived from S. demissum. Most of varieties of unknown origin have T type ctDNA. It indicates those were introduced after late blight epidemics in Europe and/or bred from them. Four old varieties have A type ctDNA which is typical to Andean potatoes and has been found in a derivative of the oldest European variety, Myatt's Ashleaf. Considering the historical background in Japanese potatoes, it is suggested that these old varieties are relic potatoes of the early European potato and similar ctDNA introduction and incorporation occurred in both Europe and Japan.
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Kiyoshi KIMURA, Takashi OKUMURA, Osamu NINAKI, Margaret G. KIDWELL, Ko ...1993 年 68 巻 1 号 p. 63-71
発行日: 1993年
公開日: 2004/10/01
ジャーナル フリーAs a first step in surveying transposable elements in silkworms and honeybees, hybridization analyses were carried out using 16 known families of Drosophila transposable elements as probes, jockey and G were the only transposable elements that hybridized with genomic DNA of either honeybees or silkworms under the conditions of this study, jockey hybridized with genomic DNA of both European honeybees (Apis mellifera) and silkworms (Bombyx mori and Antheraea yamamai) and showed significant bands in Southern blots. Banding patterns were highly polymorphic, jockey did not, however, hybridize with any strains of the Asian honeybee (A. cerana). G elements showed a faint signal with the Asian honeybee, but not with any other insects tested. The results suggest that, even though it has some limitations, this approach can be used in practice as a first preliminary step in surveys for the presence of transposable elements in organisms which do not have good genetic information.
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S. TAKUMI, S. NASUDA, Y.-G. LIU, K. TSUNEWAKI1993 年 68 巻 1 号 p. 73-79
発行日: 1993年
公開日: 2004/10/01
ジャーナル フリーTo obtain new information on the phylogenetic relationships between wild and cultivated einkorn wheats and their relation to polyploid wheats, we made restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses of the nuclear DNAs of diploid and polyploid wheats. Two to three accessions of three einkorn species, Triticum boeoticum and T. urartu (both wild), and T. monococcum (cultivated), and a single accession each of emmer and common wheats were used. Forty-six DNA clones known to hybridize the DNA of the A genome chromosomes were selected from the genomic library of common wheat and used as probes in Southern hybridization of the total DNAs of all above accessions which were digested with BamHI or HindIII. Genetic distances were calculated between all the pairs of accessions from RFLP data obtained from 88 probe-enzyme combinations, clustering being obtained by the UPGMA method. All the accessions of T. urartu, T. durum and T. aestivum were clustered in one group. Those of T. boeoticum and T. monococcum were in a different group. We conclude that T. monococcum is derived from T. boeoticum and that the A genomes of the emmer and common wheats originated in T. urartu.
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